原书主词条 · 14 个连续词条

inversion(倒装)

原书 PDF 第 760—766 页

inversion(倒装)¹

部分倒装/全部倒装

问

什么叫部分倒装？什么叫全部倒装？

答

部分倒装和全部倒装是专对主语和谓语的倒装而言的。谓语的一部分(助动词、情态动词)移到主语之前,而谓语的其余部分(实义动词)仍保留在主语之后,这样的主谓语倒装叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。谓语的所有组成部分都移到主语之前的主谓语倒装叫做全部倒装(complete inversion)。从形式上看,部分倒装主要出现在以下场合:

A. 否定意义的副词和短语, 如 never, seldom, little, hardly, in no way 等位于句首时, 见 inversion $^{2}$ 。

B. 具有否定意义的连词或关联连词的一部分, 如 no sooner, hardly, scarcely, not until(till)位于句首时, 见 inversion $^{3}$ 。

C. so, neither, nor 位于句首(或从句首)并引出一个新的主语时[So do(am) I.], 见 so did I, neither do I, nor $^{1}$ 。

D. 当从属连词 so... that 中的 so 位于句首时, 见 inversion $^{13}$ 。

E. only + 状语和 not only 位于句首时，见 inversion $^{11,12}$ 。

[注意]如果在正装的句子里没有助动词或情态动词,则部分倒装句里必须加一个助动词 do(does, did)来实现部分倒装。例如：

He became so suspicious that...→So suspicious did he become that... 他变得如此多疑,以致……

全部倒装主要出现在下列场合：

A. 当副词 away, down, in, off, out, over, up, here, there 位于句首时，见 inversion $^{7}$ 。

B. 当介词短语位于句首, 而主语成为新信息时, 见 inversion $^{16-19}$ 。

C. 当充当表语的形容词、分词位于句首，而主语成为新信息时，见 inversion $^{6}$ 。

如对部分倒装句和全部倒装句进行仔细的分析便会发现:部分倒装在上面的句式里是语法上的强制要求,而完全倒装则是出于修辞上的需要:把主语放在整个谓语的后面,是为了强调主语(使主语占据句尾信息焦点的位置),使其成为新信息,或者因为主语太长,以避免

头重脚轻,或者两个原因兼而有之:

Around this nucleus revolve electrons. 围绕这个原子核旋转的是电子。
To the list may be added the following names. 在这个名单上还可以补上下列人名。
To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction. 对于每个作用力总存在一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。
Whenever any positive charge is created, there is always created an equal amount of negative charge. 每当正电荷产生时，总有等量的负电荷产生。
On you is placed the hope of China and mankind. 在你们身上,寄托着中国和人类的希望。

我相信，读者一定会承认上列各句中的主语是被强调的成分，表达的是新信息，尽管有许多英语著作把上面的状语说成是被强调的成分。

inversion(倒装)²

否定副词与主谓倒装

问

Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.

A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared(上海高考,94-18)

答案为 B。但是,我一直没有搞明白为什么冒出来一个 did。

答

考生应当牢记:英语的某些具有否定意义的副词和短语位于句首时,主语和谓语要进行部分倒装(即助动词或情态动词与主语倒装)。这类副词和短语有:never,hardly,seldom,little,nowhere,scarcely,in no circumstances,in no way,rarely,not only 等等,见 never,little,seldom,not only,nowhere $^{2}$ 。

Seldom in all my life have I met such a determined person. 我一生中很少遇到意志这么坚强的人。
Never before has our country been so prosperous and powerful as it is today. 我们国家从来没有今天这样繁荣昌盛。
Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer, but he also gets the computer to translate it into sounds. 他不仅要把答语打在电子计算机上，而且还要计算机把答语变成声音。

练习

Seldom ____ the policemen who are not kind and helpful.
1. A
  you find
2. B
  you did find
3. C
  you has found
4. D
  do you find
I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom ____ so lonely as now.
1. A
  have I felt
2. B
  I had felt
3. C
  I have felt
4. D
  had I felt(全国高考辽宁卷,07-23)
  
  3 —How was the televised debate last night? —Super! Rarely ____ so much media attention.
5. A
  a debate attracted
6. B
  did a debate attract
7. C
  a debate did attract
8. D
  attracted a debate(全国高考上海卷,07-31)
Little ____ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.
1. A
  he realized
2. B
  he didn't realize
3. C
  didn't he realize
4. D
  did he realize(全国高考安徽卷,07-22)

inversion(倒装)³

连词与倒装

问

Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize(全国高考,90-20) 我知道答案是 B,但是,我不明白主谓语为什么要倒装。

答

英语里有些具有否定意义的连词，如 hardly...（when），no sooner...（than），scarcely...（when），not until(till)位于句首时，主谓语要进行部分倒装。考生最常犯的错误，是分不清在什么地方进行主谓语倒装。应当牢记: 在含有 hardly... when, no sooner... than, scarcely... when 的句子里, 要在 hardly, no sooner, scarcely 分句中进行主谓语的部分倒装, 而在含有 not until 分句的句子里, 要在位于 not until 分句之后的主句中进行主谓语的部分倒装。请注意下面的实例:

Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out. 演出刚开始电灯就灭了。
No sooner did we sit down to dinner than the phone rang. 我们刚一坐下吃饭电话铃就响起来。
Not until she saw the present did she feel happy. 直到她看到了礼物才感到高兴。

练习

No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell ____.
1. A
  sleeping
2. B
  sleep
3. C
  slept
4. D
  asleep(全国高考)
Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
1. A
  didn't I realize
2. B
  did I realize
3. C
  I didn't realize
4. D
  I realized(同上,90-20)
Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious the pollution was.
1. A
  did the villagers realize
2. B
  the villagers realized
3. C
  the villagers did realize
4. D
  didn't the villagers realize(同上,95-38)
Not until the motorbike looked almost new ____ repairing and cleaning it.
1. A
  he stopped
2. B
  did he stop
3. C
  stopped he
4. D
  he did stop(全国高考陕西卷,08-7)
  
  部分倒装(参见 not until): Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. (全国高考) 直到 19 世纪初人类才知道什么是热。

inversion(倒装)⁴

无连词条件从句中的主谓倒装

问

Had they time, they would certainly come and help us. 上句中的主语 (they) 和谓语 (had) 为什么要倒装?

答

在无连词 if 的条件从句中, 是通过主谓语的部分倒装来表达非真实条件的, 参见 had he been, should I be free, were $^{1,3}$ 。

inversion(倒装)⁴

让步状语从句中的倒装

问

____，he went on working. A. Although was he tired B. As he was tired C. Tired as he was D. Tired although he was 答案为 C,但是我对于此种语序感到很奇怪。

答

这是一种特殊语序的让步状语从句。在这种句式里，要把表语、状语或谓语的一部分提到句首，而把通常位于从句之首的连词 as 或 though（注意：although 不能用在此种句式里）放在它们的后面，而主语和谓语仍保持正常的次序。见 as $^{10,11}$ ，though $^{3}$ 。

[附注]孤立地看,tired as he was 这种从句,既可以表示让步,也可以表示原因,应视具体句意而定。参见 as $^{19,20}$ 。

inversion(倒装)⁵

CVS(表一谓一主)

问

Present at the meeting were Clare Flower, Tom Goode, the lawyer and the detective, who was introduced to everyone as the lawyer's assistant. 上句中的主语与连系动词(were)为什么要倒装?

答

当形容词或分词充当表语(主语补足语)时,其通常的位置是在连系动词之后,即句子的语序为:SVC(主一谓一表)。此时,表语是句子的新信息(即说话人告诉读者或听者的重点所在)。请对比: The blue dress is the oldest.

The oldest dress is blue.

当此种句式中的主语是新信息(语义重点)时,或者主语较长时(往往是两者兼而有之),就可以采用 CVS 的句式(即表语位于句首,而主语和谓语进行倒装):

Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement, and a person who will buy space in newspapers or time on TV. 出席会议的还有广告的策划者以及要在报纸上买版面或向电视台买时段的人。
Very important in the farmer's life is the radio report. 农民生活中很重要的一件事,就是无线电天气预报。
Equally strange was his behaviour to his son. 同样奇怪的是他对他儿子的行为。
Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water. 覆盖大部分地球表面的是水。请做下面的的英语试题：

____ all over the hill and around the lake ____ of different colours. A. Growing; are wild flowers B. To grow; are wild flowers C. Grown; is wild flowers D. Having grown; wild flower is

inversion(倒装)⁷

... in came Susan

问

There was a knock at the door and in came Susan.

句中的 in came Susan 与 Susan came in 有无区别?

答

有些副词充当状语时，采用倒装语序是很常见的，它与正装语序所表达的含义是不同的。SVA 语序(正装语序)的特点是：句子重音落在 A(状语)上，A 是句子的信息焦点，是告诉读者或听者的新信息。AVS(倒装语序)的特点是：句子重音落在 S(主语)上，S 是句子的语义重点，是告诉读者或听者的新信息。拿上面的句子来说，人们听到敲门声，有人进来，是肯定无疑的。但是，进来的到底是谁，却是个未知信息。因此，上面的句子应当译为：有人敲门，进来的是苏姗。而不应当译为：有人敲门，苏姗进来了。

请对比：

Here's your present. (AVS) 这是给你的礼品。
{Your present is here. (SVA) 你的礼品在这儿呢。

There's the book I want. 那就是我所需要的书。

{The book is there—on the table. 那本书在那儿——就在桌子上。
[Here comes Tom. 来的是汤姆。
{Tom comes here. 汤姆常常来这里。

当主语为名词时,下列副词如与移动动词连用在口语中便常常采用 AVS 句式:away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up。例如:

Away went the runners. 赛跑运动员跑远了。
Down came the rain. 下起雨来了。
Down fell the mirror... (全国高考,98-阅A) 镜子掉了下来……
Up went the arrow into the air. 箭飞入空中。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. 一声吼叫，从林子里冲出一只老虎来。

[注意]主语为代词时,不能采用AVS句式,而必须采用ASV句式(见here is/are):

Here he comes. 他来了。

练习

____ and caught the mouse.
1. A
  Up the cat jumped
2. B
  The cat up jumped
3. C
  Up jumped the cat
4. D
  Jumped up the cat
The door opened and there ____.
1. A
  enters an old man
2. B
  entered an old man
3. C
  did an old man enter
4. D
  an old man entered
Autumn coming, down _.
1. A
  do the leaves fall
2. B
  the leaves will fall
3. C
  fall the leaves
4. D
  will the leaves fall
Seeing the gardener coming, away ____.
1. A
  the naughty children ran
2. B
  did the naughty children run
3. C
  the naughty children run
4. D
  ran the naughty children
There ____!
1. A
  comes he
2. B
  he comes
3. C
  Xiao Wang comes
4. D
  he came

inversion(倒装)⁸

含 no, not 的短语引起的倒装

问

We have been told that under no circumstances ____ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. A. did we use B. may we use C. we may use D. we could use 为什么答案是 B(may we use)，而不是 C(we may use)?

答

当含有 no 的成分位于主语之前时，主语和谓语要实行部分倒装：

In no circumstances must this door be left open. 在任何情况下都不允许这扇门开着。
Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked. 在任何情况下都不允许不锁门。
To no one will they admit their guilt. 他们对任何人都不会承认有罪。

练习

____ the first to use nuclear weapons.
1. A
  At no time China will be
2. B
  Never China will be
3. C
  Will China never be
4. D
  At no time will China be

inversion(倒装)⁹

Nor is he/Nor he is

问

——Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? ——I don't know, ____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also(全国高考,91-26)

答案为 B, 即 nor 位于句首或从句首时, 要引起主谓语倒装。但是, 下面的句子并不是这样, 这是为什么呢? “John is not stupid.” “Nor he is.”

答

见 nor $^{1}$ , so did I。

inversion(倒装) $^{10}$ not only... but also... 中的主谓倒装

问

在 not only... but also 句式中, 主谓语倒装出现在哪个分句中?

答

见 not only does he。

inversion(倒装)¹¹

only + 状语与主谓倒装

问

Only in this way ____ progress in your English. A. you make B. can you make C. you be able to make D. will you able to make(全国高考)

答案为 B。但是,我不明白为什么情态动词 can 要位于主语 you 之前。

答

only + 副词, only + 介词短语, only + 状语从句位于句首时, 句子要进行主谓语部分倒装 (参见 only if $^{1}$ , only then):

Only then did we realize that the man was blind. 只有到那个时候,我们才意识到那个人是个盲人。
Only in this way can you learn English well. 只有这样你才能学好英语。
Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents' intention. 只有当儿童长大成人时才会理解父母的意图。

[注意]A. 位于句首的 only 引出状语以外的成分(如主语)时,并不要求主谓语倒装: Only she can answer the question. 只有她能回答这个问题。

B. only + 从句位于句首时, 主谓语的部分倒装发生在主句中, 而并不发生在从句中。对于这一点, 许多学生常常弄混:

Only when we landed did we see how badly the plane had been damaged. 我们只是在着陆之后才看到飞机损坏的严重程度。
Only when the war was over could he go on studying. 只是在战争结束后他才得以继续学习。

练习

Only by practising a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
1. A
  you can
2. B
  can you
3. C
  you will
4. D
  will you
Only ____ as an interpreter ____ how important it was to practise speaking English.
1. A
  when did I work, I realized
2. B
  when did I work, did I realize
3. C
  when I work, did I realize
4. D
  when I worked, did I realize
Only ____ to use this room.
1. A
  are the teachers allowed
2. B
  are allowed the teachers
3. C
  the teachers are allowed
4. D
  the teachers allowed
Only when I left my parents for Italy ____ how much I loved them.
1. A
  I realized
2. B
  I had realized
3. C
  had I realized
4. D
  did I realize(全国高考重庆卷,08-26)

inversion(倒装)¹²

only + 宾语位于句首与主谓语倒装

问

only + 状语位于句首时, 主谓语要倒装。only + 宾语位于句首时, 主谓语是否也必须倒装呢?

答

Only + 宾语位于句首时，主谓语的部分倒装并非是强制性的，而是随意的，也就是说，当 Only + 宾语位于句首时，主语和谓语既可以采用正常语序，也可以采用倒装语序：

Only his mother he will obey. (CGEL) 他只服从他母亲。
Only one more point will I make. (CGEL) 只是还有一点我要说一说。

inversion(倒装)¹³

So + 形容词(副词)位于句首引起的倒装

问

So loudly ____ that even people in the next room could hear him. A. does he speak B. spoke he C. he spoke D. did he speak

答案为 D。但是,我不明白这里为什么主谓语要倒装。

答

按照英语惯用法，在 so...that + 结果(程度)从句这一结构里,如果充当表语的 so + 形容词或充当状语的 so + 副词放在句首,则主句的主语和谓语要进行部分倒装(参见 so²)。例如:

So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 袭击来得非常突然,以致我们都来不及逃跑。
So absorbed was he that Nathalie hadn't dared to make a sound. 他是那样全神贯注，以至纳瑟莉没有敢弄出声来。
So simple does the trick seem that we are likely to overlook the magician's dexterity. 戏法似乎太简单,以致于我们很有可能忽略魔术师的技巧。
So earnestly did the boys beg that their father gave his permission. 男孩儿们恳求得如此热切，结果父亲同意了。

练习

So fast ____ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
1. A
  light travels
2. B
  travels light
3. C
  is light travelling
4. D
  does light travel
So tired ____ after a whole day's heavy work that I ____ stand on my feet.
1. A
  was I, could hardly
2. B
  was I felt, could hardly
3. C
  was I, couldn't hardly
4. D
  I was, hardly couldn't
So ____ that no fish can live in it.
1. A
  the lake is shallow
2. B
  shallow the lake is
3. C
  shallow is the lake
4. D
  is the lake shallow(上海高考,92-13)
____ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.
1. A
  So successful her business was
2. B
  So successful was her business
3. C
  So her business was successful
4. D
  So was her successful business(全国高考陕西卷,07-10)

inversion(倒装)¹⁴

so does he/so he does

问

(1) I like sports and ____ my brother. A. so does B. so is C. so D. so likes(全国高考)

(2)——John won first prize in the contest. —— ____. A. So he did B. So did he C. So he did too D. So did he, too(全国高考)

为什么在试题(1)中 so 引起主谓语倒装, 而在试题(2)中 so 不引起主谓语倒装?

答

见 so did I。

inversion(倒装)¹⁵

such 位于句首引起的倒装

问

Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars.

答

上句的正常语序是 His strength was such that...。其中的 that 从句为结果状语从句。在这种句式中当充当表语或定语的 such 位于句首时，主语和谓语要实行倒装：

Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken. 爆炸力如此之大，以致所有的窗户都震碎了。
Such is the influence of TV that it can make a person famous overnight. 电视的影响力非常大, 它可以使人一夜成名。

练习

Such a wise and inspiring leader ____ that all the American people had a deep love ____.
1. A
  was Abraham Lincoln; for him
2. B
  was Abraham Lincoln; to him
3. C
  had Abraham Lincoln been; with
4. D
  had Abraham Lincoln been; about
Such a moving film ____ that they were all lost in thought after it was over.
1. A
  it was
2. B
  was it
3. C
  there was
4. D
  was there