原书主词条 · 7 个连续词条

much

原书 PDF 第 945—947

much1

《朗文常用英语正误词典》(上海译文出版社,1994年,p.204)将下列两个句子判为错句:

  1. I would like to become an engineer because I know much about engineering.

  2. As a doctor he earns much money.

该书作者认为,句中的 much 必须改为 a lot 才是可以接受的。他们指出,much 作为名词或代词时,通常只用在否定句或疑问句中;在肯定句中,常用 a lota great deal 代替 much. 但是,我在 TOEFL 中,却遇到过这样的句子:

What do you think of the Prime Minister’s address to the nation?

I liked much of what he said.” (TOEFL)

请释疑。

上列词典把 much 的用法简单化了。请详见 much/a lot of。这里再补充一些 much 作为名词或代词用在肯定句中的例子;

  1. Much has been said. (MD) 已经说了许多了。

  2. Much of the time was wasted. (UED) 浪费了许多时间。

  3. Much of what you say is true. (ELD) 你说的许多内容都是正确的。

  4. There is much I have to tell you. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 我有许多事情要跟你说。(《达·芬奇密码》)

[附注]ALD明确指出much可用于肯定句中,只是比较正式。

(参见 many/a lot of, much/a lot of)

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much2

(1)I much enjoyed the play.

(2) The doctor says that Helen's condition is much the same. (Whitford)

请问上面两个句子里的 much 意义是否相同?

上面两个句子里的 much 体现了 much 的两种不同的含义:

在第一个句子里 much 表示“大”“非常”“很”(to a great degree):

  1. I shall be much surprised if he succeeds. (ALD) 如果他成功的话,我将非常惊讶。

  2. I don't much like the idea. (LDCE) 我不大喜欢这个想法。

在第二个句子里 much 表示“几乎”“差不多”“大致”(nearly, about, approximately)。

  1. Today was much like yesterday. (LDCE) 今天跟昨天大体相似。

  2. Canada had much the same experience as the United States. (Foster) 加拿大与美国有大致相同的经历。

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much4

much 作形容词最高级的修饰语

much 能作形容词比较级的修饰语(如 much better),不知它能否作形容词最高级的修饰语?如能,它与 very 有什么区别?

副词 much 除作形容词比较级的修饰语之外,还可作形容词最高级的修饰语(参见 very 2^{2} , by far):

  1. He is much the best student in our class. 他是我们班上最好的学生。

  2. This is much the most difficult. 这是最困难的。

  3. She's much the best person for the job. 她最适合做这个工作。

very 也可用作形容词最高级的修饰语,但它与 much 的位置不同(必须放在定冠词 the 之后): He is the very best student in our class.

练习
  1. The hat is ____ of all.

    1. A

      much the biggest

    2. B

      the much biggest

    3. C

      the most much big

    4. D

      the biggest much

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much5

much/very much/very

He seemed very interested in everything.

英语语法书上说 very 修饰形容词,而 much 修饰-ed 分词和-ing 分词。因此,我认为上面句子的 very 应改为 much

应当明确,上句中的interested并不是过去分词,而是形容词,因此用very来修饰,是完全正确的。英语中的这类形容词都可以用very来修饰:frightening, surprising, exciting, alarming, insulting, ashamed, amazed, bored, delighted, frightened, excited, shocked, pleased

I was very tired (excited, frightened). 我很疲劳(激动,害怕)。

但是,当-ed分词和-ing分词用作谓语的一部分时,则应当用much来修饰:

  1. I was much influenced by many writers. 我受到过许多作家的深刻影响。

  2. I was much tired by the task. 我被那个任务弄得很疲劳。

这里应当着重指出,very muchmuch 的加强形式,而不是 very 的加强形式,因此,凡是可以用 much 的地方,大都可以用 very much:

I was very much influenced by many writers. 我受到过许多作家的非常深刻的影响。

[附注]对于学生,上面的知识已足够了。作教师的则不应把上面的规则看得太死,更不要看到违背上述规则的实例而大惊小怪。实际上,违背上述规则的实例俯拾即是。例如,a-fraid是个形容词,但是,却可以说much afraid。再如,-ed分词用作谓语时,也可以用very来修饰(见very/much)。下面便是违背上述规则一些实例:

  1. I'm very much aware of the problems. (CIDE) 我深刻地意识到这些问题。[可解释为:以 a-开头的、只能用作表语的形容词通常用 much(或 very much)来修饰]

  2. Jane and Mary are very much alike. 简和玛丽长得很像。

  3. I was much annoyed. (OSD) 我很生气。

  4. The man was very offended by the policeman. (CGEL) 那男人被警察弄得很生气。请做下面的英语试题:

He was ____ praised by all of us.

A. very B. much C. much very D. much more

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much6

nothing much wrong

There's nothing much wrong with you, but I'm afraid you have a problem: you're eating too much!

《中学英语教材疑难注解》一文(载《中小学外语教学》1999年第1期,p.24)对上面的句子作了如下注解:“上例中much用作程度副词,修饰形容词wrongmuch表示‘非常,十分’之意。”我对上面的解释抱怀疑态度,因为一般说来,much是不修饰原级形容词的。

葛传槊教授早在30多年前就对 nothing much wrong 作过分析:“‘nothing much’作‘很 少’解,‘much’是adjective,修饰nothing...‘I see nothing much wrong here’...wrong’修饰‘nothing much’...”(《英语惯用法词典》,时代出版社,p.383)

葛老的分析是符合实际的,因为 nothing much(很少,非常少)是一个常见的惯用语。这里的 much 显然不能解释为副词:

  1. There's nothing much in the post. 邮件中没什么要紧的东西。

  2. There's nothing much happening this week. 这星期不会有什么重大的事情发生。

  3. There is nothing much we can do. 没有什么我们能做的事情。

  4. Anything interesting happening?” “No, nothing much.” “发生什么有趣的事了吗?” “没有,没什么有趣的。”

  5. What are you doing?” “Nothing much.” “你在干什么?”“没干什么。”

请对比 anything much wrong 的用法:

I do not see anything much wrong here. 我看不出这儿有什么不对头的。

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much7

very much 的歧义 $^{1}$

I don't feel like walking very much today. [《高中英语教科书》第一册(下),人教社,p.33]

[原译 1] 我今天不大想走路。(上书课文注释, p. 143)

[原译2]今天我不想走很多路了。(与该书配套的《教师教学用书》, p.114)

其他的教辅材料也存在两种译法。我们英语组的老师为此常常争论不休,各执已见。

就孤立的句子而论,上面的句子是有歧义的,因为 very much 既可以解释为修饰谓语动词 feel like 的,也可以解释为修饰动名词 walking 的。但从上下文来看,则只能是修饰动名词 walking 的,后面的句子 Then we can see Aswan without walking too much. 便是一个佐证。因此,只有原译 2 才是正确的。

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much8

very much 的歧义 $^{2}$

He doesn't drink very much.

very much 在这里是什么意思?

上句中的 very much 可以作两种理解:

A. very much 表示数量 (a very large amount),drink 的宾语。句意是: “他喝酒喝得不很多。”

B. very much 表示时间频度,作状语,意为“常常(very often)”,全句的意思是:“他不经常喝酒。”下列句子里的 very much 也是有歧义的:

I enjoyed talking to you very much.

a)我很喜欢同你谈话。(very much 修饰谓语动词 enjoyed

b) 我喜欢同你谈许多话。(very much 修饰动名词 talking)

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