原书主词条 · 18 个连续词条

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原书 PDF 第 924—930

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There are, after all, thousands of different languages in the world, and it is in the nature of language that each one seems uniquely important to those who speak it as their native language—that is, their first (normally sole) tongue: the language they acquired at their mother's knee. But there are more objective standards of relative importance. (GCE, p. 2)

[原译]世界上的语言不下好几千种,但对人们来说,他所说的那种本族语似乎特别重要,这是完全符合语言的特性的。本族语也就是人们的第一门语言(一般是唯一的),是人们小时在母亲的膝盖上就已学会了的语言。然而,每种语言的重要性都是相对的,还有更多的客观标准。(《当代英语语法》,p.2)

more objective standards 是指“更多的客观标准”吗?

more + 形容词 + 复数名词本身是一个歧义结构,例如:Morton has more expensive clothes than I have. 这种歧义,在句子本身之内常常是无法消除的,必须在大于句子的所谓“超句体”内寻找消除歧义的线索。就孤立的句子而论,这种结构一般可以作如下两种理解:

A. more 是形容词 many(或 much) 的比较级, 在句中作定语(即作名词的修饰语)。例如:

  1. We have to have more and more specially trained people. 我们必须拥有越来越多的受过专门训练的人员。

  2. We need more highly trained scientists. 我们需要更多的受过高等训练的科学家。按照这种理解, more objective standards 的意义是“更多的客观标准”。

B. more 是副词, more + 形容词构成形容词的比较级。例如:

  1. [The constable was unpaid, however, and not expected to do more than carry out the law in country towns and villages where the commonest crime was likely to be the theft of someone's wash.] In London more serious crimes were committed. [……] 在伦敦则有比较重大的犯罪案件。

  2. We need more highly trained scientists. 我们需要经过更高训练的科学家。

按照这种理解, more objective 意为“比较客观的(或更客观的)”。

但是,一般说来,这种歧义依靠上下文是可以排除的。例如,在我们所讨论的句子里,上文说:“每种语言对于把它用作本族语的人来说都似乎是特别重要的”,这样来看待某一种语言的重要性,显然是主观的,因而不能说明英语的重要性,所以作者接着说:“关于某种语言的相对重要性,是有其比较客观的标准的”(下文列举了四个标准)。因此,译文把 more objective standards 译为“更多的客观标准”,似乎缺乏根据。前面既然没有谈到客观标准,那么更多的客观标准又从何谈起呢?

[试译]别忘了,世界上有好几千种语言。人们都认为自己所说的本族语特别重要,这是符合语言的本质的……但是,语言的相对重要性,却是有其比较客观的标准的。

通过上面对 more 的讨论,不难发现下面孤立的句子可能具有三层不同的含义:

  1. The tourists wanted to visit more interesting places. (Advanced English Practice)

(a)旅行者们想再参观一些有趣的地方。(… to visit an additional number of interesting places.)

(b)旅行者们想参观更多的有趣的地方。(… to visit a greater number of interesting places.)

(c) 旅行者们想参观一些更有趣的地方。(... to visit places that were more interesting.)

  1. He needs more suitable companions. (A Dictionary of Modern English Usage)

(a) 他还需要一些适合的伙伴。(...an additional number of suitable companions.)

(b)他需要更多的适合的伙伴。(...a greater number of suitable companions.)

(c)他需要更适合的伙伴。(... companions who are more suitable.)

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, many more。

说明

, many more

[句意]在下一个小时又会有10,440多个婴儿在地球上出生。

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, many more)。因为在意义清楚的条件下, more 之后的名词有时是可以省略的。在上面的句子里, 显然是省略了 mouths(嘴)。再如:

说明

, many more)。因为在意义清楚的条件下, more 之后的名词有时是可以省略的。在上面的句子里, 显然是省略了 mouths(嘴)。再如:

  1. I'd like some more, please. 我想再要一点。

  2. I'll take three more. 我再买三个。

  3. We need a few more. 我还需要一些。

[句意]请想一想在一年后还会出现多少张嘴要吃的。

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, more $^{2}$ 。

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Mr. Smith has just gotten twenty more head of cattle.

[原译]史密斯先生刚得到20多头牛。(《大学英语疑难问题解答》,西安交大出版社,p.33)

请问 twenty more head 是“20 多头”的意思吗?

此种用法的 more 是我国英语教学和翻译上的一个误区。我们应给予充分的注意: 在这里 more 是形容词, 放在名词之前, 其中心词可能是可数名词, 也可能是不可数名词, 它的意思是“另外的”“其他的”(additional, other) (千切不要把它理解为“更多的”)。更要注意, 在 more 之前常有另外的修饰语, 而且数目很多。

A.more + 复数名词结构之前:

any many some plenty a good many far no a few a lot lots several a great many a couple twenty(等数词)

B.more + 单数名词结构之前:

any much some plenty a good deal far

no a bit a little lots rather a great deal a lot

  1. Do we need some more hot water? 我们还需要点儿热水吗?

  2. We'll have to buy some more bricks. I don't think these will be enough. 我们还得买些砖,我认为这些不够。

  3. We've only just started! There are twenty more trees to be planted! 我们刚刚开始!还有20棵树要栽哪!

  4. No, you should stay at home and take a few more days' rest. 不,你应当留在家里,再休息几天。

  5. Shall I get a couple more chairs? 我可以再要一对椅子吗?

[试译]史密斯先生刚刚又买了20头牛。

练习

请做下面的英语试题:

  1. We need fifteen more people ____ our team to do the job.

A. but B. except C. as well D. besides(全国高考)

  1. I need one more stamp before my collection ____.
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A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed(同上,94-38)

During the next hour, over 10,440 more babies will be born on the earth.

10,440 more babies 可以译为“10,440 多个婴儿”吗?

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[In one day, people have to find food for over 250,000 mouths more.] Just think how many more there will be in one year!

这里的 more 的含义, 是与 many more + 复数名词和 much more + 单数不可数名词结构中的 more 一样(见

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more/another

If you want to change for a double room you'll have to pay ____ S 15.

A. another B other C. more D. each (全国高考,00-27)

moreanother 都作“另外的”解,而且都可译作“再”“又”,那为什么上题只能选 another,而不能选 more 呢?

在这种用法中,虽然 moreanother 的词义相同,但它们的用法不同。more 用于数词 + more + 复数名词结构,而 another 用于 another + 数词 + 复数名词结构。请对比:

two more days = another two days

15 more dollars = another $ 15

例句分别见 more 1,2^{1,2} , another 1,2^{1,2}

练习
  1. Have you finished your report yet?

    No, I'll finish it in ____ ten minutes.

    1. A

      another

    2. B

      other

    3. C

      more

    4. D

      less(全国高考,95-27)

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any more books

I looked into the boy's serious but eager face and asked him,Do you want any more books?” 句中的 any more books 是否可译为“更多的书”?

any more除用作状语之外,还可用作定语。这时more不作“更多的”解,而作“另外的”“其他的”解,既可与可数名词连用,亦可与不可数名词连用:

  1. There aren't any more sausages. I'm afraid. 对不起,再没有腊肠了。

  2. Have you any more paper? Yes, we have plenty more. 你还有纸吗?是的,我们还有许多。

  3. I don't expect we'll have any more trouble from him. 我想他不会再给我们找麻烦了。any more bookssome more books 属于相同的结构层次, 只是前者用于疑问句、条件句和否定句, 而后者通常用于肯定句, 偶尔也用于疑问句 (见 any 13^{13} ):

I gave him two dollars.Take this money and buy yourself some more books.” 我给了他两

元钱。“拿这些钱去给自己再买些书吧。”

[附注]我们中国人常常把 any more + 复数名词误译为“更多的……”。下面是一个误译实例:

How can we send any more U-2 pilots into this area tomorrow unless we take out all of the SAM sites?the President asked.

[原译]“要是我们不搞掉全部萨姆导弹基地的话,我们明天怎能再向这一地区派出更多的U-2飞机呢?”总统问。

[试译]“……我们明天怎么再向这一地区派出U-2机飞行员呢?”

[句意]我看着男孩那严肃而热切的面庞问他:“你还想买别的书吗?”

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many more

We also believe that many more people will prefer to travel by air.

many more people 是指“多得多的人”,还是指“还有许多人”。

根据句意,这里是指“还有许多人”,即 more 是个形容词,作 “additional” 解,作 people 的定语,它在此无比较级含义,因此,后边不跟 than 结构。

[附注]many more + 复数名词本身是个歧义结构。在其他场合还可作其他分析,见 many more

[句意]我们还认为还有许多人喜欢乘飞机旅行。

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many more important discoveries

She continued their work and made many more important discoveries.(上海编《高中英语教科书》,3Ap.48)

[原译]她继续进行她与皮埃尔的研究工作,并作出了许多更重大的发现。(与该书配套的《教学参考资料》,p.108)

请问居里夫人在皮埃尔去世后做出了比他们发现镭“更重大的发现”了吗?

你根据历史事实发现了上面译文的错误,这是很有教学意义的。原来,many more + 形容词 + 复数名词是一个歧义结构:既可以把 more + 形容词理解为形容词的比较级,又可以把 more 理解为形容词,作 additional(另外的,额外的)解(见 many more, more 1,6^{1,6} )。因此,many more important discoveries 脱离开上下文可以有两种不同的含义:

(A)许多更重要的发现 (B)又有许多重要的发现

但是,在上面的句子里,无论是根据上下文,还是根据历史事实,只能作第二种理解。因为发现镭乃是居里夫人和皮埃尔最伟大的发现,在皮埃尔去世后居里夫人并未做出比这更伟大的发现。

[试译]她继续进行他们的研究工作,又做出了许多重大的发现。

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some more

I gave him two dollars.Take this money and buy yourself some more books.

《高中英语重点·难点纵横谈》(中国科技大学出版社, p. 293) 对上面的句子作了如下注释: “some more 跟复数名词, 不跟单数名词。”

请问 some more 真的不能跟单数名词吗?

上述说法是不精确的。some more 既可以跟复数名词,也可以跟单数名词(参见 more 16^{1-6} )。例如:

  1. Would you like to have some more tea? 您要不要再喝点儿茶?

  2. Isn't there some more wine in the cellar? 酒窖里不是还有酒吗?

  3. Would you like some more cake/apples? 再吃一点儿蛋糕[苹果],好吗?

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But the old man never even smiled, Mark Twain told more funny stories, but the old man still kept quiet. Mark Twain told his funniest stories.

为什么 funny 的比较级用迂回形式 more funny, 而最高级用屈折形式 funniest?

more common/commoner

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[Burbank truly astonished the world with his achievements in the development of many kinds of plants, such as giant fruits with new flavors and trees which grew faster than their ancestors.] These, and many more achievements, were of great economic value and benefit to people all over the world. (研考英语试题)

[原译]……这许许多多的成就都有着巨大的经济价值,对全世界人民都有好处。(《出国生、研究生英语考题解答》,p.95)

请指出 more 在上句中的意义和用法。

句中的 more 是形容词, 意为“另外的”“其他的”(additional, other)。例如, We have a lot more work to do. (我们还有很多工作要做)。I have many more books. (我还有许多书)。例句中的 these achievements 是指上句所谈的成就, 而 many more achievements 则是指“此外的许多成就”“其它许多成就”。

[试译]……这些成就及其它许多成就都具有重大的经济价值,对全世界上的人们都有好处。

我们在教学中发现,许多学生对于 more 的这种用法是不大熟悉的,故再补充一些例句:

  1. Would you like to have some more tea? 您要不要再喝点儿茶?

  2. He tried three more times. 他又尝试了三次。

  3. I will take one more glass. 我将再喝一杯。

  4. How many more apples are there? • 还有多少苹果?

  5. In 1671 two more great works followed Paradise Lost. 1671 年, 继《失乐园》之后, 他又写了两篇伟大的作品。

  6. He planned to buy some more clothes. (London) 他计划再买一些衣服。

  7. Shall I get a couple more chairs? (Shaw) 我可以再要一对椅子吗?

  8. There are many more (books, etc.) on the other side. (Palmer) 另一边还有许多(书,等等)。或:在另一边有多得多的(书,等等)。

  9. Where can I get a few more(books, etc.)? (Palmer) 我在哪里可以再得到一些(书,等等)?

下面是类似的误译:

So, projecting the figures we have for the country as a whole, it is a fair certainty that not less than 150,000 people were reported to the police as missing last year—and probably nearer a quarter of a million. Anyway, there are vast numbers more who go adrift and are not reported at all.

[原译]因此根据全国各地的报告估计去年报失踪案的人数肯定不少于15万——或许接近25万,而更多的在外流浪的人没有全部报案。(《英美短篇时文选读》)

[试译]……此外(更何况),还有大量在外流浪的人根本就没有报失踪。

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Only when a great deal more information has been obtained, will it be possible to plan a manned trip to Mars. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 9)

[原译1]只有在获得了大量资料后,才有可能计划载人的火星之行。(世界图书出版公司版,p.40)

[原译2]只有当获得了多得多的资料时,才有可能计划载人飞往火星的旅行。(外研社版,p.16)

[原译3]但是只有在获得比现在多得多的大量信息之后,才可能计划去火星的载人飞行。(上海译文出版社版,p.32)

[原译4]只有在获得了大量资料后,才有可能计划去火星的载人飞行。(上海外语教育出版社版,p.4)

从上面的译文看不出 more 的语法功能及词汇含义。请分析。

a great deal more information 这个结构中 more 是形容词 much 的比较级。它在这里作 information 的定语,而 a great dealmore 的修饰语(参见 many more/much more)。请对比:

much far a lot a good deal } more information(money) 多得多的信息(钱) a little a bit rather slightly } more information(money) 多一点儿信息(钱) [试译]只有在再获得大量的信息之后……

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Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 40)

句中 more 的用法我很难解释清楚,请分析。

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... more rapidly... the larger

Equation 3.8 indicates that the free energy of a given phase decreases more rapidly with the rise in temperature, the larger its specific heat.

[原译]公式(3.8)表明,随着温度的上升,某一相的自由能减少得越迅速,它的比热也越大。(《现代物理冶金学》,p.67)

译者由于没有弄懂英语句子的句法关系而把句子的意思完全弄反了。在像 The higher the temperature of a body, the quicker the motion of its molecules.(物体的温度越高,其分子的运动就越迅速。)这样的句型里,前面的分句为从句,后面的分句为主句。对于这种带有比例从句的句子,可按照英语的次序来翻译。例如:

  1. The farther an object is above the earth's surface, the less it weighs. 物体离地面越高,其重量就越轻。

  2. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the material. 材料中自由电子的数量越大,该材料的导电性就越好。

  3. The harder they worked, the hungrier they became. 他们越努力工作,他们越饿。

  4. The hungrier they became, the harder they worked. 他们越饿,他们越努力工作。

  5. The more pieces Langdon and Teabing laid on the table tonight, the more unpredictable this puzzle became. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 兰登和提彬往桌上堆的资料越多,索菲就越感到这个谜团令人难以捉摸。(《达·芬奇密码》)

但是,在像 I play the better, the more I practise. 这样的句型里,前面的分句为主句,后面分句为从句。因此翻译时应把次序颠倒过来,即把位于后面的比例从句译到前面去。例如:

  1. A compound is considered the more stable, the smaller its potential energy. 势能越小,化合物就被认为越稳定。

  2. An object draws the harder, the more matter it contains. 物体含有的物质越多,它的引力就越大。

  3. The air can absorb the more water vapour, the higher its temperature. 空气的温度越高,它吸收的水蒸汽就越多。

  4. A body weighs less the farther it gets from the surface of the Earth. (TOEFL) 物体离地面越远,就越轻。

  5. The force of gravity holds satellites in orbit. It also makes a ball fall faster and faster the longer it falls. 重力能使卫星在轨道上运行,它还使球下落时,时间越长,降落速度越快。

[试译]公式(3.8)表明,某一相的比热越大,自由能随着温度升高而减小得就越快。

(参见 the harder...the...',the...the...5)

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If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ____ would be getting sick.

A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us

C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us(全国四级,98.1-41)

答案为 D。《大学英语四六级考试全真试题集详解》(航空工业出版社, p. 89) 对答案的解答是:“more 用来限定 lot, 应放在 lot 后……”

请问您同意上面的解答吗?

应记住两点:1. 副词性短语 a lot 可用作形容词比较级的前置修饰语,如同 a great deal, a little, much, far 一样。上题中的 a lot 便是 more 的前置修饰语(见 premodification of comparatives);2. more 除用作形容词和副词之外,还可用作代词:上题中的 more (of us)many (of us) 的比较级。下面是 more 用作代词的实例:

  1. He knows more about computers than I do. 关于计算机他比我懂得多。

  2. I hope to see more of the city. 我希望能多看看这座城市。

  3. More of us are going. 我们有更多的人要去。

  4. I hope to see more of you. 我希望能和你多见面/我希望能看到你们更多的人。

  5. I need to return to Mr Saunière's office for a moment,’ Fache said.Please come and find me directly, Mr Langdon. There is more we need to discuss.’ (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) “我得回到索尼埃先生的办公室呆一会,”法希说,“请直接来找我,兰登先生。我们还有很多东西要讨论。”(《达·芬奇密码》)

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