not

要说清这个问题,首先必须讲一讲英语的现在虚拟式。当 that 从句之前的动词、形容词或名词表示“要求”“必须”“计划”“意图”“决定”“建议”等含义时,从句的谓语动词要使用现在虚拟式,即动词原形,在美国英语里尤其如此。

1. They have demanded that the manager resign. 他们已经要求经理辞职。

2. We insisted that he leave at once. 我们坚持他立刻离开。

当需要否定从句的谓语动词时,要把 not 直接放在谓语动词之前。你所提问的句子便是如此。类例:

1. They insisted that we not eat meat. (CGEL) 他们坚持不让我们吃肉。

2. It is essential (important) that this mission not fail. (CGEL) 重要的是,不要使这个任务失败。

3. Wisely, President Johnson had ordered that it not be shown until after Humphrey was nominated. (B. Clinton, My Life) 约翰逊总统明智地下令，在汉弗莱得到提名前不要放映这部影片。(《我的生活》)

not 如同 so 一样, 可以代替整个 (that) 从句 [参见 guess(I guess not)] : A: Has the news reached home yet? (消息已送到家了吗?) B: I'm afraid so. (我想已送到家了。) B: I'm afraid not. (恐怕还没有送到家。) 上句中的 not = (that) the news has not reached home。不难看出，你所提问的句子中的 not 代替的是 (that) you can't (couldn't) speak to Ann。下面是类似的例句： “Have you got a work permit?”——“I’m afraid not.” “你有工作许可证吗?”——“对不起，我没有。” [句意]对不起,你不能跟安讲话。

在规范的英语中,在对 may(might, should, can) + have done 结构进行否定时,否定词 not 应放在情态动词之后,不定式的完成式之前:

1. You might not have met my grandfather. 你也许没有见过我的祖父。

2. They shouldn't have come. 他们本不该来的。

由此看来,高中英语教科书中的那句话应当改为:

You may not have cleaned them for a long time.

还应补充指出,原书中的 for long 也用错了,应当改为 for a long time, 见 for long/for a long time。

按照规则和我国的测试要求,否定词要放在非限定动词(分词、动名词、动词不定式)之前。因此,上句中的 Having not received 应改为 Not having received(参见 infinitive $^{13}$ , gerund $^{2}$ )。请看下面的例句:

1. The purse not having been found, we went to the police. (CGEL) 钱包没找到, 我们去了警察局。

2. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 由于没得到答复，他决定再写封信问问。

3. Don't be angry with me for not having written. 没有给你写信,请不要生我的气。

4. He regretted ____ your invitation last time. A. not accepted B. having not accepted C. not having accepted D. not accept

5. —I must apologize for ____ ahead of time. —It doesn't matter. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. not letting you to know D. letting you not know

6. ____ necessary preparations they thought it better to postpone the meeting till next week. A. Not having made B. Having not made C. Not making D. Making

7. Helen apologized for ____. A. her not being able to come B. her being not able to come C. her being able not to come D. her being able to not come

8. Tony was very unhappy for ____ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited(上海高考,00-40)

9. ____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall(全国英语专业四级,01-51)

[附注]上面的论述是针对学生写的。英语教师则应当进一步了解，在古旧用法和美国英语用法中，也有人将否定词 not 或 never 放在分词之后：

1. There he stood looking after the vanishing carriage and knowing not what to do. [薄冰《英语语法札记》(三), p. 230]

2. Having never seen him before, I, of coursese, didn't recognize him. (同上)

3. Having not understood what he said, I asked him to repeat his directions.

在否定的一般疑问句中,否定词可以取两个位置:简略形式的 n't 位于主语之前,完整形式的 not 放在主语之后。前者用于口语体,后者用于书面语体。

1. A. Didn't they warn you?

B. Did they not warn you? 他们没有警告你吗？

2. A. Haven't they left?

B. Have they not left? 他们没有走吗?

3. A. Isn't John going to the concert?

B. Is John not going to the concert? 难道约翰不去听音乐会吗?

句(1)的语气最轻,意思是“他没有好转。”“他并不比以前好些。”句(2)的语气强了一些,意思是“他一点儿也未好转。”(any 在这里是“一点儿”“丝毫”的意思)。句(3)语气最

上述专栏的答者把两种不同的句型弄混了。读者所提问的那个句子可以叫做“不合逻辑的否定句”，因为这类句子的真实含义恰好是去掉 not 之后的含义，即 not 是多余的。例如：

1. I shouldn't be surprised if they didn't get married soon. (=... if they got married soon.) 如果他们很快就结婚,我不会感到意外。

2. The tractor didn't miss running over me by more than an inch. (didn't miss = missed) 拖拉机差一点儿(没)撞倒我。

3. I wouldn't be surprised if some day you didn't inform the Gestapo about the sniper for the reward. 如果有一天你为了领取奖金而去向盖世太保告发那个狙击手的事,我是不会感到惊讶的。

4. I wouldn't be surprised if he didn't try to blackmail you. 如果他试图敲诈你,我是不会感到惊讶的。

让我们与汉语类似的句子进行对比，上面的英语句子就好理解了。

(a) 我差点从自行车上摔下来。

(b) 我差点没从自行车上摔下来。

句(a)为肯定句,句(b)为否定句,但它们的意义却是完全相同的。上面的英文句子也是如此:肯定句与否定句的意义恰好相同。

这里应当指出，英语中这种肯定句与否定句意义相同的情况是比较罕见的。而在汉语中，“差点儿”与“差点儿没”，只有在表示不希望发生的事情时意义才是相同的。在表示希望发生的事情时，“差点儿”与“差点儿没”的意思恰好相反。

他差点儿考上大学(实际没有考上)。

他差点儿没考上大学(实际考上了)。

而《英语辅导报》《Can I help you?》专栏作者所举的证明例句与上述句型有本质上的差别。前者叫做否定疑问句。这种句型中的 not 并不是可有可无的。去掉 not 后句型和句意都会发生变化：

What nonsense would he not talk! 他什么胡话不会说呢！（什么胡话他都会说。）

What nonsense would he talk? 他会说什么胡话呢?

What has he not suffered? 他什么苦没有吃过呢？（他什么苦都吃过。）

What has he suffered? 他吃过什么苦呢？

更详细的情形,请见 negative interrogative sentence。

把 not 放在实义动词之后,而不借助于助动词 do 来形成否定结构,是古语体用法。I know not 相当于 I do not know。再如:I care not who knows it. (I do not care...)我不在乎谁知道这件事。其他例句见 not...but $^{2}$

‘They know not the war they have begun,’ Aringarosa whispered to himself, staring out of the plane’s window at the darkness of the ocean below. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) “他们不知道他们已挑起了战争,”阿林加洛沙一边望着机窗下黑暗的大西洋一边小声嘀咕着。(《达·芬奇密码》)

not/no 见 no/not...any