had Peterson a more difficult journey than that he took across the snow-capped Rocky Mountains.
《当代英语应试语法》(中国科大出版社,1995,p.260)说上句中的 that 应改为 the one,因为 journey 是可数名词。这岂不是说 that 不能替代可数名词吗?
首先应指出,the one 只能替代可数名词,而 that 既可以替代其前的不可数名词,也可替代可数名词。
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My seat was next to that of the mayor. (Eckersley) 我的座位就在市长座位的旁边。
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The victim's own blood was of a different group from that found on the floor. (CGEL) 死者的血与地板上发现的血血型不同。
由此不难看出,上面的试题之所以不能使用 that 并不在于其所替代的名词是可数名词。那么原因何在呢?
正像 R. Quirk 等所指出的, that 用作替代词时, 有一个限制, 就是其后的定语从句不能使用零关系代词(即省略关系代词)(但 those 却可以后接零关系代词的定语从句):
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s. (CGEL) 我们今天所面临的问题与30年代国家所面临的问题并不是不同的。
因此之故,在上面的试题里使用 that 是错误的。
而 the one(ones) 后面的定语从句却可以使用零关系代词:
- A: I'm looking for a book on grammar.
B: Is this the one [ ] you mean? (CGEL)
A: 我正在找一本语法书。
B:这就是你所说的那本语法书吗?
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I wish I'd bought a few jars of honey. Did you notice the ones [ ] they were selling by the roadside? 我想买几罐蜂蜜,你看到他们在路边卖的那些了吗?
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My shoes are similar to the ones [ ] you had on yesterday. (URW) 我的鞋和你昨天穿的很相似。
但是,我们也发现了一个反例:在代词 that 之后使用零关系代词:
The butter we import is less expensive than that we produce ourselves. (Leech) 我们进口的黄油比我们自己生产的黄油便宜。
这个实例似乎与 R. Quirk 等人的论述相矛盾。依此看来,我们所讨论的那道试题似乎并不是很恰当的。请与下面的托福题作对比:
"Do you like the book Sidney gave you?"
"Very much. It's exactly ____ I wanted."
A. one which B. the one C. one what D. the what (TOEFL)
上面的试题没有让考生在 that 与 the one 之间进行选择。