participle

分词是高考英语试题的重点,应熟练掌握。如果能记住现在分词和过去分词的语法特点,这类题并不是很难做的。

现在分词的一般式(v-ing)具有“主动”和“正在进行”的含义。所谓主动，是指它所表达的动作是由句子的主语发出的(在作谓语的一部分和作状语时)或是由中心词发出的(在作定语时)。所谓正在进行，是指它所表达的动作是与句子谓语所表达的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生的。有时则是指它所表达的动作在说此话时仍在进行中：

1. She was crying when I saw her. 我看见她的时候, 她正在哭。(句子主语是 crying 的施动者, crying 与 saw 具有同时性)

2. Seeing those pictures, he couldn't help thinking of those days in Yanan. 看到这些照片，他不禁想起在延安的日子。(he 是 Seeing 的施动者, Seeing 所表达的动作与 couldn't help thinking 具有同时性)

3. Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? (全国高考) 你认识在大树下躺着的那个男孩子吗? (the boy 是 lying 的施动者, lying 所表达的动作与 know 具有同时性)

4. Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. 许多人认为地球是平面的，所以担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。(Believing 对于主语 many 是主动的，对于谓语 feared 具有同时性)

由此看来,试题(1)只能选preparing,因为它所表达的动作是由主语the secretary发出的(主动性),并且与谓语worked具有同时性。

过去分词具有“被动”和“完成”的含义。所谓被动，是指主语是动作的承受者（用作谓语的一部分和状语时）或者其中心词是动作的承受者，亦即它和主语或中心词之间存在着被动关系。所谓完成，是指它所表达的动作在谓语所表达的动作之前或某个时间参照点之前业已完成或者动作完成后的状态（无时间性）：

1. The cup was broken. 杯子打碎了。(The cup 是受动者, broken 表示已经打碎)

2. Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. (全国高考,90-29) 被邀请参加宴会的艺术家大部分来自南非。(主语 Most of the artists 是 invite 的受动者, invited 表示动作已完成)

3. The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. (全国高考, 93-31) 去年该校开办的计算机中心很受学生的欢迎。(中心词 the computer center 与定语 opened 是被动关系, opened 表明动作已完成)

由此看来,试题(2)只能选C(first played),因为先行词The Olympic Games与played是被动关系,而且played表示在纪元前776年动作已完成。

上题中的 making it ... in the world 应分析为现在分词(短语)作结果状语。现在分词用作结果状语时有一个特点:它的逻辑主语常常是前面的句子内容。在上题中,making 的逻辑主语便是 European football is played in 80 countries(参见 present participle $^{6,7}$ )。下面是类似的实例：

1. Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with four children. 1960 年她丈夫死了，丢下她和四个孩子。

2. He didn't come today, thereby making it necessary for us to find someone to do his work. 他今天没有来，因而我们必须找人来做他的工作。

3. A bomb exploded at the hotel yesterday, killing seven people. 昨天下午一颗炸弹在旅馆爆炸，炸死了7人。

4. Fifteen million trees had been blown down by the high winds, blocking roads, paths and railway lines. 1,500万棵树被狂风刮倒，堵塞了大小道路和铁路。

关于现在分词作结果状语与动词不定式作结果状语的区别，见 infinitive $^{20}$ 。

虽然 see sb. doing/see sb. do 和 be seen doing/be seen to do 在语法上都是正确的,但是它们所表达的意义却是不同的。此题只能选 A。见 last(adv.), see sb. do/doing, feel $^{2}$ 。

请先阅读 infinitive $^{38}$ ，然后做下面的试题：

1. I borrowed a book ____ by Mark Twain from the library last week. I like it very much. A. written B. writing C. to write D. write(北京会考,96-29)

2. "Things ____ never come again!" I couldn't help talking to myself.

A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost(全国高考湖南卷,07-34)

我们已经讲过,一般而论,分词(短语)的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。在上面的试题里,句子的主语是 the 460-metre-tall TV tower,它与 complete(完成)存在着被动关系,因此,应当用过去分词 completed。还要注意,为清楚表达分词的语法意义,在分词之前可以加上 when,while, before, once, since, though 等连词。在这种情况下,可以解释为省略了主语和 be 的限定形式(参见 though $^{4}$ ):

... when (it is) completed, the 460-metre-tall TV tower in Shanghai will add ... 请做下面的英语试题：

____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing

见 $\mathrm{v - ing}^2$ ，unattached infinitive。

The experiment done 叫做分词独立结构。详细情形，见 absolute。

上句中的 having been separated 叫做现在分词的完成被动式,作原因状语。说它被动,是因为主语 Australia 与它是被动关系(主语是动作的承受者);说它完成,是因为它所表达的动作是在谓语(has)的动作之前完成的。下面是类似的实例:

1. Having been written in haste, the book has many faults. 这本书匆促写成，有很多缺点。

2. Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? 人家给了她这样一个好机会，她怎么能轻易放过？

选项 C being invited 叫做现在分词的被动式。它用作定语时，表示动作在说话时正在进行，或者与谓语的动作同时发生。根据句意，“邀请”的动作业已完成，故只能使用 invited。请注意现在分词被动式的意义和用法：

1. Did you see the boy being questioned by the police? 你看到那个正在受警察审问的男孩了吗？[或:你看到那个男孩受警察审问了吗？(此时 being questioned 为宾语补足语)]

2. the patient being operated on 正在动手术的病人

3. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. 这是我们实验室里正在进行的实验之一。

4. the suspects being examined by the police 正在受警察审问的嫌疑人

5. We must keep a secret of the thing being discussed here. 这儿讨论的事情我们必须保密。

在书面英语里，上面的 Followed by 可以用 Being followed by 来代替，因为后者无论在语法上还是在惯用法上都是正确的。要知道，过去分词和现在分词的被动式用作状语时，如表示的动作与谓语的动作具有同时性或者表示经常的情况，则在意义上有时并没有什么区别，只是这里的 being 通常省略：

1. Being attracted (= Attracted) by gravity, we'll not fall up into the air. 由于受到地球的引力，我们不会掉入空中。

2. Being asked (= Asked) to give a performance, she couldn't very well refuse. 有人请她表演个节目，她不好拒绝。

3. Being written (= Written) in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 这篇文章匆促写成，错误很多。

4. He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ____ not very popular with all its members. A. considering B. being considered C. to be considered D. having considered iple $^{12}$ (分词)

上题只能选 D(directed)。过去分词短语 well directed 在句中作原因状语,它所表示的动作先于谓语动词 is 所表示的动作。选项 C 是错误的,因为现在分词被动式(being directed)强调它所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,而这是与句意相矛盾的(句意:先导演,后值得看)。

分词的否定式是把 not 放在分词之前, 所以选项 B 是错误的, 应当选 A。见 not $^{6}$ , infinitive $^{13}$ 。

正确答案是 B。更详细的解答，见 falling。

做这样的试题,要懂得现在分词的一般式和完成式的特点。前者表示其动作与谓语的动作同时发生,而后者则表示其动作先于谓语的动作。在试题(1)中,Not knowing 与 had 具有同时性,而在试题(2)中,Not having received 所表达的动作先于 he decided 所表达的动作,故只能选 C,而不能选 A。请对比:

1. Not wishing to continue my studies, I decided to become a dress designer. 我不想继续求学，便决定当一个服装设计师。

2. Having lost all my money, I went home. 钱都丢了，所以我就回家了。

3. Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。请做下面的英语试题：

4. ____ the examination papers, the teacher announced the class dismissed. A. Picked up B. To pick up C. Having picked up D. To have picked up

5. ____ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first. A. Not received B. Since receiving C. Having received D. Not having received(全国英语专业四级,94-55)

6. ____, he can now only watch it on TV at home. A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not obtained a ticket for the match(全国英语专业四级,98-45)

我同意您的说法。看来，确定一个动词的-ing形式到底是现在分词还是动名词，对于中国学生和教师确实是一个难点。就用作表语的v-ing而论，我们可以这样来区分现在分词和动名词：

现在分词作表语,意在表示主语的性质或特征,具有形容词的特征,故不能用物主代词(如 my, his...)或名词所有格(如 John's 等)来作定语:

The situation is encouraging. 形势是令人鼓舞的。

而动名词作表语,兼有动词和名词的特征,可以用物主代词或名词所有格来作定语(或称语义上的逻辑主语):

1. One of his bad habits is not speaking clearly. 他的不良习惯之一是说话不清楚。

2. What we expected is Tom's coming. 我们所期待的是汤姆的到来。

3. What I'm doing is teaching him a lesson. 我要做的事情是给他一个教训。

此外，动名词作表语时通常可以和主语更换位置，而基本含义不变：

What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital. →His

not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital was what worried the child most.

[试题句意]最使这孩子焦急的，是不让他去看住院的妈妈。

(参见infinitive $^{30,31}$ , passive $^{1}$ )

做这道题首先要了解 giving 在这里的含义。giving 在这里仍保留其基本含义“给出”“提出”“说出”。例如：

Politeness prevented her mother from giving the real reason ... 出于礼貌,她母亲没有说出真正的理由……

只是在上面的句子里 giving 的宾语不是名词或名词短语,而是一个名词从句 what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic(据他认为是这种美国特征的一个原因的东西)。但它们的句法功能是相同的。

其次要弄懂整个句子结构。There was a very interesting remark in a book 是句子的主干。介词短语 by an Englishman 是修饰 a book 的，而 that I read recently 是 a book 的定语从句。分词短语 giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic 作 a very interesting remark 的定语，其中 what ... characteristic 作 giving 的宾语。可见本题的考点是：现在分词作定语的用法。

你读到这里，一定会看出，giving...“作伴随状语”之说以及 giving 作 an Englishman 的定语之说是缺乏根据的。

[试题句意]我最近读过的一本英国人写的书上有一段很有趣的话，说出了他认为构成这种美国特征的一个原因。