问
He helped not me but you. 请问这种否定形式是正确的吗?
答
一般而论,在英语里,构成否定句是通过否定动词来实现的。
- He didn't come by bus. (形式上否定动词,实质上否定状语 by bus) 他没有乘公共汽车来。
- They don't want your pity but your help. 他们不需要你的怜悯,而需要你的帮助。但是,在 not... but 结构里,可以不借助于 do(does) 来否定动词,而否定其他成分:
- They want not your pity but your help. 他们不需要你的同情,而需要你的帮助。
- He helped not me but you( = He didn't help me but you). 他没有帮助我,而是帮助了你。
- He came not to help, but to hinder us (=He didn't come to help, but to hinder us). 他来不是为了帮助我们,而是为了阻碍我们。
- You should pay attention not to what they say but to what they do. 你不应该注意他们说什么,而应该注意他们做什么。 当然,在其他情况下也可以采用 的语序。例如,F·肯尼迪总统在就职演说里有一句话,采用的就是这种结构,形成整齐的对比关系: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. 不要问国家能为你做什么,而是问你能为国家做什么。 上面的辞句具有典雅的古体色彩,因为把 not 置于动词之后,而不借助于 do(does) 来构成否定句,是一种古体:
- Viola, hearing this, knew not how to behave, nor how to answer her. (Shakespeare) 维奥拉听到这话,不知如何是好,也不知道如何回答她。
- I know not what course others may take, but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death! (P. Henry) 我不知道别人采取什么途径;但是,对于我:不自由,毋宁死!
- If I mistake not... 如果我没有弄错的话……
- The tree falls not at the first stroke. (Prov) 一斧砍不倒大树。 最后应当补充指出,含有 not...but 的句子,实际上存在着两种表达方法: (A) They want not your pity but your help. (B) They don't want your pity but your help. 他们不需要你的怜悯,而是需要你的帮助。