原书主词条 · 6 个连续词条

that(pron.)

原书 PDF 第 1527—1530 页

that(pron.)¹

that ten dollars

问

that ten dollars 是否应改为 those ten dollars? 要知道 that 是单数,而 dollars 却是复数。

答

当限定词与表示度量的名词短语连用时,它们可以与其所修饰的名词(中心词)在数上不一致,这是符合英语惯用法的:that (those) ten dollars (参见 estimate a good $^{2}$ , another $^{1}$ , another two books)。

that(pron.)³

问

The curtain was rung down in that phase of history, at least, by the sudden invention of the hydrogen bomb, of the ballistic missile and of rockets that can be aimed to hit the moon.

[原译]……由于能够击中月球的弹道导弹和火箭的突然发明……(《第三帝国的兴亡》)

“能够击中月球的弹道导弹”，这种说法似乎违背常识。请分析。

答

大家知道,弹道导弹是因其飞行轨迹与一般炮弹的轨迹一样而命名的。因此弹道导弹是不能击中月球的。所以定语从句 that can be aimed to hit the moon 决不可能用来说明 the ballistic missile。另外,rockets 前面的介词 of 也有助于表示 that 从句仅限于说明 rockets。rockets that can be aimed to hit the moon 是指“可以到达月球的火箭”。

[试译]由于氢弹、弹道导弹和能够命中月球的火箭的突然发明……(参见 $attributive^{6}$ )

that(pron.)⁴

问

A report that he stole was ultimately sent to the police. 请问 that 从句是定语从句, 还是同位语从句?

答

这是CGEL所提出的一个歧义句。就孤立的句子而论，这个句子容许有两种解释。一是把that从句理解为定语从句（that为关系代词，充当从句谓语动词的宾语），一是把that从句理解为同位语从句(that 为连词, 不充当任何句子成分, stole 为不及物动词): (a)他偷来的一份报告最终送到了警察局。(A report(which) he stole...) (b)关于他进行偷窃的一份报告最终送到了警察局。(The report was that he stole.)

that(pron.)⁵

问

York, ____ last year, is a nice old city. A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I visited D. in which I visited(北京高考,03-24)

标准答案为 B。能否选 A 呢？也就是说，that 能否引导非限制性定语从句呢？

答

正像CGEL所指出的，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词的选择仅限于who（whom）和which。决不能使用零关系代词。那么能不能使用that呢？CGEL的作者们并没有说绝对不能使用，而只是说that is rare (that很罕见)(p.1258)。上面试题的可取之处就在于它强调了在非限制性定语从句中，当中心词为表物的名词时几乎总是使用which这样一个事实。因此，从整体上看，这道试题并没有什么大错误，但是最好不要让考生在which与that之间进行选择。

[附注]英语研究者和测试者应当注意,英语里有些例外的情况,例如:

I looked at Mary's sad face, that I had once so passionately loved. (CGEL) 我望着玛丽那悲伤的面容，过去我曾一度非常热烈地爱过的那副面容。
They are reports from the senses, mostly the ears and eyes, that keep the brain in touch with the world. 它们是来自感觉，主要是耳朵和眼睛的报告，使大脑与外部世界保持接触。（《科技英语阅读语法》，p.347）
He went home talking to himself and to the moon, that was very high and small. 他一面自言自语，一面对月喃喃地回家去，月亮很高而小。（费致德：《现代英语惯用法词典》，p.863）
The thunder storm, that had been hanging about all day, suddenly broke. (Wood) 整日笼罩天空的大雷雨突然来临。

that(pron.)⁶

问

It is the ability to do the job ____ matters not where you come from or what you are. A. one B. that C. what D. it(全国高考,00-24) 《英语通》(高三版)2000年第9期(p.7)对上题作了如下解答： “该题考查引导定语从句的关系代词的用法。句中 it 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。the job 既是动词 do 的宾语，又是其后定语从句所修饰的先行词。空白处应填一个关系代词，既引导定语从句，又在句中作主语。A、C、D 项都不是关系代词，均应排除，最佳答案为 B。” 该文作者说答案为 B (that)，我是同意的。但他说 that 从句是定语从句，我却有些想不通。

答

上面的试题是个强调句: It is ... that。由于 that 既可引导强调句, 又可引导定语从句, 有时从形式上一下子难以区分, 所以常常被弄混。上文的解释证明, 这不仅是我国学生的学习难点, 也是我国中学英语教师教学上的难点。关于强调句及其与定语从句的区分方法, 见 cleft sentence $^{4}$ 。在上面的试题中,被强调的成分是 the ability to do the job。 [试题句意]至关重要的是工作的能力,而不是你是哪里人或是干什么的。[参见 matter (v.), it $^{21,22}$ , what $^{2}$ ]

练习

It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
1. A
  that
2. B
  until
3. C
  before
4. D
  when(全国高考,97-25)
It was only when I reread his poems recently ____ I began to appreciate their beauty.
1. A
  until
2. B
  that
3. C
  then
4. D
  so(全国高考,98-22)
It is not who is right but what is right ____ is of importance.
1. A
  which
2. B
  it
3. C
  that
4. D
  this(全国高考重庆卷,07-27)

that(pron.)¹⁰

that is (to say)

问

The navy was planning an expedition to the South Pacific Ocean with the purpose of watching a very unusual event, that is the planet Venus passing between the earth and the sun in 1769. (《高中英语教科书》第三册，人教社，p.8) 我们学校的许多英语老师都认为上句中 that 应当改为 which。因为 that 是不能引导非限制性定语从句的。但是，重庆的曹毅老师在《英语辅导报》(高中教师版)上就上句发表文章说，that 可以引导非限制性定语从句，并举了大量的实例。这使我感到无所适从。

答

你们学校的老师以及重庆的曹老师均误解了原句的结构。

首先要明白, that is the planet...并不是一个定语从句, 因而 that 不是关系代词, 谈不上用 which 替换的问题, 也谈不上 that 从句能不能用于非限制性定语从句的问题。

其实这里的 that is = that is to say(这就是说,亦即)。其后的 the planet Venus passing between the earth and the sun in 1769 是 a very unusual event 的同位语。

John is a New Yorker; that is he lives in New York. 约翰是纽约人, 这就是说, 他住在纽约。
We're leaving on 2 March, that is, Friday. 我们预计3月2日，即星期五，动身。
I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running. 我将在城里与你会面，那就是说，只要火车还在运行，我就会见到你。
He's a local government administrator, that is to say a Civil Servant. 他是地方行政官员，也就是说，是文官。
The fare is reduced for children, that is, anyone under 15 years old. 儿童, 即凡是年龄在十五岁以下者, 票价有优惠。

[附注]在正式的书面语中，that is (to say)前后通常要加逗号。

还有一点必须指出, passing 并不是现在分词作 the planet Venus 的定语, 而是动名词, the planet Venus 是它的逻辑主语。

[句意]海军计划到南太平洋进行考察,目的是观察一个不平常的事件,即金星在1769年在地球与太阳之间通过的景观。

练习

Codes are a way of writing something secret; ____, anyone who doesn't know the code will not be able to read it.
1. A
  that is
2. B
  worse still
3. C
  in short
4. D
  on the other hand(全国六级,90.1-42)