原书主词条 · 10 个连续词条

that(conj.)

原书 PDF 第 1520—1524

that(conj.)1

We eat that we may live.

There must be something wrong that he hasn't arrived yet.

这两个 that 从句都是结果状语从句吗?

从属连词 that 既可以引导结果状语从句,也可以引导目的状语从句。如何区分?一是根据句子的内容,二是根据从句动词的语气。结果从句大都不需要情态动词,而目的从句大都采用情态动词或采用虚拟语气(may, might, should, be)

  1. He must have hurt your feelings that you were so angry with him. (结果) 他肯定是伤害了你的感情,所以你才对他生那么大的气。

  2. They are not destitute that they need your help. (结果) 他们还没有贫困到需要你帮助

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that(conj.)3

Fool that he was, he managed to evade his pursuers.

请问这里的 that 是否系 as 之误?

thatas, though 一样, 在上面的特殊语序中, 都可以用来表示让步。类例:

  1. Poor that they were, they gave money to charity. 尽管他们很穷, 但是他们还是出了钱来行善。

  2. Apt scholar that he was, they were equally apt teachers, never allowing him to linger long in error. (Jack London) 尽管他是个聪明的学生,然而他们却是同样聪明的教师,他们从不让他长期错误下去。

  3. Child that he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 尽管他是个孩子,但他还是知道该做什么事。

  4. Fool that he was, he managed to evade his pursuers. (CGEL) 尽管他很笨, 但是他还是设法摆脱了追捕他的人。

  5. Cold that it is, the children play outdoors. (虽然)天气那么冷,孩子们还在户外玩。

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that(conj.)4

Fool ____ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. A. who B. as C. that D. like(全国英语专业四级,02-48) 书上给的答案是B,能否选C呢?

上面的试题有重大失误。此题除了选B之外,亦可选C,因为连词that可以用在异常语序的让步状语从句中(见上条)。再如:

Fool that I was, I did not believe every word he said. 我虽然很傻,但我并没有相信他说的每句话。

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that(conj.)5

That I should live to see such ingratitude!

我不了解这种句型的特点及其含义。

这种单独使用的句型可以理解为省略了主句的从句,其语义特点是:表示惊讶或愿望:1. That he should have left without asking me! 他竟然没有问我就离开了!

  1. That he should act so rudely toward you! (MD) 他对你竟然这样粗鲁!

  2. Oh that I could fly! (LDCE) 我要是能飞就好了!

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that(conj.)6

(1)I'm glad you have been assigned such a task. (PEG²) 我很高兴组织上给了你这样一个任务。

(2) I am sorry that you're ill. (AEG) 你病了,我很难过。

上面的(that)从句应归到哪类从句中去?

我国有些英语语法著作,如张道真教授编《实用英语语法》(1995年修订版,p.604),把上面的(that)从句分析为原因状语从句:

I'm glad you have been assigned such a task. \approx I'm glad because you have been assigned such a task.

另一些英语语法著作,如薄冰教授主编的《高级英语语法》(高等教育出版社,1994年,p.755)则把上面的(that)从句分析为宾语从句。

上面两种分析方法虽然都有其适当理由,但是,把上面的(that)从句分析为形容词的补足语从句似乎更有说服力。因为形容词(glad, sorry, ...) + that 从句是一个特殊类型的结构,既不同于一般的动词 + 原因状语从句结构,也不同于一般的动词 + 宾语从句结构。把形容词(或分词) + that 从句看作单独的句型,不仅更能反映语言的实质,而且更有利于教学。这种句型的特点是:主语大都是表人的,而形容词或分词大都是表示人的感情或思想状态的。例如:afraid, anxious, aware, angry, confident, convinced, eager, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, proud, sad, sorry, thankful, amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, depressed, disappointed, distressed, disturbed, horrified, irritated, lucky, pleased, shocked, sure, surprised, upset(参见 CGEL, § 16.71)。

练习

请做下面的英语试题:

  1. Jim was very popular with those who could vote, and he was ____ that he could win the election.

A. confident B. adequate C. cordial D. sensitive (TOEFL)

  1. Our football team feels prideA\frac{pride}{A} thatB\frac{that}{B} it has won every match this year.
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that(conj.)9

Who is he that he should be so arrogant? 上句中的 that 从句应如何分析?

上句中的 that 从句是结果状语从句, 见 so ... that, what ... that, who ... that。 [句意]他是谁,竟如此傲慢?

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that(conj.)10

I'm sorry I'm late.

I'm sorryI'm late 是什么关系?

I'm sorry I'm late. = I'm sorry that I'm late. that 从句是形容词 sorry 的补足语从句。在口语中,形容词补足语从句中的这个 that 常常是可以省略的,见that(conj.) 6^{6}

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that(conj.)11

that/whether

But still we weren't sure we could beat them. 有人说在 we could beat them 之前省略了 that, 有人说省略了 whether。究竟孰是孰非?

be sure 之后只能接 that 从句,但是,在 be not sure 之后则既可以接 that 从句,也可以接 whether 从句,而且,它们的意义往往是相同的。这一点跟汉语倒有些相似。例如,“我不能肯定他考上了大学。”与“我不能肯定他是否考上了大学。”意思是一样的。让我们看一些英语实例:

  1. I'm not sure (that) this colour really suits me. 我不能肯定这个颜色是否适合我。
  2. I'm not sure (that) they will come to help us. 我不能肯定他们是不是会来帮助我们。
  3. I'm not sure whether they will come to help us. 我不能肯定他们是否会来帮助我们。 由此可见,课本上的那个句子,既可以理解为省略了 that,也可以理解为省略了 whether
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that(conj.)12

not that I know of

Has Smith been ill?” ____ “Not that I know of.” (= I'm not aware of his having been ill.) (史密斯病了吗?——我一点也不晓得。)(钱歌川编著《英文疑难详解续篇》,p.281)

上句中的 Not that I know of 我认为并不是指“我一点也不晓得”,而是指“据我所知,他没有病”。不知我的译法对否?

你的译法是正确的。上面的 that 从句叫做限制性状语从句。这里的 that 相当于 as far as(就……而言),但是只能位于句末,而且主句总是否定的。让我们考察一下英英词典的解释:

  1. Note also the phrase not that I know of, used as a qualified negative, meaningnot as far as I know.’

I saw the doctor come out of the house next door to you this morning. Is there someone ill there?

Not that I know of." (F. T. Wood: English Prepositional Idioms, p. 327)

  1. You say "Not that I know of" when someone asked you whether or not something is true and you think is "no", but you cannot be sure because you do not know all the facts. (EED) 再看下列实例:

A: Was nobody else there? B: Not that I know of.

甲:那里没有别人吗?乙:据我所知没有。(《英汉大词典》,p.1804)

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that(conj.)13

We've just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.

上句中的 that 从句不是定语从句,而是同位语从句,其中心词是 a warning(中心词与其同位语从句被介词短语 on the radio 分隔开了)。同位语从句与定语从句主要有以下几个区别:

A. 在定语从句中 that 是关系代词或关系副词, 充当从句中的一个成分(主语、宾语、状语等), 而在同位语从句中 that 是个连词, 不充当从句的任何成分(如你所提出的句子那样)。

B. 同位语从句所指的中心词大都是概括性的抽象名词, 如 fact, news, idea, suggestion, warning 等。

C. 同位语从句所指的对象与其中心词所指的对象是一致的。例如, a warning = a hurricane is likely to come(参见 appositive clause or attributive clause)。而 that 定语从句却是对其中心词所表达的概念进行限定或区分(参见 idea 3^{3} )。请鉴别下列实例中 that 从句的类型:

  1. His delay of an hour is due to the fact that the train met with a minor accident. (同位语从句) 火车出了点事故,他耽搁了一小时。

  2. Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。

  3. One of the men held the view that what the book said was right. 两个人中有一个认为书上说的是正确的。

  4. The letter that I received yesterday was from my brother. (定语从句) 昨天我收到的信是我哥哥寄来的。

  5. There's a feeling in me ____ we'll never know what a UFO isnot ever.

A. that B. which C. of which D. what(上海高考,02-35)

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