原书 PDF 第 1743—1748 页
You can make a sort of reaction engine with an ordinary sausage-shaped rubber balloon. (研考英语试题) [原译]你可以做一个带有普通腊肠式的橡皮气球的喷气发动机。(《出国生、研究生英语试题答案》) 译文很费解,请分析。
with 在这里不是“有”“带有”“具有”（having，possessing，carrying）的意思，而是“用……”“以……”的意思，它相当于下列各句中 with 的含义：
We may change chemical energy into electric energy with a battery. 我们可以用蓄电池将化学能转换成电能。
This type of dam is built with earth. 这种类型的坝是用土筑成的。
[试译]你可以用普通腊肠形状的橡皮球做一个“反作用式发动机”。
Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'... (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 20)
[原译1]两天以后，路易斯·布莱里奥特驾驶了一架名为“第十一号”的飞机到达加莱附近的地方……[《新概念英语》(三)，上海外语教育出版社，p.9]
[原译2]两天以后，路易·布莱理奥特驾驶一架叫做“第十一号”的飞机到达靠近加莱的地方。（安徽科学技术出版社版，p.83）
[原译3]两天后，路易·布雷里奥驾驶着一架被命名为“11号”的飞机飞到加来附近。（上海译文出版社版，p.70）
[原译4]两天以后，路易斯·布莱理奥驾驶着一架名叫“第十一号”的飞机到达加来附近的地方。（外语教学与研究出版社版，p.33）
[原译5]两天以后，Louis Bleriot驾驶了一架名叫“第十一号”的飞机到达加莱附近的地方。（朗文出版公司、世界图书出版公司，1993年版，p.84）
[原译6]两天后，路易·布莱雷奥驾驶一架名为‘No. XI’的飞机去加莱附近降落。（黑龙江大学版，p.227）
译文 6 解释说：“with a plane 实际上等于说‘in a plane’… Bleriot 不是一般的旅客，而是飞机制造者和飞机竞赛者，飞机对于他来说就像刨斧之于木匠一样是工具，被用来参加竞赛，用 with 更能体现这种关系”。
请问 with 在这里是作“驾驶”解吗？
骤然看来，把 with 译作“驾驶”并没有什么不妥。但是结合上下文以及历史背景来看，这种译法却是完全违背原意的。课文中曾经提到：“A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles”。这就是说，26 英里曾是 Bleriot 的飞机的最高飞行记录。很难设想，他竟然能够驾驶最大航程仅为 26 英里的飞机从他的家乡或飞机制造地飞到比赛地点 Calais 来。即使两地的距离小于 26 英里，他也不会这样轻易地浪费飞机的飞行小时的（这是航空常识）。因此可以断定，他的飞机是用其它运输工具运去的。因此，句中的介词 with 不应当译作“驾驶”，而应当译作“同……一起”，其意义和用法相当于下列句中的 with:
I went to the cinema with my mother. 我跟我母亲去看电影了。
Then a police inspector arrived with a constable. 后来，一位巡官和一名警察来到了。
[试译]两天后，路易斯·布莱里奥特和他的命名为“十一号”的飞机来到了加莱近郊。
在我们发表了上文之后曾读到过一篇报道，说路易斯·布莱里奥特是带着他的妻子，手缠绷带乘火车去加莱的。这就证明我们的理解是符合历史事实的。
在我们编写本书的增订版时,查找了新版《新概念英语》(第三册)(外研社,p.91)上的
译文，不无惊讶地发现，这个历史性的误译仍“完好无损”地保留着：
两天后，路易斯·布莱里奥驾驶一架名为“11号”的飞机来到加来附近。
A man of culture, he genuinely despises the self-made industrialist and newspaper-king: with a modest professional salary and a little private income of his own, he regards money-making as vulgar and avoids all ostentation. (New Concept English, Book 4, L. 47)
[原译1]作为一个有学识的人，他从心里瞧不起白手起家的工业家和报业大王：他领受不多的薪水并且还有个人的一点私人收入，他认为赚钱是庸俗的，而且要避免一切炫耀卖弄。（上海科技文献出版社版，p.229）
[原译2]作为有文化修养的人，他毫不掩饰地鄙视白手起家的实业家和报业大王；他只拿中等职业薪水和自己少量私人收入，他视赚钱为庸俗并避免一切炫耀卖弄。（朗文出版公司、世界图书出版公司版，p.207）
请说一说 with 在这里的含义。
单看译文，在“他领受……”与“他认为……”这两个小句之间，人们看不出有什么逻辑联系。但在原文里，逻辑关系是非常明确的：句中的 with 短语用于表示让步关系，with 相当于 in spite of. 请注意下列各句中 with 的含义：
With all the difficulties they completed the project in time. 尽管困难重重,他们仍按时完成了这一工程。
With all her faults he still liked her. 尽管她有许多缺点，他仍然很喜欢她。
[试译]……尽管他薪水不多,私人收入有限,但他却把赚钱看成是庸俗的……
So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish. With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo. (New Concept English, Book 4, p. 29)
[原译]因此，从利用回声探测海底到探测鱼群，只是迈进了并不太复杂的一步。只要有了经验，再加上改进了的仪器，现在不但有可能探测出鱼群的位置，而且可以根据回声的类型，得知这群鱼究竟是鲱鱼，鳕鱼，还是人们所熟知的其它鱼类。（《英汉翻译手册》，p.254）
句中的 with 是“只要”的意思吗？
我们认为句中的 with 不是表示条件,而是表示原因的。类例:
With such knowledge and experience, he is sure to succeed. 有了这样的知识和经验，他一定会成功的。
She's in the hospital with a desperate illness. (FWF) 她患重病住院了。
[试译]……由于有了经验和经过改进的仪器,现在不但能够探测出鱼群的位置,而且还能根据回声的类型区分出鱼群是鲱鱼、鳕鱼,还是……
This ability has been demonstrated by experiments with young hooded crows. (复旦大学《英语》, p. 163) [原译]这一能力已被用幼小的欧洲笠鸦所作的实验所证实。(教参, p. 160) 句中的 with 是表示“工具”吗?
在这里介词 with 后面的名词不是表示试验的工具,而是表示试验的对象。①例如:
Let us now make an experiment with more than one force acting on the body. 现在,让我们对一个以上作用在物体上的力进行实验。
The Wrights decided to start their experiment with motorless gliders... 怀特兄弟决定开
始对无发动机的滑翔机进行试验……
[试译]这种能力已由对欧洲笠鸦幼雏所作的实验所证实。
John, with his brothers, is/are (?)
To this new country have come Daniel Murphey with his wife and five children, three college
students, two of them are about five or seven. (TOEFL)
《TOEFL、GRE 解题词典》(p. 193) 指出, 应将 have come 改为 came。这是不是说 come 不能用于现在完成时?
首先应当指出,将 have come 改为 came,句子是正确的,但这并不意味着 come 不能用于现在完成时。请看下面的实例:
I've come to say good-bye. (Shaw) 我是来道别的。
A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。
由此看来，上面的句子的错误并不在时态上，而是在其他方面。
英语语法里有一条规则：单数名词 名词，其谓语动词在正式英语里应使用单数。
John, with his brothers, was responsible for the loss. 约翰同他的兄弟们对这次损失负责。
A teacher, with his students, is seeing an English film. 一位教师跟他的学生们正在看一部英语电影。
请做下面的英语试题：
The athlete, together with his coach and several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
With other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant.
像上面的 with 结构, 一般的英语语法书如《高级英语语法》均放在独立分词结构中进行讲解, 并把它也叫做独立分词结构。但是, 我觉得上面的结构与一般的独立分词结构是有区别的, 因此, 共同叫一个名称似欠妥当。
语言学家们使用的术语并不是很统一的。R. Quirk 等人把独立结构叫做 absolute clause（独立分句），把 with 结构也包括在其中。但是，有些语言学家为精确计，把独立分词结构与介词分词独立结构作了区分。absolute participle construction 是指一般的独立分词结构，而 prepositional absolute participle construction 则是指介词分词独立结构。
with 结构的形式
The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree, with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him.
如何分析句中 with lots ... him 结构?
从句法上说, with 结构是修饰句子的谓语动词 was standing 的, 充当伴随情况状语。从词法上说, 该结构是 with + 复合结构, 即 with + 名词 + 介词短语。常见的 with + 复合结构有下列几种情形:
A. with + 名词(或代词) + 分词
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。
With Peter working in Birmingham, and Lucy travelling most of the week, the house seems pretty empty. 彼得在伯明翰工作，而露西这周多半时间到处跑，所以，这所房子显得空荡荡的。
Each of the carved knights within the Temple Church lay on his back with his head resting on a rectangular stone pillow. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 圣殿教堂里的骑士石像 无一例外地仰面躺着，头靠在呈长方形的石枕上。（《达·芬奇密码》）
B. with + 名词 (或代词) + 形容词
He stared at me with his mouth open. 他张着嘴，凝视着我。
C. with + 名词(或代词) + 介词短语
He stood with his hand in his pocket. 他站着，一只手插在衣袋里。
With the children at school, we can't take our vacations when we want to. 由于孩子们在上学,所以当我们想度假时而不能去度假。
D. with + 名词 (或代词) + 副词
The boy stood there, with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那里。
With Mary away John felt miserable. 由于玛丽走了,约翰觉得很悲哀。
Holmes and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour. 福尔摩斯和华生医生开着灯坐了半个小时。
E. with + 名词(或代词) + 动词不定式
With no one to talk to John felt miserable. 由于没有可谈话的人,约翰觉得很悲哀。
With you to help us, we'll surely succeed. 有你来帮助我们,我们一定会成功。
F. with + 名词(或代词) + 名词
She died with her son( being) yet a schoolboy. 她去世的时候儿子还是小学生。
这里应当注意,当上面的 with 结构作伴随情况状语时,在表达上常常跟独立结构(见 absolute)很相似。但是,with 结构更口语化:
She sat in the corner, with her face dull. →She sat in the corner, her face dull. 她坐在角落里，脸色很阴沉。
In half an hour Delia came, her right hand in a bandage. →In half an hour Delia came, with her right hand in a bandage. 半小时后，迪莉娅回来了，她右手缠着绷带。
After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school.
with 结构的句法功能
Just show the clerk a piece of paper with my name written on it. (《高中英语教科书》第三册, 人教社, p. 56)
《中学英语教材课文英汉对照译法》(广西师大出版社, p.215) 对上面的句子作了如下注释：
“with + 名词（+ 过去分词）+ 介词词组为一常见结构，表示伴随状况或原因。”
请问上句中的 with my name written on it 是伴随情况状语吗？
应明确指出，上句中的 with my name written 并不是伴随情况状语，而是 a piece of paper 的定语。a piece of paper with my name written on it = a piece of paper on which my name is written = 写有我名字的一张纸条。请看下列 with 结构的句法作用：
A. 作伴随情况状语
She did not answer immediately, but meditated again, with her eyes fixed on the opposite wall. 她没有立刻回答，而是又沉思起来，她的眼睛盯着对面的墙壁。
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married. 她眼里含着高兴的泪水，看着女儿嫁了出去。
Without anyone noticing, I slipped out of the room. 我从屋里溜了出来,没有被任何人发现。
... I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book. ……我在房间内坐了几个晚上，两眼盯在书上。
B. 作原因状语
With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价迅猛上涨,我们买不起高档商品。
With the exams coming next week, I have no time for a social life. 由于下周要举行考试，我没有时间参加社交。
C. 作条件状语
With conditions in every way favorable, he might succeed. 如果各方面条件都有利,他可能成功。
With other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant. 如果其他条件相同，则压力保持恒定不变。
With this sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. 如果加上这笔金额,我们这次旅行的钱就够了。
With them on our side, we are secure. 如果他们站在我们这一边，我们会很安全的。
D. 作定语
... a white, plain envelope with her name printed on it 一个印着她的名字的白色的普通信封(with 结构作限制性定语)
We went into a large waiting room with a large fan spinning over head. 我们走进一个大候诊室，头上有一个大电扇运转着。(with 结构作非限制性定语)
It was a large room, with bookshelves covering most of the walls. 那是一间很大的房间，书架占据了大部分墙壁。(with 结构作非限制性定语)
区分下列各句中 with 结构的形式及其句法功能：
With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Zhao hurried off to look after the man. 赵小姐挎着药箱，匆忙离开去照料那个人。(with + 名词 + 介词短语，作方式状语)
There were birds too, with the eyes carved out of the rock and painted white. 这儿还有鸟儿，眼睛是在岩石上雕成突出的，并涂成白色。（with + 名词 + 分词，作非限制性定语）
And thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast. (全国高考, 94 - 58) 数以千计的惊恐的围观者瞪大眼睛看着，吓得心脏扑通扑通直跳。(with + 名词 + 分词，作伴随情况状语)
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
He slept well ____ all the windows open.
The child stood there ____ his eyes fixed ____ the camera.
After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school.
____ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.
With some children, small sums go a long way. (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 15) 请问上句中的 with 是什么意思？
with 在这里的意思是：“对……来说”“就……而论”，见 go a long way。
It seems that she told a lie in order to get a job with our company. [《高中英语教科书》第一册(下),人教社,p.19]
该书在《课文注释》(p.138)中说：“to get a job with the company 在公司里找到一份工作。
with 在这里是‘在……范围’的意思。”
请问 with 在这里是“在……范围”的意思吗？
with 在上句中的意思是：“在……工作”，“是……的成员”，“为……所雇用”。请看下面的例句：
I got a job with a motor company. 我在一家汽车公司找到了工作。
He took a minor position with a law firm in Boston. 他在波士顿的一家律师事务所找到了一个小职位。
He has been with the firm about twenty years, hasn't he? 他在公司里工作了大约20年,是不是?
When a bacterium becomes too large, it splits in half and forms two new bacteria, ____ its own cell wall and protoplasm.
A. each has B. with each C. has each D. each with (TOEFL)
答案为 D, 但我认为选 D 是错误的, 因为选 D 后主语 each 就没有谓语了, 因此必须选 A。
首先应当明确，选 A 是错误的。因为选 A 后，each has 便是一个分句，而分句与分句之间是需要用连词连接的，连词在哪儿呢？其次，应当在语法结构上弄清楚，选 D 是完全正确的：each with... 是一个标准的独立结构（代词 + 介词短语构成的独立结构）。更详细的情形，见 absolute construction。
with + 名词 + 带 to 的动词不定式
Their great rooms were high, with only a hole in the roof to let out the smoke from torches and cooking fires.
with + 名词 + 分词/形容词/副词/介词短语是正确的结构。请问 with + 名词 + to-v 也是正确的结构吗？
with + 名词(代词) + to-v 的用法是正确的, 它通常用作原因状语、伴随情况状语和补充说明等(参见 absolute, without):
With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out. (全国高考,95-阅D)(原因状语) 由于没有剩下什么可燃烧的东西,火势越来越弱,最后便熄灭了。
With so many children to support, they both have to work full time. （原因状语）由于有这么多孩子要抚养，他们俩不得不全日工作。
He was left alone, with no one to look after him. （伴随情况状语）只剩下他孤单一个，没有人来照看他。
With so many essays to write, I doubt if I shall have time to visit you. 由于有那么多的文章要写，我怀疑我是否有时间去拜访你。