原书主词条 · 8 个连续词条

to(动词不定式符号)

原书 PDF 第 1586—1588

to(动词不定式符号)2

What could he do but die?

据我所知, but 是个介词, 但它却直接跟不带 to 的动词不定式连用, 不知如何解释这种现象。

英语惯用法里有一条规则:表示例外的介词(but, except 等)可以与不带 to 的动词不定式连用,当然也可以与带 to 的动词不定式连用。至于在这种用法里 but, except 等究竟是介词,还是连词,英美语言学家们至今也没有一致的意见。一般的使用倾向是:在 butexcept 之前有实义动词 do 时,则其后的动词不定式符号 to 可以省略。请分析下面的实例:

  1. They did nothing but complain. (PEG) 他们只是抱怨。

  2. We'll do anything but confess our guilt. (RWRT) 除了承认我们有罪之外,其他什么事我们都愿意干(或:我们绝不承认我们有罪)。

  3. She did everything but make her bed. (CGEL) 除了给她铺床之外,她什么活都干。

  4. He doesn't want to do anything except help me. (Preiser) 除了帮助我,他什么事情都不想做。

  5. He does everything in the house except put the children to bed. 除了安排孩子们上床睡觉之外,家里的什么活他都干。

(参见 but 11^{11} , nothing but do)

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We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day. (New Concept English, Book 3, L.50)

在几个结构相同的带 to 的动词不定式连用时, 是重复使用 to 呢, 还是仅仅在第一个动词不定式之前使用 to, 而在其余的动词不定式之前省略 to 呢? 上面句子里的动词不定式 eat, find, do, be, drivetaketo get 是同等成分(均作 resolve 的宾语), 为什么省略了动词不定式符号 to 呢?

按照通常的习惯,仅仅在第一个不定式之前加动词不定式符号 to,而在其余的不定式之前省略 to。例如:

  1. I'd like to lie down and go to sleep. 我想躺下进入梦乡。

  2. I wished to finish my business and get away. 我希望干完我的事就离开。

  3. Christina hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 克里斯蒂娜简直不知道是应当笑还是应当哭。

  4. I thought it better to take the anthem myself than give it to a junior, who would be sure to make a mull of it. 我想我自己来唱圣歌,比让一个年少者来唱,要好一些,他肯定会

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把它弄糟的。

说明

把它弄糟的。

我记得当我在课堂上讲到这一点时,有一位学生马上问我:“To be or not to be, that is the question. (是生存还是毁灭? 这是问题之所在。)这个句子为什么重复使用 to 呢?”

我引用了Curme的观点:当几个结构相同的动词不定式连用而表示对比或进行强调时,人们常常重复使用to。例如:

  1. It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。

  2. I haven't decided to go home or to stay at school this summer. 我还没有决定今年夏天是回家还是留在学校里。

  3. I had meant to have visited Paris and to have returned to London before my father arrived from America. (Curme) 我本想在我的父亲从美国到达这里之前访问一下巴黎再返回伦敦。

  4. I limited myself to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercises every morning and to read more of an evening. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 50) 我定了两项切实可行的措施: 每早进行体育锻炼, 每晚多看一些书。

  5. If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 52) 倘若你流露出怀疑或惊讶的神情,他会立即请你闻一闻,并随即在你皮肤上涂上一点儿。

  6. I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map. (New Concept English, Book 3, L.57) 我停下汽车,让它冷却,并仔细查阅地图。

请做下面的英语试题:

The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make(全国高考,99-21)

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Wouldn't it be better for her to continue to do this work than to take up something new? 让她继续做这工作,而不另外做新的工作是不是更好一些?张道真教授编著的《实用英语语法》(1995年修订重印本,p.296)认为上面句型中的动词不定式符号to是不可省略的。但我们英语老师告诉我这里的to是可以省略的。

PEU作者的观点是:两个动词不定式由and, or, except, butthan连接在一起时,第二个动词不定式常常不带to: It's easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人比强迫人容易。 再如 PEG(p.284)上的例句:

It is better to say too little than (to) say too much. 话说得太少比说得过多要好。

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It is better to die on one's feet than ____. A. living on one's knees B. live on one's knees C. on one's knees D. to live on one's knees(全国研考,91-12) 答案为 D,能否选 B 呢?

从修辞角度来看,选 D 要好一些,因为 to live on one's kneesto die on one's feet 保持了结构平行(结构对称)。但是,从语法结构来看,选项 B 也是正确的。它同 PEUPEG 中的范例在结构上是完全相同的(见上条)。再如: He thinks it is safer to drive himself than let me drive. 他认为自己开车比让我开车更安全。 [建议]在试题的 structure and vocabulary 部分不宜出这种 B 项和 D 项并存的试题。

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It was too late though, and I felt that the kindest thing I could do would be walk away. (复旦大学主编《大学英语》,第1册第7课) would be walk away 是什么意思呢?

在动词walk之前省略了动词不定式符号to。动词不定式walk away在句子里作表语。

更详细的情形, 见 to1to^{1} (动词不定式符号)。

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张道真教授编著的《实用英语语法》(最新版)(外研社,p.305)说:“在用不定式作表语时,to有时可省略:All I did was (to) press the button. What you have to do is (to) fill in the questionnaire."

但并没有说,究竟在什么时候 to 可以省略。

充当表语的动词不定式省略 to 的条件是: 在主语从句中含有动词 do(does, did), 例句见 to 1,5^{1,5}

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to + 动词不定式短语用作感叹句

To spend so much money on something he didn't even need! A. He has money to spend on several important things. B. He spent money unwisely. C. He didn't want to spend money on anything. D. He didn't need much money (TOEFL)

原试题似乎并不是一个完整的句子。我从没有见过这种句型,请分析其特点。

这种句子被划为不规则的句子(irregular sentences)。其结构特点是:只有带 to 的动词不定式,没有主语。但是,从上下文或语境可以看出其隐含的主语。其语义特点是:表示惊讶,有时含有不赞同或不满或遗憾的情绪。

  1. To think that he should be so mean! (CGEL) 真没想到他竟然这么卑鄙! (隐含的主语是 I)

  2. You fool, to forget your wedding anniversary! 你这个傻瓜,竟然忘记了你的结婚纪念日!(隐含的主语是 You

  3. That brother of yours, to be so uncouth! 你的那位兄弟,竟然那么粗鲁!

  4. To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire! Tod's a fool. 竟然把这样一套衣服卖给一位百万富翁!托德真是个大笨蛋。

我想你看了上面的例句,便会很快地知道上道题的答案是 B。(参见 to think that)

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