原书主词条 · 16 个连续词条

can

原书 PDF 第 300—307

can1

(1)He cannot do it. (2) It cannot be done (by him). 请问句(1)和句(2)中情态助动词 can 的意义是否相同?

一般说来,在主动句中 can 既可以理解为表示能力(ability),也可以理解为表示可能性(possibility)或被允许(permission)。例如: Henry can drive my car now. (UGE) (a) 亨利现在能开我的车了。(Henry is able to drive...) (b) 现在亨利可以开我的车了。(Henry has permission to drive... Henry is allowed to drive...) 因此,句(1)最有可能的解释是:他不能(没有能力)做这件事。但是,当把主动句变为被动句时,情态助动词的情态意义常常会发生变化: It cannot be done(by him). 这不可能是他干的。

<div class="mineru-algorithm" style="white-space: pre-wrap; font-family:monospace;">
Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 70157025PDF:第 300 页 · can 1

can3

can/be able to 见 able $^{5-8}$

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 70267038PDF:第 301 页 · can 2-5

can4

can but

You can but try. [原译]你至少可以试试。(《远东英汉大词典》, p. 288) 请问句中的 but 是“至少”的意思吗?

</div> 这就是说,在被动句中 can 常常被理解为表示“可能性”。 The teacher can't teach Bill. 教师教不了比尔(教师没有能力教比尔)。 Bill can't be taught (by the teacher). 比尔不可教也。(比尔没有能力学习。或者:教师没有可能教比尔。)

Mom, can I go to the movies with Sally this afternoon? (《托福应试练习大全·语法分册》, p. 193) 这道试题的答案要求将 can 改为 may。这使我感到很惊讶,许多语法书和词典上都提到 can 可以用来表示“请求”或“允许”。

can 表示请求(requests for)或允许(permission)是现代语法学家所认可的。

  1. Can we borrow these books from the library? (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language)
<div class="mineru-algorithm" style="white-space: pre-wrap; font-family:monospace;"> 2. A: Can May } I smoke? B: No, you $\left\{\begin{array}{l} cannot(can't).\\ may not.(English Grammatical Structure,p.93)\end{array}\right.$ 3. May I go with you? May I? (can/may inter-replaceable in this sense)(同上) </div> 但是,may 属正式语体,语气比较客气,而 can 则多用于日常会话。大家都知道,许多出题者推崇正式语体,而排斥口语体,因此便出现了上面的试题。但是,我们认为,他们似乎做过了头。因为规定语法学派也承认,甚至在上面所讨论的意义中用 can 比用 may 更为常见,更为随便一些。

现代英语语法学家们把副词 but 归在排他语 (exclusives) 里去。其用法类似于 alone, just, merely, only, solely, simply, 它们含有“仅仅……而排他”的意思, 而汉语的“至少”却含有“包容”的意思 (至少……还可进一层)。可见, You can but try. 应译为“你只能试一试”。请分析下面的实例:

  1. When I asked if she thought she would win, she replied, "Well, I can but try." 当我问她是否认为她会取胜时,她回答说:“噢,我只能试一试。”
  2. I can but wait. 我只能等待。

(1)I can but do my duty.

请问 can but 与 cannot but 的意义是否相同?

can butcannot but 的意思是不同的,但又不能把后者简单地理解为前者的否定。can but = can only(只能,仅仅能)。I can but do my duty. 意思是:我只能尽我的职责。 而 cannot but = must, to be forced to(只好, 必须, 一定, 不能不, 不得不)。I cannot but go. 意思是: 我必须走。cannot but 又可写作 cannot help but

  1. When the country calls you for help, you cannot but go. (DAI) 当祖国需要你的时候,你必须挺身而出。
  2. I cannot but admit the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests. (LDCE) 虽然你的言论违反我的利益,但我不得不承认你说得对。
  3. We could not but weep at the sad news. 听到这悲惨的消息,我们不禁流出了眼泪。
  4. When a close friend dies, you cannot but feel sad. 好朋友去世时,你不禁会感到悲哀。
Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 70397093PDF:第 301 页 · can 2-5

can6

can (could) do with

aI could do with a cup of tea.

(b) The car could do with a good polish.

(c) Some children can do with very little spending money.

could do with 按字面很难理解其含义。请解释。

在句(a)could do with 是“想要”(want)的意思,在句(b)中是需要(need)的意思,而在句(c)中则是“有……就行了”“有……就可以了”。请看下面的例句及其译法:

  1. I think we could all do with a good night's sleep... (EED) 我认为我们大家都需要好好地睡一夜……

  2. Your hands look as though they could do with a wash. (Wood) 你的两只手看样子需要洗一洗。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 70947111PDF:第 302 页 · can 6-8

can9

can have done 表示“可能”

She is late. What ____ have happened to her?

A. should B. must C. can D. would

答案为 C(can)。但是 can have happened 是什么意思呢?

can 在这里仍是表示“可能”。can have done 表示从现在的眼光看来“过去可能发生了某事”,而且其结果与现在有关。can have done 大都用在否定句和疑问句中:

  1. Where can he have gone? 他能去哪了呢?

  2. She's two hours latewhat can have happened? 她已经晚了两个小时了, 可能发生了什么事呢?

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 71657182PDF:第 303 页 · can 9-12

can9

can never...too 见 can $^{16,17}$

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 74157421PDF:第 303 页 · can 9-12

can10

A man can never have too many ties.”(New Concept English, Book 2, L.41) 请问这句话是什么意思?

can16,17\mathrm{can}^{16,17}

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 71837188PDF:第 303 页 · can 9-12

can11

can not/can't/cannot

I can not see why the machine stopped working.《朗文英语正误词典》(p.61)将上面的句子列为病句,并说应将 can not 改为 can'tcannot。我认为 can notcould not, may not, will not 一样是正确的非缩略形式。Porter G. Perrin 教授的 Writer's Guide and Index to English 也说“cannot, can not 两者都可以用,但 cannot 更为常用。”

我认为R.Quirk等人的解释能够给你满意的回答。他们说:拼作can not两个单词是很少见的,只有在希望否定主要动词,或特别强调否定词或希望把否定词分开时,才拼作can not

Can you not interrupt, please?

Can I not help you?

He says we can manage when we can certainly not. (CGEL, § 3.39)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 71897202PDF:第 303 页 · can 9-12

can12

cannot but do/cannot help but do/cannot help doing

cannot but, cannot help butcannot help 在意义和用法上有什么区别?

这三个短语在意义上基本相同,都表示“禁不住”“不由得”“不得不”“不能不”的意思,但用法和语体有区别。cannot help 之后跟动名词,是最规范的用法,因此最为常见(为所有的英语辞典所收纳),并常见于标准英语考试中:

  1. I can't help admiring the picture whenever I look at it. (EC) 不管我什么时候看到这幅画,我都禁不住要赞赏它。

  2. Harry could not help feeling a definite sense of anticlimax. (J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) 哈利忍不住感到一种深深的失落。(《哈利·波特与死亡圣徒》)

  3. I couldn't help thinking that if Jesus had this much of a sense of humor, being a Christian wasn't going to be so tough. (B. Clinton, My Life) 我忍不住想,如果耶稣这么有幽默感,那么当个基督教徒也不会太难。(《我的生活》)

cannot but 后面要跟不带 to 的不定式。这种用法不大规范。不少语言学家认为是个不好的用法。但是我们不时还是能见到这种用法:

  1. I cannot but admire your decision. 我不能不赞赏你的决定。

  2. One's world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does. 一个人的世界观必然在其言行中表现出来。

  3. I cannot but admire the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests. (LDCE) 我不能不欣赏你的话的真实性,尽管它们违背我的利益。

cannot help but 后面也要跟不带 to 的不定式。这种用法多见于非正式语体。语言学家们(如 Hornby 以及 RWRT 的作者们)认为它是合乎语言习惯的。而且托福试题也采用了这种句式,见 can 14^{14} 之托福试题。

  1. You can't help but respect them. 你禁不住会尊敬他们。

  2. When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet. 当街道满是融化的雪水时,你是不能不把鞋子弄湿的。

  3. Harry could not help but agree with the unknown Thicknesses. (J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) 哈利无可奈何只好服从那个他从没听过的塞克里斯。(《哈利·波特与死亡圣徒》)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 72037235PDF:第 303 页 · can 9-12

can13

cannot have done/could not have done

aThey cannot have gone out because the light's on!

(b) The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake. (New Concept English, Book 3, L.60)

cannot have donecould not have done 有无区别?

cannot have donecould not have done 都可以表示以现在的眼光看来“过去不可能发生的事”,如句(a),但是 could not have done 还可以表示从过去的某个时间点看来“以前不可能发生的事”,如句(b)。另外,在句(a)中用 cannot have gone 比用 could not have gone 语气要强一些。还要注意一点,could not have done 有其相对应的肯定式,即 could have done,而 cannot have done 却没有其相对应的肯定式,也就是说 can + 完成体不定式只能用在否定句和疑问句中。你可以从下面的例句中发现它们之间的相同处和相异处(参见 could have done, couldn't have done)。

  1. He can't have taken it upstairs this morning! (Galsworthy) 他今天早上是不可能把它带上楼的!

  2. Where can he have gone? (Cronin) 他能去哪了呢?

  3. She's two hours late—what can have happened? (PEU) 她已经晚了两个小时了,可能发生了什么事呢?

  4. I do not see how I could have done otherwise. (Wells) 我看不出当时我还能用其他方式来做那件事。

  5. They couldn't have left so soon. (Mis) 他们不可能那么早就走了。

练习
  1. You ____ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.

    1. A

      needn't have seen

    2. B

      must have seen

    3. C

      might have seen

    4. D

      can't have seen(全国四级,96.1-23)

  2. She ____ have left school, for her bike is still here.

    1. A

      can't

    2. B

      wouldn't

    3. C

      shouldn't

    4. D

      needn't(全国高考天津卷,08-6)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 72367266PDF:第 304 页 · can 13-14

can14

cannot(couldn't) help but/cannot(couldn't) help

《英语考试题典》(本科生、研究生专用)(吉林科技出版社,p.131)有一道判错题: Charlie assured his wife that there was no danger, but she could not help but worry. A B C D

该书编者判 D(but worry) 为错误。但我认为 D(but worry) 并没有错。

可能编者把 cannot(couldn't) help butcannot(couldn't) help 两个结构弄混了。cannot (couldn't) help but 之后应跟动词原形:

  1. When a friend gave Jim a ticket to the game, he couldn't help but go. (DAI) 当一位朋友给了吉姆一张比赛门票时,他是不能不去的。

  2. Langdon could not help but feel a deep sense of loss at the curator's death. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 对于馆长的死,兰登禁不住有一种怅然若失的感受。(《达·芬奇密码》)

而在 cannot(couldn't) help 之后则应跟动名词。请对比这两种不同的用法:

  1. She couldn't help smiling. (Mansfield) 她禁不住笑了。

  2. I don’t think Professor Jones meant to be funny this morning, do you?” “No, although I couldn’t help ____ at some of his remarks.A. from laughing B. to have laughed C. but laugh D. to laugh(TOEFL)

练习
  1. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ____.

    1. A

      were not able to help laughter

    2. B

      could not help but laughing

    3. C

      could not help laughing

    4. D

      could not help to laugh(全国研考,91-11)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 72677302PDF:第 304 页 · can 13-14

can15

can not possibly 见 possibly

说明

can not possiblypossibly can 16^{16}

cannot...too 1^{1}

许孟雄教授编著的《英语难题一千则》(北师大出版社,1992年版,p.310)说:“1. One can never be too careful. 直译为‘绝对不会太细心’,意译为‘越认真越好’。2. We cannot work too much for the people. 直译(为人民服务我们绝不可能做过多的工作。)意译(为人民服务我们做工作越多越好。)3. He can never love her too much. 直译(他对她决不会有过多的爱。)意译(他永远也爱她不够)”。我觉得上面的直译并不符合原意。

我们中国人难于从字面上去理解 cannot...too 的准确含义。因此,很多人认为它的字面含义与真实含义是相反的。《英语难题一千则》的直译与意译就是最好的证明。其实 cannot...too 结构的字面含义与其实际含义是一致的。关键是正确理解 too 的含义。That's too much.(那太过分了)。He made too long a speech.(他的发言太长了)。不难看出,在这里 too 是“过分”“超过正常标准”的意思。cannot 并不是“绝不会”的意思。cannot...too 是“不可能把某事做过头”的意思。下面的句子有助于我们正确理解 cannot...too 结构的字面含义和真实含义:It would be difficult to overpraise this book.(要想把这本书赞扬过了头,那是很困难的。或:很难把这本书赞扬得过了火。)这句话的意思是:This book deserves much praise.(这本书很值得大加赞扬)。overpraise = praise too much。我们可以用 cannot...too 结构来改写这个句子:You cannot praise the book too much.无论直译也好,意译也好,这句话的基本意思不外是“你不可能赞扬这本书赞扬过了头”“你怎样赞扬这本书都不算过分”“这本书值得大加赞扬”。

由此可见,《英语难题一千则》将 One can never be too careful. 直译为“绝不会太细心”,将 We can not work too much for the people. 直译为“为人民服务我们绝不能做太多的工作”,显然是误解了 cannot...too 这一结构的字面含义。We cannot work too much for the people. 按字面意义应直译为“我们为人民工作是不可能做过了头的。”对这一结构的这种误解常常是导致误译的重要原因。请见下条之实例。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 73037315PDF:第 305 页 · can 15-17

can17

cannot...too $^{2}$

  1. As for the time of the attack, Hitler told his reluctant generals,the start cannot take place

too early. It is to take place in all circumstances (if at all possible) this autumn."

[原译]……“不能开始得太早。但是只要有可能,无论如何必须在今秋发动。”(《第三帝国的兴亡》)

  1. Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply. [《新英语教程》(英语阅读)第三册, p. 413]

[原译]年轻科学家不能很快地就认识到现有的科学知识远不像许多教科书似乎所暗示的那样全面、那样肯定、那样一成不变。[《新英语教程》(英语阅读)《教师参考书B》第三册,p.135]

  1. "Let it deceive them, then, a little longer; it can not deceive them too much."

[原译]“那么,就让他们再受一会儿骗吧;不过骗他们也不能太过分。”(《双城记》,p.178)上面的译文似乎有误,请分析。

cannot...too 这个结构并不是表示“不可能太……”,而是表示“怎样……也不过分”“应尽量……”“越……越好”。cannot...tooit is impossible to over + 动词原形。例如:

  1. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. (= It is impossible to overestimate the value of modern science.) 现代科学的价值,无论如何重视也不算过分。

  2. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that mathematics is the basis of science.

数学是科学的基础,这一点无论怎样强调都不算过分。

  1. 'And a woman can't have too many hats,' she answered. (New Concept English, Book 2, p. 103) 她回答说:“女人买多多的帽子,也不能算多。”

  2. The young housewife cannot be too economical if she is to help her husband in his career. 年青的家庭主妇如果想支持丈夫的事业,无论怎样节俭都是不会过分的。

我们有许多学生虽然弄懂了 cannot...too 的含义和用法,但是仍弄不懂下面的句子。其实 can never...toocannot...too 是同义的:

[ 'I find it beautiful,' I said. ] 'A man can never have too many ties.' (New Concept English, Book 2, p. 103)

我说:“……男人买多么多的领带,也不能算多。”

试译……“进攻越早开始越好。只要有可能,无论如何必须在今年秋天发动。”

试译年青的科学工作者应尽快认识到现有的科学知识绝不像许多教科书所暗示的那样全面、肯定、一成不变。

试译……无论怎么骗他们都不会过分的。

练习
  1. You cannot be ____ careful when you drive a car.

    1. A

      very

    2. B

      so

    3. C

      too

    4. D

      enough(全国四级,97.6-32)

  2. Jack is good, kind, hard-working and intelligent; ____, I can't speak too highly of him.

    1. A

      as a result

    2. B

      in a word

    3. C

      by the way

    4. D

      on the contrary(全国四级)

  3. You can't be ____ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.

    1. A

      very

    2. B

      quite

    3. C

      too

    4. D

      so(全国六级,90.1-54)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 73167370PDF:第 305 页 · can 15-17

can18

Can you possibly come?

张道真:《现代英语用法词典》(上海译文出版社,p.3227)对上面一类句子的解释是:possiblycan 连用,起强调作用。

请问 possibly 在这里起什么样的强调作用?

possibly 在疑问句中与 can 连用, 并不起强调作用, 而是把疑问或请求变得缓和、委婉, 因而显得更有礼貌。在否定句中 possiblycan 连用, 才起强调作用, 见 possibly

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 73717382PDF:第 306 页 · can 18-19

can19

can't get more

You can't get more accurate or more impartial than that. (Reader's Digest) 请问 can't get more 是什么意思?

can't get more 表示“再……不过了”“不可能比……更”。全句似可译为:“不可能有比这更精确更公平的了。” can you/can't you?tag questions 37^{3-7} can 21^{21} can you ?/will you?

  1. Don't smoke in the meeting-room, ____? A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you(全国高考,91-16)
  2. Be sure to write to us, ____? A. will you B. aren't you C. can you D. mustn't you(全国高考,93-23)

标准答案为 will you。但是,用 can you 就是错误吗?

祈使句后面的附加疑问句的助动词一般是使用 willwon't。但是,也可以使用 cancan't,例如:

  1. Post this letter for me, can you? (LEG) 请你替我把这封信寄出去,好吗?
  2. Open the door, can't you? (CGEL) 请把门打开,好吧?
  3. Don't make a noise, will you? /can you? (CGEL) 不要弄出声来,好吗?
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can22

——Will you stay for lunch? ——Sorry, ____. My brother is coming to see me. A. I mustn't B. I can't C. I needn't D. I won't(全国高考,99-15) 我选了D,答案是B,为什么不能选D呢?

大家知道, won'twill not 的缩略形式。其中的 will 可作助动词表“将来”, 亦可作情态动词表“愿意”或“决心”。撇开上下文或语境, 说 I won't 是可以的 [我将不/我不愿意(留下来吃午饭)]。例如: I won't do it any more, I promise you. (我决不再干那件事了, 我向你保证。) 但是, 把 I won't 放在上面试题的语境里, 就是错误的了。因为语境告诉我们: “I”不能留下来吃午饭的原因是 My brother is coming to see me。因此, 不是“I”不愿意留下来, 而是情况使“I”没有可能留下来。因此, 上题只能选 B(I can't)can have done

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