present perfect continuous tense

上题中的 have been painting 叫做现在完成进行时。它的构成是将进行时的原形 be doing(painting, working, waiting) 中的 be 变为现在完成时形式 have been, 即：

肯定式: I have been doing(painting, working, waiting)

否定式: I have not been doing (painting, working, waiting)

疑问句: Have I been doing (painting, working, waiting)

现在完成进行时强调动作一直在进行并持续到现在。至于该动作是刚刚停止，还是继续进行下去，则视上下文而定。

1. I'm so sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long? 真对不起,我迟到了。你等很久了吧?

2. She's been typing letters all day. 她整天在打信件。

3. You don't keep your word. Why didn't you tell me then? I've been looking forward to it. 你不守信用。为什么那时不告诉我呢？我一直盼望着它呢。

4. How about the food I ordered? I have been waiting for twenty minutes. 我订的菜做好了吗？我等了20分钟了。

5. I've been thinking about the numbers all night. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 一整晚，

present perfect continuous tense $^{2}$ 1174

我都在想这些数字。(《达·芬奇密码》)

现在完成进行时与现在完成时相比，主要有四个特点：

A. 未完结性

一般的现在完成时通常具有结果含义(完结性)，而现在完成进行时则常常具有未完结含义。因此，句(1)表示“书已写成”，而句(2)表示“书还在写”。请对比：

(A) I've cleaned the windows. 我把窗户擦干净了。(窗户已擦完,因此现在是明亮的)

(B) I've been cleaning the windows. 我擦窗户来着。(可能窗户尚未擦完)

请注意下列两组句子中现在完成时与现在完成进行时在语义上的差别(不要忽略答话中的应答词 no 和 yes):

1. [A: Have you cleaned the windows? 你把窗户擦干净了吗？

2. {B: No, I haven't finished them yet. 没有, 我还没有擦完。

3. [A: Have you been cleaning the windows? 你擦窗户来着？]

4. {B: Yes, but I haven't finished them yet. 是的，但是还没有擦完。

5. [A: I have read this novel. 我已读过这部小说(已读完)

6. {B: I have been reading this novel. 我还在读这部小说呢。(还在读)

7. $\int A: I have taught that class.$ 我教过这个班。

8. {B: I have been teaching that class. 我正在教这个班。

9. [A: I have learned to type. 我已学会打字。(现在我可以打字了, 目的已达到)。

10. {B: I have been learning to type. 我在学打字。(现在尚未学会打字, 目的尚未达到)。

.A: The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling.

天棚原来是白色的。现在是蓝色的。她油漆了天棚。(动作已完成)

B: Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. 安的衣服上尽是油漆。她油漆天棚来着(动作尚未完成)。

请分析下列实例：

My shoe has been pressing against my foot, so it hurts a bit. 我的鞋挤脚，所以脚有点痛。

B. 短暂性

现在完成时与现在完成进行时都可表示延续至今的状态,但是现在完成进行时常常表示短暂性:

A. They have lived in New York.

B. They have been living in New York.

句(A)具有长期性,而句(B)具有短暂性。

1. How have you been getting on? 你近来的情况怎么样？

2. How long have you been reading that book? 你读那本书读多久了?

C. 刚完结性

与一般的现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时有时可以表示刚刚完结的动作。有时它是现在事件的直接原因,或者是得出结论的证据:

1. You've been fighting again. 你又打架了。(现在的结果可能是:你鼻青脸肿了。)

2. My hands are very dirty. I've been painting the car. 我的手很脏，我油漆汽车来着。（“油漆汽车”的动作刚刚结束，它是“手脏”的直接原因）

3. Your eyes are red and puffy. Have you been crying? 你的眼睛又红又肿,你是不是哭来着? (“哭”的动作刚刚结束,它是“眼睛”又红又肿的原因)

4. I have found the book that I have been looking for. 我找到了我一直在找的那本书。（“一直在找”的动作刚刚结束，它是“找到那本书”的原因，或者反过来说，“一直在找”所产生的现在结果是：“找到了那本书”。）

5. The baby has been crying a long time, but he has gone to sleep now. 婴儿哭了好久，现在入睡了。

6. Fache has yet to uncover a motive, but he has been recording his entire conversation with you tonight in hopes you might reveal one. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 法希还没有找到作案动机，但他已经把今晚你们谈话的全部内容都录了音，他希望你能泄露出动机。（《达·芬奇密码》）

7. You're out of breath. Have you been running? 你上气不接下气,是不是跑步来着?

D. 连续性或重复性

现在完成进行时常常用于表示延续至今的连续性或重复性动作(参见 present perfect continuous tense $^{1}$ ):

1. I've been knocking. I don't think anybody's in. 我一直在敲门。我想屋里没有人。

2. David has been writing letters to the hospital. 戴维一直在给医院写信。

3. Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the last week. 上星期, 吉姆天天晚上都在给詹妮打电话。

上句中的现在完成进行时在于强调动作的连续性和未完结性(表示动作持续不断,而且还要进行下去),有时可用汉语的“一直”来翻译这一含义(例如,他一直在沉思着)。如:

还要进行下去），有时可用汉语的“一直”来翻译这一含义（例如，他一直在沉思着）。如：They have been waiting for the right moment in history to share their secret. A time when the world is ready to handle the truth. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 他们一直在等待合适的机会让别人分享他们的秘密，等待一个让全世界都准备直面那个历史真相的时机。（《达·芬奇密码》）

[句意]多年来我们一直要求改善居住条件和获得较好的工作。