given

句(1)中的 given 是介词, 其意义为“由于、鉴于、考虑到(in view of, if one takes into account)”。例如:

1. Given the present conditions, I think she's done well. (CGEL) 考虑到目前的情况,我认为她干成这样就算不错了。

2. It had been difficult to know where he might have fallen, given the darkness and the confusion of the battle. (J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) 鉴于那场战争是在黑暗和混乱中进行的，所以要知道他落在哪里是一件很困难的事。（《哈利·波特与死亡圣徒》）

句(2)中的 given 是分词,其意义为“如果有……,如果给予……”。整个结构是一个独立分词结构,其独特之处是分词(given)位于其逻辑主语之前(参见 absolute construction $^{4}$ 之附注)。例如:

3. Given the chance, I'd do it again. ("If I were given the chance...") 如果还有机会，我会再干一次的。

句(3)中的 given(that) 是个从属连词, 其意义为“如果、假如”, 常常用于正式的书面语体, 尤其用于论证。

4. Given that $\mathrm{x} = \mathrm{y}$ , then $\mathrm{n(x + a)} = \mathrm{n(y + a)}$ must also be true.

如果 x=y，则 $n(x+a)=n(y+a)$ 也必然成立。

请分析下列各句中 given 的词性和含义,并将句子译成汉语:

1. Given plenty of labour, the job will be completed on schedule. (STE)

2. Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world.

3. Given better attention, the cabbages could grow even faster.

4. Given (that) the voters approve the funds, we'll have a new park in our town.

5. Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 请做下面的英语试题：

6. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given(全国高考,90-33)

2. ____ the claim about German economic might, it is somewhat surprising how relatively small the German economy actually is.

A. To give B. Given C. Giving D. Having given(全国六级,96.1-55)

3. ____ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.

A. Having B. Given C. Giving D. Had(全国英语专业四级,96-42)

4. ____ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given(全国英语专业四级,98-51)

上面句中的 given 在语法上不是 a planet 的定语,而是引出一个短语作状语。其词义也不是“已知的”,而是“如果”“如果有……”。正像 R. Quirk 等所指出的,Given the chance, I'd do it again = If I were given the chance ... 其实,given 的这种用法是常见的,在一般辞书上都能查到:

1. Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. (ALD) 假如健康状况良好, 我希望今年完成这件工作。

2. If given/Given the same treatment again, he is sure to get well. (LDCE) 假如再得到一次同样的治疗，他一定会痊愈的。

3. I'd come and see you in Austria, (if) given the chance. (LDCE) 若有机会我会到奥地利去看你的。

(参见