原书 PDF 第 342—345 页
My aunt ____ to see us. She'll be here soon. A. comes B. is coming C. had come(全国高考) 我不能解释这里为什么必须用 is coming, 而不能用 comes。
应向学生指出,某些动词,尤其是表示移动的动词,其现在进行时常常表示将来的动作,而不是表示现在正在进行的动作:
...as if they had been mere rats come out of their holes. (俞大纲主编《英语》第5册, p.200)句中的come out of their holes是否用错了。我认为应改为: coming out of their holes 。
要想理解上面的句子,首先要知道不及物动词也具有过去分词的形式。不过不及物动词的过去分词不表示“被动”,而表示“主动”。其次,要知道不及物动词的现在分词与过去分词所表达的意义是不同的。前者表示动作正在进行,后者则表示动作已完成。请对比:falling leaves(正在降落的树叶)与fallen leaves(掉在地上的树叶)。在你所提问的句子里,come是过去分词,表示老鼠已经从洞里出来,而不是表示正在从洞里往外爬,因此不应改为coming。(参见falling/fallen)
he has come/he is come 见 go(have gone/be gone)
he has come/he is come 见 go(have gone/be gone)
come and... 见 try and...
come dancing
Come dancing this evening. 今晚来跳舞吧。 如何分析 come dancing?
在 come dancing(swimming, sight-seeing) 结构中, 现在分词 dancing 等为目的状语, 参见 go fishing。
come/get + to + 静态动词
托福考题: Much to our surprise, she ____ to like Japanese food. A. has become B. becomes C. should come D. came 我不理解 come to 在这里的含义。
现代语言家们将 come to 以及 appear to, get to, happen to, seem to 看作是链接动词(catenative),后面跟动词不定式。 come to 常常与静态动词(如 know, understand, be, love, like, live)连用。大家知道,像 know 这样的静态动词是没有动作的起点的。要想使这样的动词表达出有起点的意思,常常需要加上 come to 或 get to, 如 come to rest(静止下来), come(get) to love(爱上), come(get) to know (结识,认识上), come(get) to like(喜欢上)。这就是说, come(get) to 能够使静态动词具有动态含义。
come/go $^{3}$
come 和 go 用作连系动词时都作“变为”“成为”解,请问它们在用法上有什么区别?
come用作连系动词时大都跟好的方面的转化相联系：
Things will come right in the end. (Clark) 事情最后总会变好的。
My dream had come true. 我的梦想已经实现了。
而 go 用作连系动词时大都跟坏的方面的转化相联系：
It would be a tragedy if anything went wrong. 如果出了什么差错,那就是个悲剧。
The heat has caused the milk to go sour. 温度过高使牛奶变酸了。
Fruit quickly goes rotten in hot weather. (GPU) 在热天里, 水果很快就会腐烂。
come of/come off
请说明come of与come off的区别。
come of 意为“出身于”“由……造成”：
She comes of a good family. (LDPV) 她出身于一个良好的家庭。
This comes of your carelessness. (MD) 这是由于你的粗心造成的。
I don't know what will come of your actions. (LDPV) 我不知道你的行为会产生什么结果。come off(副词)则表示“脱落”“离开”“举行”：
The handle has come off. (ALD) 把手掉了。
When is the wedding coming off? (PEG) 什么时候将举行婚礼?
Come off the grass—it's damp. 离开草地,草地很湿。
[Oh, what a lovely doll!...] Look, her clothes come off and she can open and shut her eyes. (Essential English, Book 2, p.66) [啊,多么可爱的洋娃娃！……] 瞧,她的衣服能脱下来,眼睛也能张开、闭上。
, present continuous tense $^{3}$ )
was coming
“My father will be here tomorrow.”“Oh, I thought that he ____ today.”
A. was coming B. is coming C. will come D. comes(TOEFL)
试题要求选 A(was coming)。我不明白这里为什么要用动词的过去进行时,这是不是意味着“他正在来”?
大家知道,动词的现在进行时可用来表示将来:
The match is starting at 2:30 tomorrow. (CGEL) 比赛定于明天二点半开始。
‘A new play is coming to “The Globe” soon,’ I said. ‘Will you be seeing it?’ (New Concept English, Book 2, L. 40) “‘环球剧场’不久将上演一部新剧，您去看吗?”我说。
与此相类似,动词的过去进行时可用来表示过去的将来(即从过去的某个时间角度来看是将来的事情):
Andy was very happy when his parents told him they were coming back to China very soon. (EGU) 安迪听到父母说他们不久将回到中国时,非常高兴。
They were getting married the following spring. (CGEL) 他们要在下一年春天结婚。
在上面试题里之所以使用过去进行时 was coming 是受 I thought 的制约, 即在 I thought 的时候, was coming 是将来的事。具有这种用法的动词还有 go, arrive, leave, start 等 (参见 come )。
come running
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me. (New Concept English, Book 2, L. 68)
如何分析 come running 的语法关系?
可以把现在分词 running 看成是副词,作动词 come 的方式状语。从语义上看,现在分词可表示“来”的方式。
Gerhardt came running in from the yard. (Dreiser) 格哈特从院子里跑了进来。
The sunshine came streaming through the windows. (LDCE) 阳光从窗户流了进来。
在其他情况下, come running 中的 running 也有可能是目的状语, 见 come (come dancing)。
come swimming
Can you come swimming with us?
swimming 是什么词?
swimming 是现在分词,表示目的。come swimming 与 go swimming(去游泳)的结构是相同的。类似的说法还有:come fishing, come shopping, come hunting 等等。
come to be known
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 14)
句中的 came to be known 能否改为 was known?
见 come