原书主词条 · 12 个连续词条

where

原书 PDF 第 1695—1699 页

where¹

问

Where are you travelling to?

有些英语著作明确指出,疑问副词 where 绝不可以与介词连用。因此,我怀疑上句中的 to 是用错了。

答

我们知道,疑问副词 where 既可以表示处所(位置),又可以表示方向。在表示处所时不与介词连用:

Where do you live? 你住在什么地方？

在表示方向时,有时不与介词连用,有时则与介词 to 或 from 连用:

Where are you going? 你去哪儿?
Where did you get that book? 你从哪儿买到的这本书？
“Where shall we go (to)?” “我们将去哪儿呢?”
“I want you to come for a walk with me.” “Where to?” “Anywhere you like.” “我想让你跟我一起散散步。”“去哪儿？”“你喜欢去哪儿就去哪儿。”
I'm enjoying this. Where exactly are we going? 我喜欢这事。我们去的确切地点是哪儿？

where¹

中的例 4。

where²

问

（1）Where do you come from? （2）Where are you travelling to? 请问上面的 where 是什么词?

答

有一派英语语法学家认为，副词不能受介词的支配，因此，把上面的where列为疑问代词。另一派英语语法学家则认为，副词作介词的宾语是很常见的，因而，也是很正常的。例如，over there, in here, out of here, from abroad, since then, till now, until recently, for ever。因此，把上面的where看作是疑问副词。本书采用的是后一观点。让我们考察一些实例：

Where did John call from? 约翰从哪儿打来的电话?
Where did you buy that jacket from? 你从哪儿买的那件夹克衫？
Where was she walking to? 她往哪儿走? [附注]在疑问句中,Where ... to 中 to 常常可以省略,Where ... from 中的 from 却是不可省略的。但是,在简略的疑问句中,where to 中的 to 是不可省略的,见

where³

问

They have no idea at all ____. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone(全国高考)

我知道答案为A。但是我不能说明where从句是个什么类型的从句。

答

wh-从句充当介词宾语从句时,其前的介词 of, about, as to 常常省略。在上句中可以看作是在 where 从句之前省略了 of, 见 idea, prepositions, wh-clause $^{2}$ 。类例：

When you find anything, make a note where it's found, and do a drawing in your notebook. (where 从句前省略了 of) 你们发现任何东西,都要记下是在哪儿发现的,并在笔记本上画上草图。

练习

Can you make sure ____ the gold ring?
1. A
  where Alice had put
2. B
  where had Alice put
3. C
  where Alice has put
4. D
  where has Alice put(全国高考,90-13)
That must be a long way ____ we were.
1. A
  in which
2. B
  from that
3. C
  from where
4. D
  from there

where⁴

问

I'm not sorry that I drove the snake back into this room where it attacked its keeper.

where 引导的从句是限制性定语从句,还是非限制性定语从句? 我对学生讲这是个非限制性定语从句,学生便问我: “where 之前没有逗号与主句分隔开,能说是非限制性定语从句吗?” 我觉得很难回答。

答

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别主要在于:前者对于它所修饰的先行词所表示的事物起区分、限定作用,而后者不起区分、限定作用,而只起描述、补充说明作用。上句中的 where 从句显然是非限制性定语从句。关于逗号,CGEL 的作者们只是说:“在书写时,非限制性定语从句通常用逗号分隔。”这就是说,有的作者在非限制性定语从句之前有时是不加逗号的。下面是一些实例:

Then they beached the ship on the shore where they were able to repair the damage. 然后他们又把船拖上海滩，在那里他们把损坏处修理好了。
Ships carry live sheep to markets in the Middle East where they are killed at festivals. 活羊用船装运到中东市场，在节日里屠宰上市。
For several years he sailed to the east of America where he charted its coasts. 他多年来航行于美国东海岸，把那儿的海岸标示在航海图上。
After the First World War Madame Curie travelled to the USA where she was received by the President and given a gram of radium for her future work. 第一次世界大战后，居里夫人旅行去美国，受到了总统的接见，并被赠予一克镭，以供她今后工作之用。
Camp David was the only haven where we would have the peace and privacy we craved. (Hillary, Living History) 戴维营是惟一的避风港，在那儿我们能得到极其渴望的平静和私生活。

实际上，在 where 之前都可以加上个逗号(参见 restrictive relative clause)。

练习

After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.
1. A
  which
2. B
  where
3. C
  that
4. D
  when(全国高考,96-16)
He's got himself into a dangerous situation ____ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
1. A
  where
2. B
  which
3. C
  while
4. D
  why(上海高考,01-37)
We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, ____ other visitors seldom go.
1. A
  what
2. B
  which
3. C
  where
4. D
  when(北京高考,02-22)
Today, we'll discuss a number of cases ____ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
1. A
  which
2. B
  as
3. C
  why
4. D
  where(全国高考陕西卷,07-20)

where⁵

问

（1）I shall meet him where I first met you. （2）That is where he was born.

句(1)和句(2)中的 where 是什么词,引导的是什么从句?

答

句(1)中的 where 是连词,引导地点状语从句。例如:

I'll stay where it is comfortable. 我将暂住在舒适的地方。
Where food is hard to find, few birds remain throughout the year. 在很难找到食物的地方就没有什么鸟能长年栖息。
No! Leave her where she is. 别动她！让她躺在那儿。
They have gone where the police can't get them. 他们去了警察找不到他们的地方。

句(2)中的 where 是个缩合型的连接副词或省略了中心词的关系副词: where = the place where, 即 where 从句等于一个名词加上一个定语从句, 叫做名词性定语从句。

That's the place where she was born. $\rightarrow$ That's where she was born. 这就是她出生的地方。

That's where we differ. 这就是我们的分歧之所在。
Where she went was Manchester. 她去的地方是曼彻斯特。

where⁶

where $=$ the place where

问

“[误]West Lake is where we spend our summers.

[正] West Lake is the place where we spend our summers.

[译文]西湖是我们度过夏天的地方。

[解释] where 可作关系副词,引导定语从句:She moved to Paris, where she lived for five years. (她迁居巴黎,在那里住了五年。)也可作连接副词,引导状语从句:Put it where we can all see it. (把它放在我们都看得见的地方。)

但它不能像在误句中那样引导表语从句。所以要在误句中先加上表语 the place, 然后再把 where 引导的句子置于其后, 作为定语从句, 对 the place 起说明作用。”(《英语正误详解词典》, 复旦大学出版社, p. 742)

该书作者说,where 不能引导表语从句。但是我在教科书中却读到了下面的句子：

答

该书的解答是错误的,所谓的误句是完全正确的句子,见where $^{5}$ , when $^{1-3}$ , wh-clause $^{3}$ 。请看下面的例证: The West Wing is where the Oval Office is located... (Hillary, Living History) 西翼是总统椭圆形办公室的所在之处……

练习

Our clavichord is kept in the living room. That's where we ____ it.
1. A
  kept
2. B
  have kept
3. C
  are keeping
4. D
  keep(NCE)

where⁷

带介词或省略介词的 where 名词从句见 wh-clause $^{2}$

where⁸

问

We must ask the farmer who owns the fields where we can camp.

请问 where 从句是什么类型的从句？

答

where 从句在上面的句子里可以作两种分析：

(a) 把 where 从句分析为定语从句 (where 从句作中心词 the fields 的定语), 全句的意思是:

我们必须问一问那位拥有我们可以宿营的田地的农民。

(b) 把 where 从句分析为宾语从句 (where 从句作谓语动词 ask 的宾语), 全句的意思是: 我们必须问一问那位拥有这些田地的农民我们在哪儿可以宿营。

关于 wh-从句的歧义，见 who $^{3}$ ，what $^{6}$ ，when $^{21}$ 。

where⁹

问

The usefulness of the cleft sentence partly resides in its unambiguous marking of the focus of information in written English, where the clue of intonation is absent. (GCE, p. 951)

[原译]断裂句的一个用处是在没有语调提示之处,它明确无误地标示出书面英语信息焦点所在。(《当代英语语法》)

这个句子似乎欠通,请分析。

答

译者忽略了或者忘记了 where 可以用作关系副词, 引出定语从句来修饰前面的名词或名词短语。例如:

That's the place $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \text{in which} \\ \text{where} \end{array} \right\}$ she was born. 这就是她出生的地方。
There are very few areas in the world where apricots can be grown successfully. (TOEFL) 世界上杏树能生长的地方很少。
The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, where he could be in close contact with other cubists. (TOEFL) 这位画家在欧洲住了10多年，在那里他得以同其他的立体派画家进行密切的接触。
. . . we found ourselves on the shores of Lake Ennerdale, where Bill asked me to marry him. (Hillary, Living History) ……我们不知不觉地来到艾纳戴尔湖畔，比尔在那里向我求婚。

在你所提出的句子里, where 从句是 written English 的非限制性定语从句, 而不是 marking 的状语从句。

[试译]断裂句是很有用的,原因之一,就是它能在没有语调线索的书面英语里把信息焦点明确地标示出来。

where¹⁰

关系副词 where 的先行词

问

And there's one point where I'd like your advice. 有一点我想征求您的意见。

根据我的英语知识,关系副词 where 的中心词一定是表地点或处所的名词,如 the city, the place, the classroom 等等。据此,我认为上句中的 where 是用错了。

答

关系副词 where 的先行词通常是表地点或处所的名词。例如：

This is the town where I was born. (Chambers) 这就是我出生的那个城镇。

但是,关系副词 where 的先行词也可以是 point, case, condition, situation, stage, position 等抽象名词:

You reach a point in any project where you just want to get the thing finished. 从事任何一个项目你都会进入一种境界: 一心只想完成它。
I've reached the stage where I just don't care any more. 我已经到了什么也不在乎的地步。
We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 在我们的处境下可能会损失大量金钱。
There are cases where this rule does not hold good. 有一些情况,这个规则是不适用的。请做下面的英语试题:
This company has now introduced a policy ____ pay rises are related to performance at work.

A. which B. where C. whether D. what(全国英语专业四级,96-44)

1660

Have you ever been in a situation ____ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? A. by which B. that C. in where D. where(全国英语专业四级,02-44)

where¹¹

问

Alice stood in front of the window, ____ she could watch her classmates playing football. A. where B. which C. from where D. that

有的书上说上题应当选 C, 有的书上则说不应当选 C。后者认为“在定语从句中用了关系副词则不要再有介词”。

答

就一般情形而论，在关系副词 where 之前通常不加介词，如 in, to, under 等。但是 from where 却是个例外。

His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 不久，他把头从第三层楼一个窗口里伸出去，从那里他只能看到树。
We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession. 我们上到了房顶，从那里我们清楚地看到了游行队伍。
The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood. 他的汽车突然停了下来，离我站的地方只有几英寸。

能否选 A 呢？绝对不能！因为关系副词 where 只能表示 in(on, at, to) which，而不能表示 from which:

That's the place $\left\{ \begin{array}{l} in which \\ where \end{array} \right\}$ she was born. (CGEL)

由此可见，C是唯一正确答案。

练习

They stood on the top of the high building, ____ they could see the whole city.
1. A
  from where
2. B
  on which
3. C
  from it
4. D
  from that