原书主词条 · 9 个连续词条

until

原书 PDF 第 1617—1619

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aShe slept till (until) nine.

(b) She didn't sleep till (until) nine.

句(a)与句(b)中的till(until)的含义是否相同?

可以这样来概括 till(until) 的含义: 介词 till(until) 用在肯定句中时通常表示动作的终点, 用在否定句中时则表示动作的起点。

She slept till(until) nine. = She stopped sleeping at nine. 她一直睡到九点钟。

She didn't sleep till (until) nine. = She started sleeping at nine. 她九点钟才开始睡觉。

请分析下列各例中的 till(until) 的含义:

  1. They talked till dawn. (Palmer) 他们一直谈到天亮。

  2. She will be working till nine o'clock. 她将一直工作到九点。

  3. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. (NCE 2) 有时我在床上一直躺到吃午饭的时候。

  4. He's only staying until tomorrow evening. (Mansfield) 他只停留到明天晚上。

  5. They did not get to bed until late that night. (J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) 他们直到夜深了才上床睡觉。(《哈利·波特与死亡圣徒》)

  6. I didn't know till now that you were ill. (Chambers) 直到现在我才知道你病了。

  7. Until now I knew nothing about it. (ALD) 直到现在我才知道这件事(在此之前我对此事一无所知)。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 16141643PDF:第 1617 页 · until 1-3

until2

Until recently, scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting through hard rock at great depths... This problem has now been solved. (这里的 until 为介词) (New Concept English, Book 3, p. 118)

[原译]直至今日,科学家尚未能设计出一种能钻透极深处坚硬岩石之钻探机……此难题现已解决。[《新概念英语》(三),朗文出版公司、世界图书出版公司,1993年,p.219]

译文刚说“直至今日科学家尚未能设计出……钻探机”,接着又说“此问题现已解决”,这不是自相矛盾吗?

看来,译文的毛病是出在对介词 until 的理解上。我们知道,当句子为肯定句时,介词 until 表示句子的动作一直持续到 until 短语所表示的时间为止。until 用作连词时,则表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“一直到……时(为止)”或“在……以前”。例如:

  1. Convection will go on until all parts of the fluid are of the same temperature. 对流将继续进行, 直到流体各部分的温度完全一致。

  2. Heat can be conducted from a hot body to a cooler one until both are at the same temperature. 热可以从一个热的物体传到一个较冷的物体,直至两者温度相同为止。

但是,当主句为否定句时,用作连词的 until 则表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生,或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。until 用作介词时,也具有类似的意义。这种用法的 until 可根据情况译为“直到……之前(……尚未)”或“直到……才……”。例如:

  1. People had no idea of radioactivity until Madame Curie discovered radium. 直到居里夫人发现镭以后,人们才了解放射性。

或:在居里夫人发现镭之前,人们对于放射性是一无所知的。

  1. The petrol does not turn into a liquid until it has been cooled much more. 直到汽油冷却到足够的程度,它才会变成液体。

还应指出,until recently 应译为“(直到)不久前”(recently = not long ago)

试译不久以前,科学家们还不能……现在这个问题已经得到解决。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 16441671PDF:第 1617 页 · until 1-3

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连词 until 可以引出结果状语从句吗?

虽然我国的英语语法著作尚没有提到 until 可以引出结果状语从句,但是有时候 until 引出的从句,从表面上看是时间状语从句,实质上却是结果状语从句或者兼有结果的含义。CGEL 已经明确地提到了这一点。

  1. She massaged her leg until it stopped hurting[... with the result that it stopped hurting.] (CGEL) 她按摩她的一条腿,直到那条腿不疼为止。

  2. Larry polished the table until he could see his face in it. 拉里把桌子擦得能够照出他的脸。

  3. When we have harnessed nuclear energy for space flight, the solar system will contract until it is little larger than the earth today. (RL) 当我们将来利用原子能进行宇宙飞行的时候,太阳系就会缩小得差不多像今日的地球那么小。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 16721683PDF:第 1617 页 · until 1-3

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AHe didn't arrive until I returned.

(B) He didn't wait until I returned.

请分析这两个句子里 until 的用法。

当连词 until(till) 与否定的主句连用时, until(till) 表达的通常是动作的起点。例如:

  1. I did not begin work until he had gone. (Doyle) 直到他走了我才开始工作。

  2. He didn't arrive until I returned. (CGEL) 直到我回来他才到。

但是,上面的说法不适用于某些具有持续意义的动词,如句(2)中的wait。与具有持续意义的动词连用时,until(till)表示主句的动作没有延续到从句所指的时间。He didn't wait until I returned. 的意思是:他没有等到我回来。

练习
  1. ——Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? ——Yes. He had never praised him ____ he became one of the top students in his grade.

    1. A

      after

    2. B

      unless

    3. C

      until

    4. D

      when(北京高考,03 春 - 29)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 16841705PDF:第 1618 页 · until 4-6

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until 充当介词时,后面可以跟从句吗?

介词 until 可以引导 after 从句:

  1. Don't leave until after I've spoken to you. 在我告诉你之后再走。

  2. I didn't reach the station until after the train had left. (GPU) 直到火车开走了,我才到达车站。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 17061717PDF:第 1618 页 · until 4-6

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They ____ the train until it disappeared in the distance. A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed(全国高考,98-17) 答案为 B。但是我不明白为什么不能选其他动词。

应当牢记,当until从句与肯定的主句连用时,主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词,而不可能是非持续动词,如上面的seenotice(参见watch/see)。而observe的词义与句意不符。注意下列各句中的主句动词的持续性:

  1. Go on until you reach the end. 一直走到尽头。

  2. Tigers were hunted and killed until in many areas the entire population had disappeared. 老虎遭到捕杀,以致在许多地区完全绝迹。

  3. We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well, and that, when we discover what this something is, we must work hard at it until we succeed. 我们必须相信,我们每一个人都能把某件事情办好;而且,当我们发现这事情是什么的时候,我们就必须努力干下去,直至成功。

练习
  1. Mother told Jim to ____ the milk until it boiled and then turn off the gas.

    1. A

      observe

    2. B

      watch

    3. C

      notice

    4. D

      glance(上海高考,99-27)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 17181738PDF:第 1618 页 · until 4-6

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until + 现在完成时

Don't get off the bus until it ____. A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop. (全国高考)

答案为 A。这是我所不能理解的。现在完成时表示已完成、已结束的动作。难道上句中 has stopped 是表示业已完成的动作吗?

这道题出难了,所以把你给难住了。你已经记住:时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来,而上句却冒出来一个现在完成时,当然会使你感到困难。

原来,英语里有这么一条规则:在时间、条件等状语从句里,当需要表达将来完成时意义时,必须使用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。在上面的试题里,has stopped 便具有“将来完成”的意义(见 future 711^{7-11} )。再如:

  1. You're not going home until you've finished that report. 你写完那个报告再回家。

  2. I will repair your bicycle when I have finished this job. 我做完这项工作之后就修理你的自行车。

  3. Don't say anything while John is here. Wait until he has gone. 约翰在这里的时候,你什么也不要说。等他走后再说。

  4. We'll start at five o'clock if it has stopped raining by then. 如果到了五点钟雨停下来的话,我们就在五点钟动身。

  5. When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do. 做了这件事,我就做完了我应做的全部事情了。

练习
  1. It has been announced that candidates ____ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.

    1. A

      can

    2. B

      will

    3. C

      may

    4. D

      shall(上海高考,02-27)

  2. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ____ we've actually had that lesson.

    1. A

      until

    2. B

      after

    3. C

      since

    4. D

      when(全国高考天津卷,07-8)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 17391771PDF:第 1619 页 · until 7-9

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until + 过去完成时

(1)Go on until you reach the end.

(2) Tigers were hunted and killed until in many areas the entire population had disappeared. 第一句 until 从句用一般现在时表示将来, 这我是能理解的。但是第二句中的 until 从句用过去完成时, 我就无法理解了: 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”, 难道 had disappeared 所表示的动作发生在 were hunted and killed 之前吗? 我看, 恰恰相反。

你的问题提得很好。在这里,过去完成时并不是表示“过去的过去”,而是强调动作的完成。再如:

I waited until the rain had stopped. 我一直等到雨停了下来。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 17721785PDF:第 1619 页 · until 7-9

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含 until 的肯定句只能译为“直到……”吗?

Until that date, they had trained birds to carry messages over the mountains from one army post to another. [《高中英语教科书》第三册(下), 人教社, p.23]

[原译]直到那时,他们原来一直都是训练鸟儿越过高山,从一个部队向另一个部队传递信息。(《英语课文翻译及解疑·高中三年级》,宇航出版社,p.168)

原译文似乎不符合汉语习惯。在汉语里,“直到……”应当与“才”搭配。例如,“这事直到今天我才知道”。

用作介词或连词的 till(until) 可根据情况, 分别译为“直到”和“在……之前”。当说明在 until(till) 短语或从句所表示的情景之前存在或不存在某种情况时, 常常采用后一译法。

She won't go away till you promise to help her. 在你答应帮助她之前,她是不会走的。

在你提问的句子里,过去完成时 had trained 是描述在 that date 之前的情况的,因此最好译为

“在……之前”。再如:

This monk is not working alone, Robert,’ Teabing said,and until you learn who is behind all this, you both are in danger…’ (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) “罗伯特,这位修道士可不是单枪匹马行事。因而,在你们知道谁是幕后操纵者之前,你们两人目前的处境都很危险……”(《达·芬奇密码》)

[试译]在这之前,他们一直都是训练鸟儿从一个部队越过高山向另一个部队传送信息的。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 17861807PDF:第 1619 页 · until 7-9