those

those 可起替代作用:替代带定冠词的复数名词。在上句中是替代 the machines。those 除可用介词短语、分词来修饰之外,还可用定语从句来修饰。以 those 为中心词时,可使用的关系代词有 that, which, who 和零关系代词(即关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略)。上面的试题就是在 those 之后省略了在定语从句中充当宾语的 which 或 that: ... than those[which/that] we used ten years ago。类例:

These flowers are better than those (which) we planted last year. (= 'the flowers which') 这些花要比我们去年种的花好看。

当those指人时,其关系代词既可以使用who,也可以使用that;当those指物时,其关系代词既可以使用that,也可以使用which(当关系代词作宾语时,则可以省略)(参见those $^{1}$ ):

1. Those (people) who would like to go on the trip should put their names on the list. 那些要去旅行的人须在表中登记姓名。

2. The best readers are those that know how to skip, and I'm a good skipper. 善于阅读的人是知道怎样跳读的人，而我就是好的跳读者。

3. For two millennium, Christian soldiers had defended their faith against those who tried to displace it. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 两千年来，基督教卫士们一直保卫着他们的信仰，抗击着企图取代它的各种信仰。（《达·芬奇密码》）

4. Throw away all those which are unfit for use. 把那些不适用的东西都扔掉。请做下面的英语试题： All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those ____ in the forest. A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew

1. those 作替代词时, 其定语从句可以使用 that/who/which/[] 作关系代词, 见