原书主词条 · 5 个连续词条

also

原书 PDF 第 128—130

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This is what the sculptor must do ... And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence. (New Concept English, Book 4, L.31)

[原译]这正是雕刻家必须做到的……敏锐的雕刻品观察家还必须学会把形态只作为形态,而不作为描述或联想去感觉。(中译本)这里把1.2译为“还”,是否正确?

为了便于讨论 also 的正确译法,让我们先来观察一下下面 4 个句子里的 also 的细微差别。

  1. Besides the decimal scale, the binary scale is also used in science. 除了十进制,在科学上也使用二进制。

  2. Metals also possess the important property of being weldable. 金属还具有可焊接这一重要特性。

  3. She sings, and also paints sometimes. 她唱歌,有时也(还)画画。

  4. These scientists turned to Einstein because his theories had shown that there was a great amount of energy in atoms ... They also turned to him because he was famous—the government would listen to him. 这些科学家求助于爱因斯坦,是因为他的理论表明原子内 有大量的能量……他们求助于他,还因为他是知名人士,政府会听取他的意见。

在这4个句子里,also都起追加、补充的作用。但是,在第一个句子里also是针对主语而说的,在第二个句子里是针对宾语而说的,在第三个句子里是针对谓语而说的,在第四个句子里是针对状语而说的。英译汉时必须弄清also所说明的成分。在你提问的句子中原作者是说“雕刻家必须……”,“观察者也必须……”。可见,also是针对主语而说的,因此译为“还”,是不妥当的。“还”字在这里意味着“除了其它事情之外,观察者还必须学会……”。试比较:

John also plays the guitar. (除了其它乐器之外)约翰还会弹吉他。

[试译]……敏锐的雕塑观察者也必须学会把形体仅仅作为形体来感觉,而不是作为描述和联想来感觉。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 77157738PDF:第 128 页 · also 1

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In spite of their importance in explaining what makes acorrect English sentence’, there is no need to dwell further here on selection restrictions, as they are more a matter of meaning than of syntax. Also, one may assume that similar restrictions on the semantic level occur in all languages, and therefore do not need to be stated specifically for English. (GCE, p. 372)

[原译]尽管选择上的限制在说明怎样构成“正确的英语句子”时是重要的,但我们没有必要在这里作进一步的论述,因为这是一个语义上的问题而不是句法问题。人们也可以认为世界上各种语言都同样有语义上的限制,因此,就没有必要专谈英语方面的问题了。(《当代英语语法》)

这里把 also 译为“也”,是否正确?

请注意,这种位于句首带有逗号的 also,与前面谈过的 also 的用法是不同的。这里 also 是说明整个句子的,而不是说明句子的某个成分的,所以叫做修饰全句的副词(sentence-ad-verb)。一般可译为“此外”“并且”“同时”“何况”“况且”等等。例如:

In its molten state cast-iron is very fluid, and therefore it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. Also, it is easy to machine it. 铸铁在熔化状态下流动性很好,因此很易铸成复杂的形状。此外,铸铁还容易机械加工。

具有此种含义的 also, 也可以放在句中。例如:

In a few places by the sea the rise and fall of the tide is used for the same purpose. It would be possible, also, to use a strong wind to turn windmills which could turn alternators. 在有些靠海的地方,人们利用潮水的涨落来发电。此外,还可利用强大的风力来驱动风车,使其带动交流发电机发电。

[试译]尽管词语使用上的限制对于说明如何造出“正确的英语句子”是很重要的,但是在这里没有必要作进一步的讨论,因为这个问题与其说是句法问题,还不如说是语义问题。此外,可以认为世界上的所有语言都有这种语义限制问题,因此没有必要来专门谈论英语的语义限制问题。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 77397756PDF:第 129 页 · also 2-4

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《英汉详注词典》(上海交大出版社, p. 47)说: “比较 alsotoo: also 多用于书面语。这个词不用于句末……” 请问 also 不能用于句末吗?

虽说 also 的通常位置是实义动词之前、助动词之后,但不能说 also 绝对不能用于句末(尤其是在美国英语中)。请看下面的实例:

  1. I must buy some bread also. 我还必须买些面包。
  2. They know him and I know him also. 他们认识他,我也认识他。
  3. The son had gone also. 儿子也走了。
  4. Because could be used in the above sentences also, though for is better. because 也可以用在上面的各句里,但是,用 for 则更好。
  5. I also saw his elder brother. ~I saw his elder brother also. 我也见到了他哥哥。
Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 77577764PDF:第 129 页 · also 2-4

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also/too/as well

also, tooas well 都作“也”解, 它们有无区别呢?

also, tooas well 的词义基本相同。但它们的用法有些区别。主要的区别,就是它们在句中的位置不同。also 的通常位置是在实义动词前、助动词和连系动词之后。但是有时候,也放在句首。在美国英语中还可放在句末。

  1. She sings, and also paints sometimes. 她唱歌,有时也[还]画画。

  2. John is also coming to the party. (CGELD) 约翰也来参加聚会。

  3. I have also spoken to Jane. (CLD) 我和简也说过话了。

  4. I was also there. (LDCE) 我也在那里。

  5. I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired. (CIDE) 我很冷,又饿又累。

also 用在句首的例句见 also 2^{2} ,用在句末的例句见 also 3^{3}

关于 as welltoo 的用法分别见 as well, too

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 77657796PDF:第 129 页 · also 2-4

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not only... but also 见 not only ... but also

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