问英语
原书主词条 · 10 个连续词条

passives

原书 PDF 第 1136—1139 页

passives1

问

We are hoping that a concert will be held soon at which the works of Liszt will play. A B C D

(上海高考,96-Ⅵ-4)

我怎么看，也看不出这道辨错题错在何处。

答

由于汉语的被动句常常省略“被”字(如“这个问题容易解决”)，所以我们中国学生有时会在英语里该用被动句的地方用上主动句。在做题和作文时要牢牢记住：主语是动作的执行者(施动者)时，用主动句；主语是动作的承受者(受动者)时，用被动句。在上面的试题里，the works of Liszt(李斯特的作品)是 play(演奏)这个动作的承受者，因此，必须用被动句（应将 will play 改为 will be played）。

其次,要熟练掌握被动句的主要时态(注意:被动句的时态是靠 be 本身的时态来表达的,因为过去分词是个不变的词):

一般现在时：am/is/are done 过去进行时：was/were being done

一般过去时：was/were done 现在完成时：has/have been done

一般将来时：will be done 过去完成时：had been done

现在进行时：am/is/are being done 将来完成时：will have been done

练习

请做下面的英语试题：

  1. This is a photo of the power station that ____ in my home town.

A. has set up B. has been set up C. was set up D. is set up(全国高考,96-6)

  1. The police found that the house ____ and a lot of things ____. A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolen C. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen(同上,90-33)

  2. —Have you moved into the new house? —Not yet, the rooms ____.

A. are being painting B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted(同上,91-27)

  1. When we came here this time last year, a new road ____. A. was building B. has built C. was being built D. has been built(全国成人高考,94-44)

  2. The idea that learning is aB\frac{a}{B} lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and education alists throughout the centuries. (全国研考, 91-62)

  3. I like these English songs and they ____ many times on the radio. A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught (全国高考安徽卷,08-33)

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passives2

get + 过去分词

问

Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay(全国高考,98-23) 书上给的答案是 C。但是,get paid 是什么意思呢?

答

见 get 4^{4} ，pay(v.)。

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passives3

带双宾语的句子如何变成被动句？

问

He gave his sister the camera. 上面的句子如何变成被动句？

答

像 give, lend, send, show 这样一些动词要求双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)。在变成被动句时,既可以把直接宾语变成主语,也可以把间接宾语变成主语: A. The camera was given his sister. (his sister 为保留宾语) B. His sister was given the camera. (the camera 为保留宾语)

此外,间接宾语为保留宾语时,其前可以加介词 to: C. The camera was given to his sister.

关于A、B、C句式在语义上的细微差别，见 give1−3\mathrm{give}^{1 - 3} 。

练习

  1. I ____ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

    1. A

      gave

    2. B

      was given

    3. C

      was giving

    4. D

      had given(全国高考)

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passives4

主动句里充当宾语补足语的动词不定式变成被动句时有无变化？

问

John was made ____ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing(全国高考,91-28) 我记得在 make 之后充当宾语补足语的动词不定式是不带 to 的。所以，我选了 C。但是，书上给的答案却是 A。这到底是为什么？

答

在主动句里充当宾语补足语的动词不定式，在通常情况下，可以毫无变化地变成主语补足语： I told him to go away. → He was told to go away.

但是, make, see, watch, hear, feel 等动词却属于特殊情况: 在主动句里, 它们要求其充当其宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to, 而在被动句里却要求它们带 to。

宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to, 而在被动句里却要求它们带 to。 They saw him come out of the house. → He was seen to come out of the house. 有人看到他从房子里走出来。

练习

  1. Paul doesn't have to be made ____. He always works hard.

    1. A

      learn

    2. B

      to learn

    3. C

      learned

    4. D

      learning(全国高考,95-11)

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passives5

介词宾语如何变为被动句的主语？

问

——Why does Ling Ling look so unhappy? ——She has ____ by her classmate. A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at(全国高考) 答案为 D。但是介词 at 为什么没有宾语呢？

答

见 agree on, look at 1^{1} 。

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passives6

主动句中带介词短语的宾语如何变为被动句的主语？

问

Good care must ____ babies particularly while they are ill.

A. take B. take of C. be taken D. be taken of(上海高考,92-27)

答案为 D。但是,我不明白其中的 of 是什么意思。

答

当带介词短语的宾语变为被动句的主语时,只是原来的宾语提到主语的位置上,而介词短语仍停留在原来的位置上。

  1. We must take good care of babies. →\rightarrow Good care must be taken of babies.

  2. We must make full use of these data in production. →\rightarrow Full use must be made of these data in production.

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passives7

notional passives(意义被动句) $^{1}$

问

（1）——Do you like the material? ——Yes, it ____ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt(全国高考,94-27)

(2) Books of this kind ____ well. A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold(上海高考,99-12)

试题(1)的答案是 C, 试题(2)的答案是 A。这是我无论如何也无法理解的。feel(摸)的施动者应当是人, sell(卖)的施动者也应当是人。而在上面的试题里, feel 的施动者是 material, sell 的施动者是 books!

答

你所提出的两个句子叫做意义被动句，又称形式主动、意义被动的句子。按照时态，可分两种情况：

A. 一般时

  1. This material washes/doesn't wash/won't wash. 这种材料可以洗/不可以洗/不能洗。

  2. The clock winds up at the back. 这种钟在后面上弦。

  3. She doesn't frighten easily. 她不是容易恐吓的。

  4. His books don't sell. 他的书卖不出去。

  5. The book sells quickly. 这书销售得很快。

这类句子具有下列特征：

  1. 从形式上看,这类句子可以是 S+V 型,也可以是 S+V+A(状语)型,但以后者为多。

  2. 从语义上看,这类句子的主语大都不是表示有生命体的词语,不会发出动词谓语所表达的动作或行为,不可能被误解为施动者。即使主语是表示“人”的,[如例(3)],由于受到许多因素(如动词 frighten 为及物动词)的制约,也不可能被误解为施动者。

B. 进行时

  1. Oranges are selling cheaply today. 今天橘子卖得很便宜。

  2. These shirts are washing easily. 这些衬衣很容易洗。

  3. The house is building. 这房子正在建造中。

  4. A new type of engine is developing. 正在研制一种新型的发动机。

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passives8

notional passives(意义被动句) $^{2}$

问

Books of this kind ____ well.

A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold(上海高考,99-12)

答案为 A。这我是能够理解的，因为 sell 在这里用作形式主动、意义被动的动词。我不理解的是：选项 C (are sold) 为什么是错误的？

答

上题有重大失误:在没有上下文的条件下,选项 A 和选项 C 都是正确的,而且基本含义相同。

许多语言学家都认为 His books don't sell. 的意思等于 His books are not sold.

下列两个句子的基本含义也是相同的：

a) The sentences read clearly. 这些句子读起来很清楚。

b) The sentences are read clearly. 这些句子被读得很清楚。

至于它们之间的细微差别, 见 read。

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passives9

inversion(被动句的主谓倒装)

问

In each phenomenon there is involved some change in energy. 在每种现象里都涉及到能量的某种变化。 请问被动句中主谓语的倒装是出于什么原因？

答

见 word order 3^{3} 。

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passives10

问

There are some kinds of rays from the sun which would burn us to death if we were not protected from them.

[原译]太阳中有些光线射到我们身上会把我们烧死,如果我们不防备的话。(《英语语法表解》,上海译文出版社,p.148)①

请问我们到底采取了哪些防备措施,才没有被来自太阳的射线烧死呢?

答

众所周知，我们人类并没有采取任何防备措施，也没有任何人被来自太阳的射线烧死。由此可以断定，译文肯定有错误。但问题到底出在哪里呢？原文中的were protected(受保护)是被动语态，而不是具有主动意义的防备。但是“受什么保护”呢？这里要注意，英文有一个很显著的特点，就是常常使用无施事被动句（the agentless passive），当作者认为施事根据上下文“不言自明”时，尤其如此。这种不言自明的的施事(by-phrase)，虽然在形式上没有出现，但在语义上却是确实存在的。因此，在翻译这类句子时，要注意找出它的施事来。在你提问的句子里，形式上没有出现，但语义上存在的施事是the atmosphere.

[试译]如果不是受到大气层保护的话,我们就会被来自太阳的某些射线烧死。

下面的译文也是由于译者弄错了英语无施事被动句的施事，而产生了误译。

  1. Later in life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said...

[原译]若干年后,人们请求爱因斯坦向一群青年学生解释他的相对论原理,他说:……(《科技英语理解与翻译》,p.83)

从译文看,似乎不是一群青年学生请求爱因斯坦,而是另外的人们请求爱因斯坦去向一群青年学生解释相对论原理。我们认为这是违背原意的。

[试译]……当一群青年学生请求爱因斯坦解释他的相对论时,他说:……

  1. They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid. 他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。（《英汉翻译教程》，p.147）

原文并没有提到交赎金的施动者，而译文却把“他”变为施动者了。但是，他既已被绑架，他本人恐怕是不大有可能亲自去交赎金的。

[试译]他的赎金尚未交付，他们就把他释放了。②

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