原书 PDF 第 581—584 页
gerund/present participle(动名词/现在分词)
动名词和现在分词都可用作定语,如何区分它们?
在一般情况下,很容易把作定语的动名词和作定语的现在分词区分开来。现在分词作定语时,它所表示的动作是由中心词所表示的人或物发出的:a reading girl→a girl is/was reading, a sleeping child→a child is/was sleeping,而动名词作定语时,它所表达的动作并不是由中心词所表示的人或物发出的:a reading room≠a room is/was reading, a sleeping car≠a car is/was sleeping。动名词作定语大都表示用途,要重读:smoking room(吸烟室),drinking water(饮用水),teaching method(教学法)。
not + -ing
What worried the child most was ____ to visit his mother in the hospital. A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed(上海高考,98-8) 这道题把我弄糊涂了。请分析。
这道题的难点在于:除了考虑动名词的主动和被动意义之外,还要考虑否定副词 not 的位置。应牢记:否定副词应放在动名词之前,即 not + -ing 或 his not + -ing。看了这个解释之后,你一定会毫不犹豫地选 B。
——I must apologize for ____ ahead of time. ——That's all right.
"Is your brother going to camp?" "He signed up, but he's considering ____."
Tony was very unhappy for ____ to the party.
subject of gerund(动名词的逻辑主语) $^{1}$
How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking(全国高考,93-14) 我没有搞清上题的语法结构,因此不知道如何来做这道题。
上题的答案是 C(taking)。taking 作介词 about 的宾语, 而 the two of us 作 taking 的逻辑主语, 见 subject of gerund。
subject of gerund(动名词的逻辑主语) $^{2}$
…where there are trees their roots break the soil up—allowing the rain to sink in and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily. 如何分析句中的 its being washed?
being washed 是动词 wash 的动名词被动式,作现在分词 preventing 的宾语,而 its (it 的物主代词) 是动名词 being washed 的逻辑主语,见 subject of gerund。
subject of gerund(动名词的逻辑主语) $^{3}$
There are many reasons for animals dying out, but the most important one is the part that humans have played.
据我所知,动名词的逻辑主语应当用名词或代词的所有格,例如:
Wesley's returning so soon surprised me. 韦斯利这么快就回来了,这使我很吃惊。
Do you mind my smoking here? 我在这儿吸烟你不介意吧？
上面的 animals dying out 为什么不写成 animals' dying out?
从语法结构上看,animals dying out 和 animals' dying out 都是成立的。但是,从惯用法上看,当动名词的逻辑主语为复数名词时,大都使用主格形式:
Do you object to political action committees (instead of committees') underwriting candidates campaigns? 你是否反对政治行动委员会承担候选人竞选运动的费用？
Do you mind ____ alone at home?
____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
the gerund as subject complement(动名词用作表语)
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
playing 是现在分词还是动名词?
上句中的 playing 是动名词,作表语(主语补语)。现在分词也能作表语,但意义不同。动名词作表语时,主语和表语在概念上可以划等号。Our job = playing all kinds of music。把主语和表语倒过来,句子的基本含义不变:Playing...is our job. 而现在分词作表语时,具有形容词的功用,用以说明主语的性质:This film is exciting. 主语和表语在概念上不能划等号:This film≠exciting。位置一般不能颠倒过来。请与下列句子作对比:
The problem is finding land for it. 问题是要找到(建新厂的)土地。
This news sounds ____.
What worried the child most was ____ to visit his mother in the hospital.
the passive gerund
He has always insisted on his ____ Dr Turner instead of Mr Turner. A. been called B. called C. having called D. being called(上海高考,92-26) 请分析上题答案 D。
这道题的考点是动名词的被动式 being done。在做有关动名词的试题时,除了考虑动名词的一般式和完成式之外,还要考虑动名词的主动式 doing 和被动式 being done。在上题中显然必须用 being called(被叫做)。
动名词的被动式是很重要的考点，在各类考题中曾多次出现。
I dislike ____ while attempting to learn skiing.
I won't do that again because I'm afraid of _.
Babies enjoy ____ before they go to sleep.
While shopping, people sometimes can't help ____ into buying something they don't really need.
The silence of the library ____ only by the sound of pages being turned over.
____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
the perfect gerund $^{1}$
I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. for having been so rude 应该如何分析？
for having been so rude 是个介词短语, 在句中作原因状语, 其中的 having been 是 be 的动名词的完成式。
动名词的一般式 动名词的完成式 doing having done speaking having spoken working having worked being having been
一般而论,当动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常要使用动名词的完成形式。在上面的句子里,之所以使用动名词的完成形式(having been),就是因为 be rude 这一情景发生在 be angry 这一情景之前的缘故。下面是类似的实例:
He was accused of having deserted his ship. 他被指控弃船逃跑。
He is praised for having devoted his whole life to the country. 他因把一生贡献给国家而受到了表扬。
但是,有些动词,如 admit, forget, remember, deny, apologize, regret, thank 等,其后接的动名词的一般式可表达动名词完成式的意义,见相应的词条。
此外，在 after 等介词后，动名词的一般式也表达动名词完成式的意义，见 gerund 。
the perfect gerund $^{2}$
____, I went to the railway station to see my friend off. A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinner C. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner 既然动名词的一般形式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，那为什么上面的试题用了动名词的一般形式 eating(C)呢？照我看，改为 After having eaten，才是正确的。
在某些动词(见 gerund )和介词(例如 after)之后,动名词的一般形式可表示其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动词之前: After sending you that letter I recollected how stupid I was. 在我把那封信寄出后我意识到我是多么愚蠢。
Just after putting away the dishes, ____.