原书主词条 · 26 个连续词条

would

原书 PDF 第 1774—1781

would1

表示过去习惯性动作

People liked his stories, because simple as the tales were, they would finish with a sudden change at the end, to the readers' surprise. (全国高考,91-阅A) 请问上句中的would是什么意思?

would 的一个常见用法是与动词原形连用, 表示过去习惯性的动作。例如:

  1. He would sit there for hours sometimes, doing nothing at all. 过去有时候他坐在那里,一坐就是几个小时,什么事也不干。

  2. Often at night she would hear a long low whistle. 她在夜里常常听到长而低沉的嘶嘶声。

  3. One day a week he would spend the whole day in silence. 每周总有一整天他是在沉默中度过的。

  4. We used to work in the same office and we would often have coffee together. 我们过去在同一个办公室工作,并且经常在一起喝咖啡。

  5. From his earliest years, Edison showed he had an inquiring mind. He would always ask questions and he would not be satisfied with the answer until he could test it for himself.

爱迪生从童年时代起,就喜欢追根究底。他总是提各式各样的问题,又只对亲自试验过的答案才感到满意。

关于 wouldused to 的区别, 见 used to/would

[句意]人们喜欢他的故事,因为这些故事虽然很简单,但是在结尾时往往来一个出乎读者意料之外的突然变化。

练习
  1. When he was there, he ____ go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.

    1. A

      would

    2. B

      should

    3. C

      had better

    4. D

      might(上海高考,96-12)

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would2

构成过去将来时

We were all surprised when he made it clear that he ____ office soon.

A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left(全国高考,93-18)

我无法断定哪个选项是正确的。

此题的答案是 Bwould leave 是过去将来时。此时态用于表示在某一个过去时间参照点之后发生的动作。在上题中,made 就是过去时间的参照点。would leave 是发生在它之后的动作。这一时态在各类英语试题中曾多次出现。

  1. I knew that experts from the local museum would soon visit the cave. 我知道本地博物馆的专家们很快就会来参观这个岩洞。

  2. She said that she would go there the next day. 她说她第二天将去那里。

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would2

说明

中已经讲到,would + 一般形式的动词不定式(would do)可构成过去将来时,上面的would + 进行形式的动词不定式(would be doing)则构成过去将来进行时。它表示从过去某个时间点(在本课文中是指作者在洞穴的那个时候)看来将来正在进行的动作。

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would3

构成过去将来进行时

Professors from the university in Paris would be coming down by train.

句中的 would 是什么意思呢?

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would4

The weight of the body, the earth-pull on it, depends on the location of the body on the earth and of course would be quite different on another planet.

物体的重量,即地球对它的引力,与该物体在地球上的位置有关,当然,该物体的重量在另一星球上应当是完全不同的。(would...是虚拟语气,有‘应当’,‘理应’之意,语气委婉。)”(《科技英语结构分析与翻译》)

这里用 would 是为了“语气委婉”吗?

读者很难理解,在这个表达科学内容的句子里,语气为什么要“委婉”。读者也很难理解,为什么 would 偏偏在这个句子里具有“应当”“理应”之意。是不是这里的 would be 与一般的虚拟语气不同? 其实,只要我们抓住介词短语可以表示假想情况(虚拟的条件)这个关键,就能很容易解释这个句子里的虚拟语气的用法。原文中的介词短语 on another planet 表示的是一种假想的情况,因为该物体(the body)并没有真的放到另一个行星上,因此,on another planet 相当于 if it were on another planet。像这种用介词短语来表示非真实条件(虚拟条件)的情况是非常之多的。例如:

  1. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would not be able to walk. 如果没有脚和地面的摩擦,人就不能走路。

  2. The crew's deaths would have been less likely in peacetime because the crew could have radioed their position. (Reading Laboratory IIIb, Vol.6, p.15) 如果是在和平时期的话,机组人员是不大可能死亡的,因为他们可以用无线电报告他们的位置。

(参见 subjunctive mood 9^{9} )

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would5

...it would be unforgivable to miss it (= the train). (New Concept English, Book 3, L. 60) 这里为什么要用虚拟语气 would be?

充当主语的动词不定式有时表示真实的情况,有时则表示假设的或可能发生的情况。在后两种场合下,谓语动词要采用虚拟语气。例如:

  1. The molecules of water are incredibly minute. It would take about 125 million of them to form a row an inch long. 水分子小得难以置信。把水分子排成一英寸长就需要大约一亿二千五百万个分子。(动词不定式短语所表达的事情是假想的,不是真的要去做的)

  2. ...it would perhaps be unwise to forecast undue restrictions on the nature of the ultimate achievement. ……现在便对其最终成果的性质预先定下不适当的框框,也许是不明智的。

  3. It would be impossible to estimate how many crimes went undetected last year. 要想估计出去年有多少犯罪活动未被发现,那是不可能的。

  4. It would be a shame to stay indoors on such a beautiful day. (Chambers) 这样美好的时光, 要是呆在家里, 那就太可惜了。

练习
  1. "Tell the nurse you've been waiting an hour."

    "Not now. She's talking to a patient, and ____.

    1. A

      it would be rude interruption

    2. B

      interruption would be rude of me

    3. C

      if I interrupt would be rude

    4. D

      it would be rude to interrupt(TOEFL)

  2. It would be ____ a risk to let the child go to school by himself.

    1. A

      following

    2. B

      passing

    3. C

      running

    4. D

      carrying(Nelson, 500B)

      (参见 subjunctive mood 9^{9} B 项)

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would5

, sentences of implied condition)

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would6

(1)To ignore this would be a mistake.

忽视这一点是错误的。(张道真《实用英语语法》,外研社,1995年修订重印版,p.269)

(2) To scold her would not be just. 责备她是不公平的。(同上, p. 258)

请问上面的译文是否符合原意?如将上面的 would be 改为 is, 意义有无变化?

上面两个句子中的 would 说明充当主语的动词不定式所表达的内容是反事实的(仅仅当做一种假想或虚拟的情况)。如果把 would be 改为 iswill be,那就把充当主语的动词不定式所表达的内容看作是真实的了。上面的译文“忽视这一点”(可理解为“真的有人忽视了这一点”)和“责备她”(可理解为“真的有人责备了她”)都是表达真实的内容,而无虚拟、假想之含义。从教学上讲,为使学生掌握 would 的真正含义,应当把动词不定式所表达的反事实含义表达出来。

试译要是忽视这一点,那可是错误的。

(2) 如果责备她的话, 那就不公正了。

(参见

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would7

It would be unwise, not to say (and possibly even) stupid, to leave your first job after only six months.

[原译]你只干了6个月就放弃了第一份工作,即使不算愚蠢,也是不明智的。(《英汉双解剑桥国际英语词典》,上外教社,p.2232)

从译文看,“你只干了六个月就放弃了第一份工作”显然是指“你”已经放弃了第一份工作。原文是这个意思吗?

原译文是违背原意的。句中的 would be 是虚拟语气,因此,充当真实主语的动词不定式所表达的并不是已发生了的动作,而是一个假想的动作(见 subjunctive mood 9^{9} B 项)。

  1. A picnic wouldn't be any fun without you ... 要是你不来,野餐是会很没趣的。

  2. Wouldn't it be simpler to chop it down? 把它砍下来,不是更简单吗?

  3. She'd be stupid not to accept. 她要是不接受,那就太愚蠢了。

[试译]你要是只干六个月就把你的第一份工作放弃掉,那可是不明智的,甚至是愚蠢的。

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would8

...political involvement would interfere too much with their professional work.

上句中并没有非真实条件句,为什么谓语动词用虚拟语气呢?

当充当主语的名词或名词短语表达非现实事物的时候,它的谓语动词在正式语体里就要用虚拟语气。在上面的句子里 political involvement would interfere... 表明 political involvement[(科学家们)介入政治]尚未成为现实,意思是“假如科学家们介入政治的话就会……”。通过下面的实例,我们可更深入地了解到这一点:

  1. A list of all the ways in which diesel power is used would take pages, and engineers keep finding new uses for these engines. 要是把柴油机的所有用途都一一列举出来的话,一定会占好几页的篇幅……(原文中的 would take 表明 a list of all the ways in which diesel power is used 并非是彼时彼地现实存在的东西,而只是作者设想其存在的东西。也就是说,作者并没有真的列出或者拥有一份柴油机的用途表。故 would 在这里没有“可能”的意思。因为作者并不是对这份表究竟能否占好几页纸没有把握,而是有肯定的把握的。)

  2. The list of discoveries by accident could fill a long book... 要是把偶然的发现都一一写出来的话,恐怕要写上厚厚的一大本书……(事实上作者或者其他人并没有真的把所有的偶然发现都一一写出来,也就是说,在作者写这句话的彼时彼地并不存在 the list of discoveries by accident。因此,the list 仅仅是作者假想的东西)

练习
  1. A safety analysis ____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

    1. A

      would identify

    2. B

      will identify

    3. C

      would have identified

    4. D

      will have identified(全国研考,96-6)

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would9

It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country. (New Concept English, Book 4, L.2)

[原译]曾作过这样的估计,在英国,一年中所有被蜘蛛消灭的昆虫的重量,将比这个国家所有人的总重量还要重。[《新概念英语》(四),安徽科技出版社,p.19]

原文中的 would be 是过去将来时吗?又,estimate 的宾语从句是否永远要求用 would?

wouldwill 一样, 都可用来表示“现在推测”。请比较: That is his mother. That will (would) be his mother. (见 will 4,5^{4,5} , will have done,

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would10

Until recently, scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting through hard rock at great depths. (New Concept Englihs, Book 3, L. 47) 直到不久之前,科学家还不能设计出一种能钻透极深处坚硬岩石的钻探机。

上面的句子没有提出任何非真实条件,为什么要使用虚拟语气 would be?

由于汉语没有虚拟语气这一语法范畴,所以中国学生对于英语虚拟语气的众多用法常常感到迷惑不解。应当牢牢记住,在英语里,非真实条件不一定非用非真实条件状语从句来表示不可。它可以用各种语言手段来表达。名词或名词短语及其替代词便是这种手段之一。当充当主语的名词或名词短语及其替代词,如果表示非现实的事物或者彼时彼地非现实的事物,它们的谓语动词就要使用虚拟语气,尤其是在正式语体里。拿你所提问的句子来说,其中的a drill在当时还没有设计出来,更没有制造出来,因此,它只是一种想象出来的非真实的东西。这样一来,a drill或其关系代词which充当主语时,谓语动词使用虚拟语气,便是很容易理解的了。请考察下面的实例:

  1. Anybody else would have believed you. (MED) 要是换成其他人就会相信你说的话了。

  2. Jolyon had spoiled her. None of his girls would have said such a thing. (Galsworthy) 乔兰惯坏了她。他的女儿们谁也不会说出这样的话来。

  3. [For example, when Thomas A. Edison was trying to make an electric lamp, ] he needed a substance for the filament inside the bulb that would glow brightly without burning up quickly. ……他需要一种能发出明亮的光而又不会很快烧尽的材料来做灯泡的灯丝。

  4. Don't bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. (CGEL) 不要费力去读所有这些论文。那会占用很长时间。(it 含有假想的意思:假如你真的去读所有这些论文的话)

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would11

无虚拟条件从句的虚拟语气 $^{1}$

The chickens can eat the food that we would otherwise throw away. [《高中英语教科书》第三册(上), 人教社, p.7]

《“高中英语教科书”背景知识与重难点讲解》第三册(上)(教育科学出版社、人教社,p.30)对上面的句子作了如下注释:

would 情态动词,表示过去的习惯动作。”

请问上句中的 would 是表示过去习惯动作吗?

该书作者完全误解了上句中 would 的用法。人们对于含有虚拟条件从句的虚拟语气的用法很容易理解,但是,对于无虚拟条件从句的虚拟语气的用法,却常常产生误解。这说明它是中国人学习英语的一个大难点。我们在 sentences of implied condition 条目中已经指出,在英语里除了用 if 从句表示虚拟条件之外,还有许许多多的语言手段可以表达虚拟条件(非真实条件,假想的条件)。otherwise 便是这种语言手段之一。在上面的句子里,The chickens can eat the food 是一种现实的情况。而 otherwise(否则的话)便提出了一个与现实相反的假想情况(如果没有鸡来吃这些食物),因此动词要用虚拟语气 would throw away。见 otherwise2otherwise^{2} , subjunctive mood 9^{9} F, sentences of implied condition

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would12

无虚拟条件从句的虚拟语气 $^{2}$

Your wife would not be pleased to hear you say that.

请问句中的 would 是什么意思?

上句中的动词不定式 to hear you say that 表示一个非真实的条件:假如你妻子在这里听到你说这话(实际上巴萨尼奥的妻子并不在场,也不会听到他说这话)。有了这样一个非真实的条件,句子使用动词的虚拟语气(would not be pleased)便是不难理解的了。

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would13

虚拟式中的 would/might/could/should

(1)If you wrote to him, he would answer.

(2) If you wrote to him, he might answer.

(3) If we had enough money, we could buy a computer.

(4) If there were an accident, we should have to report it.

在主句的虚拟语气中使用 would, might, couldshould 有什么区别?

中国学生在学习英语虚拟语气时有一个误区:认为 would 是“也许”“可能”的意思。其实,would 在这里是表示“肯定”意思的:说话人认为,如果 if 从句所表达的虚拟条件实现的话,则主句所表达的结果必定会实现。而 might 仅仅表示“可能”,could 表示“能力”或“可能”。should 在英国英语中用于第一人称,而在美国英语中第一人称也用 wouldshould 用于其他人称时,有时候表示“应当”的意思。

  1. If you tried again you would succeed. (certain result) 要是你再试一试的话,你一定会成功的。(肯定的结果)

  2. If you tried again you might succeed. (possible result) 要是你再试一试的话,你是有可能成功的。

  3. If I knew his address, I could write to him. (ability) 要是我知道他的地址的话,我就能给他写信了。

  4. I should not have laughed if I had thought you were serious. 如果我认为你是认真的话,我就不会笑了。

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would14

If he found a patient listener, he would pour out his troubles.

请分析这个句子。

由于助动词 would 具有多种含义和用法, 这个句子至少可以有两种解释。

A. 这是一个虚拟条件句, 时间是指现在或将来。全句似可译为:

要是他能找到一个耐心的倾听者,他就会把他的一切烦恼都倾吐出来。(事实上,我认为他不会找到这样的人)

B. 这是一个表示过去时间的真实条件句, would 表示习惯性的行为。全句似可译为: 每当他找到了耐心的倾听者, 他总是把他的一切烦恼都倾吐出来。

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would15

)。由于主句谓语用了 has been estimated(估计), 所以其宾语从句使用表示现在推测的 would 在逻辑上和惯用法上都是讲得通的。

说明

)。由于主句谓语用了 has been estimated(估计), 所以其宾语从句使用表示现在推测的 would 在逻辑上和惯用法上都是讲得通的。

请看下面的托福题:

It is estimate that a round-trip flight to Mars would take more than a year and a half. (TOEFL)

(应将 estimate 改为 estimated)

从你所提问的句子以及上面的托福题不难看出,这里的 would 不可能表示过去将来时,因为在你提问的句子里,主句谓语是现在完成时,而在上面的托福题里,主句谓语是一般现在时。

但是,应当注意,estimate 的宾语从句并非一定要求用 would。请读下面的例句:

  1. The archaeologist estimated that the vase was 3,500 years old. (FWF) 考古学家估计这花瓶有 3,500 年的历史。

  2. I estimate it will take three months to build the boat. (JED) 我估计造这条船要用三个月。

  3. It is estimated that 25 million school lunches are sold each day. (WTYB) 据估计每天能卖出 25,000,000 份学校午餐。

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would15

That would be his mother.

这里为什么要用动词的虚拟语气?

这里的 would 并不是用来构成虚拟语气,而是表示“推测”“猜想”,可以译为“可能”“也许”“想必”:

  1. Who is the man you want to speak to? You wouldn't know him. 你想要找谈话的那个人是谁?你大概不认识(他)。

  2. I thought you would have finished this by now. (Chambers) 我认为此刻你可能已经把这件事干完了。

  3. He would have reached New York. (PEG) 想必他已经到达纽约了。

(参见 will 4,5^{4,5} )

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would16

表示“执意”“坚持”1

I handed him some money... He wouldn't take the money. (VOA)

请分析 would 的意义和用法。

would (will) 还有一个一般英汉词典没有收入的词义:“执意”“坚持”(insistence)。上句 He wouldn't take the money. 意为“他怎么说也不收下这钱。”

  1. She would keep interrupting me. (CGEL) 她偏偏老是打断我说话。

  2. Jack will do these things! (AEG) 杰克总是爱干这样的事!

  3. He would leave the house in a muddle. (CGEL) 他坚决要离开这个一片混乱的家。请做下面的英语试题:

His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ____ family was poor.

A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose(全国高考)

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表示“执意”“坚持” $^{2}$

I tried to persuade him not to smoke, but he ____ listen to me.

A. wouldn't B. couldn't C. had better not D. used to

《海淀名题·高中英语语法完全解题》(东北师大出版社, p.389) 给的答案是 A, 并作了如下解答:

“深度讲解: would doused to do 都可以表示过去的习惯动作, 常可互换。”

请问上句中的 he wouldn't listen to me 可以改为 he usedn't to listen to me 吗?

该书作者误解了 would 在这里的意义和用法。由于 try 是非持续性动词,上句中的 would 不可能表示过去习惯性动作。would 在这里是表示“执意”“坚持”。例如:

  1. He reasoned with them, and tried to persuade them to set him free. But they would not listen to him. 他跟这些人讲道理,试图说服他们把他放了,但是他们不听。

  2. Wait! Shylock would not take the money earlier. 等一等!夏洛克先前是坚决不要这笔钱的。

  3. You know me. I wouldn't kill anyone. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 你是了解我的。我绝对不会杀人。(《达·芬奇密码》)

上面的实例以及 would 16^{16} 中的实例充分证明,上列试题中的 would doused to do(used to/would) 毫不相干,因此,wouldn't listen 是绝不可以用 usedn't to listen 来替换的。

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would be/will be

I'm playing in London next Thursday. Could I drop in at your house after the concert, or would that be too late?” “No, that would be fine. I'll tell you how to get here.No, that would be fine, 能否说成 No, that will be fine.

No, that would be fine. 能否说成 No, that will be fine. ?

两种说法都是正确的。但是它们之间在意义上有些细微的差别。That will be fine. 表示说话人把 you'll drop in ... (你来串门)看作是必定发生的情景。而 That would be fine. 则表示说话人把 you'll drop in ... 看作是可能发生也可能不发生的情景, 也就是说, 暗含着“如果你来串门的话”(参见 sentences of implied condition)。请对比:

(1) “We’re going to have a barbecue.” “Oh, that’ll be nice.

(2) “We’re thinking of having a barbecue.” “Oh, that would be nice.” (OGEG)

句(1)与句(2)的区别仅仅在于: will 表示说话人把 barbecue(烤肉野餐)看作是将来必定发生的事情,而 would 表示说话人把 barbecue 看作是一个非真实的情景,即它可能举行,也可能不举行,含有“如果举行烤肉野餐的话”。

下列各句之所以使用 would, 而不使用 will, 就是因为说话人把动词不定式所表达的内容看作是非真实情景的缘故:

  1. ... it would be unforgivable to miss it( = the train). ……如果没有赶上火车,那可就是不可原谅的了。

  2. It would be a shame to stay indoors on such a beautiful day. 这样美好的时光,要是呆在家里,那就太可惜了。

  3. That would be nice. Let's fix a date. 这很好。让我们订个日期吧。请做下面的英语试题:

"Tell the nurse you've been waiting an hour." "Not now. She's talking to a patient, and ____.

A. it would be rude interruption B. interruption would be rude of me.

C. if I interrupt would be rude D. it would be rude to interrupt

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You would tell Mary about the partyI didn't want to invite her.

请问句中 would 的意义和用法。

这里的 would 具有核心重音,用以批评、指责某人的意料之中的特有行为,常常带有生气、恼怒的含义。上面的句子似可译为:你怎么把这次宴会告诉玛丽了——我没有想邀请她。类例:

  1. That's just typical of Harry. He would say a thing like that. (LEG) 这正是哈里的特点。他总是爱说那种话!

  2. A: Of course, Ian spoiled the whole show with his feeble jokes. B: Oh, he WOULD. A: 当然,艾安用他那不逗趣的玩笑把整个演出都给搞砸了。B: 是啊,他总是如此。

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Sending someone to retrieve us would be considered aiding a fugitive of the French government. It won't happen. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code, p. 202) [原译]派人来接应我们就等于援助法国政府的逃犯。那是不可能的。(《达·芬奇密码》,p. 138) 上面的句子没有任何表示非真实条件的状语,为什么要用 would,而不用 iswill (be)呢?

当主语所表达的内容被看作是反真实的情景时,不管使用的是名词、名词短语,还是动词不定式或动名词,谓语动词照例应当用虚拟语气。上面句子主语 Sending someone to retrieve us 被说话人看作是不能实现的,故使用了 would。例如:

A leap from this height would leave Langdon with a couple of broken legs. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 要是兰登从这么高的地方跳下去,是会摔断双腿的。(《达·芬奇密码》)

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(条件从句中的 would) 见 will $^{8}$

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If you would

If you'd fill up the form.

这是个条件状语从句吗?

从形式上看,这是个条件状语从句,但是,从内容上看,这是个独立的句子,表达独立完整的意义。If you would 在这里是表示礼貌的请求或要求,可译为汉语完整的句子:

  1. If you'd fill the form. 请填写这张表格。

  2. If you'd just sign the register. 请在登记本上签名。

  3. If you would give us some privacy? (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 你能不能暂时离开一小会? (《达·芬奇密码》)

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We would run into each other around campus, … (Hillary, Living History) [原译]我们偶尔会在校园里碰上,……(希拉里,《亲历历史》) 上面的译文把 would run into 译为“偶尔碰上”,是否正确?

虽然 run into 的词义是“偶然碰见”,但是,这里的 would run into 表示过去的习惯性动作,所以不能译为“偶尔碰上”,应译为“我们在校园里常常碰面”。 would/used toused to/would

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