原书主词条 · 11 个连续词条

adjective

原书 PDF 第 78—82

adjective1

They could hear David screaming as they sat in the waiting room, powerless to do anything except wait.

句中的 powerless... wait 应如何分析?

单纯的形容词或形容词短语除了充当定语、主语补足语(表语)和宾语补足语之外,还可以充当状语。

A. 原因状语

  1. Too nervous to reply, he stared at the floor. 他紧张得不能答话,只是凝视着地板。

  2. Glad to accept, the boy nodded his agreement. 这个男孩很高兴接受,点头表示同意。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 45964609PDF:第 78 页 · adjective 1(形容词短语作状语)

adjective2

B. 时间状语

说明

B. 时间状语

Ripe, these apples are sweet. 这些苹果熟了的时候是很甜的。

C. 条件状语

Fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious. (= If they are fresh from the oven, rolls...) 面包卷如果是刚出炉的,是很香的。

D. 方式或伴随情况状语

  1. Stone-faced, the captain ordered to reduce speed. 船长面无表情地下达了减速的命令。

  2. Confused, he read it again, sensing something had gone terribly wrong. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 他不解地重读了一遍,感到大事不妙。(《达·芬奇密码》)

  3. Confused, Langdon turned back toward Sophie. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 兰登被弄糊涂了, 他转向索菲。(《达·芬奇密码》)

不难看出,[问]句中的形容词短语 powerless...wait 在句中作伴随情况状语。

E. 句子状语(对句子内容的评注)

  1. He may be late. Worse still, he may not come at all. 他可能迟到,更糟的是,他可能干脆不来了。

  2. Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说来奇怪,他竟然通过了考试。

  3. More important, he's got a steady job. 更重要的是,他得到了一个稳定的工作。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 46104639PDF:第 79 页 · adjective 2-3

adjective3

Mary has just bought herself ____ dress. A. an expensive blue cotton B. a cotton blue expensive C. a blue expensive cotton D. a cotton expensive blue 这道题对于我来说是很困难的,因为我不知道在一个名词之前有多个形容词时如何安排它们的次序。

R. A. CloseA Reference Grammar for Students of English 中总结出了一个安排形容词顺序的规则,对我们写作和应考很有用,从左到右的顺序是:1. 描写性质、特征的形容词(handsome, ugly)→2. 描写尺寸大小的形容词(small, large)→3. 描写形状的形容词(round, square)→4. 描写年龄的形容词(old, young)→5. 描写颜色的形容词(red, green)→6. 描写来源(某国、某地)的形容词(French, Chinese)→7. 表明制造材料的形容词(silk, wooden)→8. 说明用途的动名词、名词或形容词(a waiting room, a conference hall)。 作定语的形容词的顺序

<table><tr><td>性质、特征</td><td>尺寸</td><td>形状</td><td>年龄</td><td>颜色</td><td>来源</td><td>材料</td><td>用途</td><td>名词</td></tr><tr><td>daring</td><td>small</td><td>round</td><td>young</td><td></td><td></td><td>oak</td><td></td><td>man</td></tr><tr><td>dirty</td><td></td><td></td><td>old</td><td>brown</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>table</td></tr><tr><td>charming</td><td>large</td><td></td><td></td><td>green</td><td>French</td><td>writing</td><td></td><td>coat</td></tr><tr><td>famous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Chinese</td><td></td><td></td><td>desk</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>German</td><td>medical</td><td></td><td>carpet</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>school</td></tr></table> 因此,上面的试题应选 A(an expensive blue cotton)。 请做下列试题: 1. The office is equipped with \_\_\_\_ furniture. A. steel new black B. new black steel C. new steel black D. black new steel 2. In 1969, Herman Kahn and a colleague published a list of 100 technical new innovations likely to be invented by the year 2000. (日本模拟题) 3. This \_\_\_\_ girl is Mary's cousin. A. pretty little Swedish B. Swedish little pretty C. Swedish pretty little D. little pretty Swedish(全国研考)
Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 46424669PDF:第 79 页 · adjective 2-3

adjective4

On the drunken occasion in question (one of a large number, as you know), I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.

[原译]“在那次大醉时(你知道,这是许多次中的一次),我老考虑是不是喜欢你,搞得我无法忍受,希望你忘了它。”(《双城记》,p.210)

译者将 I was insufferable 译为:“搞得我无法忍受”,似违背原意。请分析。

这个译例清楚地说明了语法研究对于翻译具有何等重要的意义。我们从英语语法中知道,后缀-able可与动词构成形容词。这种形容词大都具有被动意义。wash(洗)→washable(可洗的),drink(喝)→drinkable(可喝的),manage(管理)→manageable(易管理的),support(支持)→supportable(可支持的=can be supported)break(打碎)→breakable(易碎的)。respect(尊敬)→respectable(可尊敬的)。因此,insufferable具有被动意义,其意义为“不能被忍受的”“令人不可忍受的”,在上面具体的句子里则是指“令你无法忍受的”,而不是“主语I无法忍受的”。

[试译]“……我说了我喜欢你不喜欢你的话,搞得你难以忍受。我真希望你把它忘了。”

(参见 delighted/delightful)

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 46704685PDF:第 80 页 · adjective 4-7

adjective5

Dig a hole large enough for the tree.

large enough for the tree 在句中作什么成分?

上句中的 large enough for the tree 应分析为形容词短语作后置定语。形容词短语,尤其是较长的形容词短语,在作定语时常常要后置:

  1. They have a house larger than yours. (CGEL) 他们拥有一幢房子, 比你的大。

  2. I know an actor suitable for the part. (CGEL) 我认识一个适于扮演这个角色的演员。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 46864697PDF:第 80 页 · adjective 4-7

adjective5

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 48284829PDF:第 80 页 · adjective 4-7

adjective6

adjective as prepositional complement(用作介词宾语的形容词)

It seems that the answer to the question is far from simple. (成人高考,95-阅读 D)

如何解释 from simple 的语法关系?

可以把形容词 simple 分析为介词 from 的宾语, 见 in here

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 46984707PDF:第 80 页 · adjective 4-7

adjective7

adjective clauses(形容词从句)

在语法书上常常看到形容词从句的说法,什么叫形容词从句呢?

能起名词作用(充当主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、同位语)的从句叫做名词从句(noun clauses),能起副词作用(充当状语)的从句叫做副词从句(adverb clauses)或状语从句(adverbial clauses)。同样,能起形容词作用(充当定语)的从句叫做形容词从句或定语从句(attributive clauses)或关系从句(relative clauses)。与定语从句有关的另一个语法术语叫做中心词或先行词(antecedent)。先行词就是定语从句所修饰的那个或那些名词或名词短语。例如:

  1. The story which I'll tell you is very short and very sad. (The story 是中心词) 我将要讲给你的故事非常短, 非常悲惨。

  2. His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. (His mother 是中心词) 他深爱的妈妈于 1818 年逝世。

在学习形容词从句时应注意下列几点:

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 47084721PDF:第 80 页 · adjective 4-7

adjective8

(1)We agreed that his criticism was to the point.

(2) We were agreed that his criticism was to the point. 我们认为他的批评很中肯。

上句中的动词的主动形式(agreed)与被动形式(were agreed)为什么具有相同的意义?

英语里有许多形容词与过去分词(被动分词)具有完全相同的形式。骤然看来,它们是过去分词,但实际上却是形容词,例如:agreed, astonished, bored, broken, convinced, devoted, delighted, disappointed, interested, satisfied, tired, worried 等等。这样的形容词有很多是用来描述人的精神状态或态度的。上句中的 were agreed 并不是被动结构,而是系表结构。类例:

  1. The committee are agreed that it would be a mistake to spend any more money on the project. 委员会一致同意,在这项工程上再花钱,是错误的。

  2. I'm astonished that he didn't come. 他没有来,我感到很惊讶。

  3. I'm convinced already that what you said is quite right. 我已经相信你说的话是完全正确的。

  4. He was devoted to pure science. 他献身于理论科学。

  5. I'm very satisfied with you. 我对你很满意。

  6. He was tired of talking to her. 他厌倦了同她说话。

  7. Your father is really worried. 你父亲确实很担忧。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 47824805PDF:第 81 页 · adjective 8

adjective9

形容词是不是总放在被修饰的中心词之前?

形容词通常放在被修饰的中心词之前,但有下列例外情况,应予注意:

  1. 形容词修饰 something, somebody, anything, anybody 等不定代词时, 要放在它们的后面, 见 something new

  2. 以-ible或-able结尾的形容词既可放在被修饰的中心词之前,亦可放在它们的后面,尤其是当被修饰的名词之前有allonly或形容词的最高级时,见availablepossibleimaginable

  3. 有些形容词, 如 present, proper, concerned, involved, elect, overseas, 既可前置, 亦可后置, 但意义有区别, 见 concerned 3^{3} , elect, present

  4. desired, positive, required, preceding, following 等形容词用作定语时, 既可前置, 亦可后置, 见 desired, following

  5. 某些以 a 起头的通常用作补足语(表语)的形容词, 如 alone, alive, afloat, ablaze, asleep 用作定语时, 一般后置, 见 alive

  6. 某些来自外语的固定短语, 如 a consul general(总领事), 形容词要放在中心词的后面, 见 general

  7. last, next, past, previous 等表示时间的形容词既可前置,亦可后置,见 next, past

  8. enough 既可前置,亦可后置,见 enough

  9. 各种形容词短语一般要后置, 见

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 48064827PDF:第 82 页 · adjective 9(后置的形容词)

adjective10

“当被修饰的名词前面有表示长宽高,度量,年龄等的数词时,形容词 long, wide, tall, deep, old 等须放在被修饰名词之后。

The bay is about thirty miles long and five to six miles wide. 这个海湾约30英里长,5至6英里宽。

The moon is fifteen days old. 月亮已盈。”(《英语语法探幽揽胜》,上海交大出版社,03,p.2)

《英语语法难点精解》(外研社, p. 56) 也说: “表达度量的形容词, 如: old, young, tall, high, long, deep, wide, across, broad, thick 等作定语时要后置。例如:

This building is ten stories high. 这幢大楼十层高。

This river is about one hundred metres wide. 这条河大约一百米宽。”

请问上面的形容词 long, wide, old, high 是作名词的定语吗?

admit

在上面的句型里,形容词 long, wide, old, high 并不是作定语,而是作表语。其前的数词 + 名词短语是形容词 long, wide, old, high 的状语。再如:

  1. The insect was only 2 millimetres long. 这只昆虫只有 2 毫米长。

  2. My best friend and I have known each other since we were five years old. 我和我最要好的朋友从五岁就相识了。

Markdown:英语常见问题解答大词典-1.md · 48304853PDF:第 82 页 · adjective 10