词汇 · 英语词缀
第二部分(下) 英语后缀与相关派生词的“说文解字”——介绍45个最常见的英语后缀及其相关派生词(续)
② feverish a. 发烧的;狂热的
③ peevish a. 易怒的;闹别扭的(←peeve)
④ poorish a. 没多少钱的;不大好的
⑤ Popish a. 教皇制度的(←Pope)
⑥ roundish a. 略圆的;带圆形的
⑦ snappish a. 爱咬人的;急躁的(←snap)
⑧ snobbish a. 势利的;谄上欺下的(←snob)
⑨ stoutish a. 略胖的
⑩ uppish a. 傲慢的;盛气凌人的(←up)
⑪ offish a. 疏远的;冷漠的
5.[节外生枝]
-ish还是个来自法语的动词后缀。它可以加缀在词根后构成动词。这可以看成源于古典语的动词后缀-ize/-ise的变体,我们将在以后讨论。这里请观察几个以-ish为后缀的动词,想想其词义之由来。
① abolish v. 废除;取消[abol=to destroy]
② admonish v. 告诫;劝告[mon=to warn]
③ astonish v. 使惊讶[ton=to thunder]
④ diminish v. 减少[min=to lessen]
⑤ distinguish v. 区别[stingu=to separate]
⑥ famish v. 使挨饿[fam=hunger]
⑦ finish v. 完成[fin=end]
⑧ impoverish v. 使穷困[pover=poor]
⑨ languish v. 变得衰落无力[langu=to be weary]
⑩ nourish v. 养育;施肥于[nour=to feed]
⑪ publish v. 出版[publ=the people]
⑫ punish v. 惩罚[pun=penalty]
⑬ relish v. 加味于;乐于[rel=to relax]
⑭ vanish v. 消失[van=empty]
23 -ism n.[GK]=①the doctrine, theory or system of~; a disease caused by~ ②the quality or condition of being~; instance of being~
对学英语的人来说,后缀-ism表示“…主义”,也许是个尽人皆知的事情。其实,这个来自希腊语的名词后缀还有其他的用法与含义。-ism一般用作派生后缀,加在名词或形容词后面。1)它加在名词后面表示the doctrine, theory or system of~(…的主义、学术理论、制度),a disease caused by~(因…引起的疾病)。2)它加在形容词后面表示the quality or condition of being~(具备…的性质与状态),an instance of being~(…的实例)等意思。与-ism对应的形容词后缀是-ist,它也可以表示与该名词有关的人;本节将其作为相关派生词,适时予以介绍。
下面先看看-ism与名词结合的例子。
Darwinism[Darwin n. 达尔文;-ism→]n. the theory of evolution through natural selection developed by Charles Darwin达尔文主义;进化论 / According to Darwinism, natural selection results in the survival of some plant and animal forms but not others. 根据达尔文主义,是自然选择的结果决定了某些种类的动植物得以生存下来。
▷Darwinist a. 达尔文主义的n. 达尔文主义者
heroism[hero n. 英雄;-ism→]n. the actions and qualities of a hero; great bravery英雄行为,英雄品质;大无畏精神 / Heroism feels and never reasons and therefore is always right. 英雄行为只凭直觉不靠推理,因而往往是正确的。/ His heroism in saving the drowning boy from the river was greatly praised in the newspapers. 他抢救落水少年的英雄事迹在报纸上大受赞扬。
alcoholism[alcohol n. 酒精;-ism→]n. a disease caused by drinking too much alcoholic liquor酒精中毒症 / Alcoholism may result in death. 酒精中毒可以致死。
下面是-ism与形容词相结合的3个例子。
colonialism[colonial a. 殖民的;-ism→“the doctrine or practice of being colonial殖民的主义或实践”→]n. the principles or practice of having or keeping colonies殖民主义 / We condemn colonialism in any forms. 我们谴责任何形式的殖民主义。
▷colonialist a. 殖民主义的n. 殖民主义者
humanism[human a. 人类的;-ism→]n. ①any system of thought concerned with human interests and values人文主义,人本主义,人道主义 / Humanism spread throughout Europe in the Middle Ages when scholars began to study Latin and Greek culture. 在中世纪欧洲,人文主义广为传播,因为当时学者们开始研究古拉丁与古希腊文化。②the quality of being human人性 / The cruel war made them a group of killers without any humanism. 残酷的战争把他们变成一群毫无人性的屠夫。
▷humanist n. 人文主义者;人本主义者;人道主义者
criticism[critic=critical a. 批评的;-ism→“an instance of being critical具体的批评”→]n. critical remarks or judgements; critique批评;批评性意见;评论 / I appreciate your criticisms of my essays. 我感谢您对我的论文所提出的批评意见。
练习 23
1.[词缀辨义]
① brutalism n. 兽性;残忍 ( )a. the doctrine of being~
② feudalism n. 封建主义 ( )b. the theory of being~
③ morphinism n. 吗啡中毒 ( )c. the quality of being~
④ vitalism n. 活力论 ( )d. an instance of being~
⑤ witticism n. 妙语,趣话 ( )e. a disease caused by~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:capital n. 资本→capitalism n. 资本主义
① anarchy n. 无政府状态→anarchism n. _______________
② equalitarian n. 平均论者→equalitarianism n. _______________
③ patriot n. 爱国者→patriotism n. _______________
B 例:Tao n.(中国的)道→Taoism n. 道教(教义)
① Buddha n. 佛→Buddhism n. _______________
② Islam n. 伊斯兰世界→Islamism n. _______________
③ Manichee n. 摩尼教徒→Manicheism n. _______________
C 例:American a. 美国的→Americanism n. 美国语特色
① German a. 德国的→Germanism n. _______________
② London a. 伦敦的→Londonism n. _______________
③ Slav a. 斯拉夫的→Slavism n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ism→派生名词(表示主义)
① bureaucratism ( )a. 教条主义
② doctrinairism ( )b. 扩张主义
③ expansionism ( )c. 官僚主义
④ idealism ( )d. 唯物主义
⑤ materialism ( )e. 唯心主义
B 名词或词干+-ism→名词(表示术、论、学)
① atomism ( )a. 招魂术
② determinism ( )b. 磁力学
③ magnetism ( )c. 机械论
④ mechanism[mechan=machine] ( )d. 原子论
⑤ spiritism ( )e. 宿命论
C 形容词+-ism→派生名词(表示行为、状态、事物)
① ceremonialism ( )a. 首字母缩略语
② exoticism ( )b. 新陈代谢作用
③ initialism ( )c. 有机体
④ metabolism(←metabolic) ( )d. 拘泥于仪式
⑤ organism(←organic) ( )e. 外国风味,异国情调
4.[节外生枝]
在下列单词中,-ism是原生后缀,与希腊词根或借词结合。
① atheism n. 无神论[the=god]
② baptism n. 洗礼[bapt=bath]
③ barbarism n. 不规范的语句[barbar=foreign]
④ egoism n. 利己主义[ego=self]
⑤ hegemonism n. 霸权主义[hegemon=leader]
⑥ hedonism n. 享乐主义[hedon=pleasure]
⑦ monopolism n. 垄断主义[mon=single,pol=to sell]
⑧ optimism n. 乐观主义[optim=best]
⑨ pessimism n. 悲观主义[pessim=worst]
⑩ pragmatism n. 实用主义[pragma=business]
⑪ revanchism n. 复仇主义[revanch=to revenge]
⑫ utopianism n. 空想主义[utopian=not a place]
24 -ite n.[F, L, GK]=①an inhabitant of~; a descendant of~; a supporter or follower of~; a person associated with~ ② a mineral species; a fossil; an explosive; a chemical product
-ite是个直接来自法语的名词后缀。它有两种作用:1)加在名词后面表示人,这时,它有an inhabitant of~(…的居民),a descendant of~(…的后代),a follower of~(…的追随者),a person associated with~(与…有关的人)等意思。2)加在名词词根后面表示物,表示a mineral species(矿物),a fossil(化石),an explosive(炸药),a chemical product(化工产品)等意思。
先介绍几个由-ite组成的表示人的名词。
Canaanite[Canaan n. 迦南;-ite→]an inhabitant of Canaan迦南人 / Canaanites once lived in a region between the Jordon and the Mediterranean. 迦南人过去住在约旦河与地中海之间的地带。
Israelite[Israel(Jacob)n. 以色列(即雅各);-ite⇒“a descendant of Israel(Jacob)雅各的后代”→]n. a Jew; a Hebrew犹太人,希伯来人 / Israelites regard themselves as chosen by God. 犹太人把自己看成是上帝的选民。
Trotskyite[Trotsky n. 托洛茨基;-ite→]n. a follower or supporter of Leon Trotsky托洛茨基分子 / He was exiled from the country as a Trotskyite and died abroad. 他被当作托洛茨基分子流放国外并死在异国他乡。
laborite[labor n. 劳工大众;-ite⇒“a person associated with labour与劳工大众有联系的人”→]n. a person who supports the interests of workers劳工派成员 / He is a laborite but not a member of Labour Party. 他是个劳工派成员但不是工党党员。
下面介绍几个由名词词根与-ite构成的表示物的名词。
hematite[hemat=blood血;-ite⇒“a mineral species with the colour like blood血红色的矿石”→]n. an iron ore that is reddish-brown when powdered赤铁矿,红铁矿 / Hematite is widely distributed in this area. 该地区赤铁矿分布很广。
lignite[lign=wood木;-ite⇒“a fossil of wood木的化石”→]n. brown coal褐煤 / In lignite, you can still see the texture of the wood. 在褐煤中,你依然可以看到木头的纹理。
dynamite[dynam=power强力;-ite→]n. a powerful explosive used in blasting达那炸药,甘油炸药 / Dynamite is mainly made of nitroglycerin. 达那炸药的主要原料是硝化甘油。
nitrite[nitr=nitrous acid硝酸;-ite→]n. a salt or ester of nitrous acid亚硝酸盐(或脂)/ Nitrite contains the univalent -NO2 acid radical. 亚硝酸盐含有一价的酸根 -NO2。
练习 24
1.[词缀辨义]
① cordite n. 线状无烟火药 ( )a. an inhabitant of~
② ammonite n. 菊石(古生物化石) ( )b. a follower of~
③ Islamite n. 伊斯兰教徒 ( )c. a fossil of~
④ Muscovite n. 莫斯科人 ( )d. an explosive of~
⑤ sulphite n. 亚硫酸盐 ( )e. a salt of~
2.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ite→派生名词(人)
① Canaanite ( )a. 亲信;心腹
② favourite ( )b. 人类;裸体主义者
③ anchorite ( )c. 社会名流
④ Adamite ( )d. 迦南人,闪族居民
⑤ socialite ( )e. 遁世者,隐士
B 词根+-ite→原生名词(物)
① ammonite ( )a. 箭石
② belemnite[belemn=dart] ( )b. 石墨
③ graphite[graph=write] ( )c. 亚磷酸盐
④ phosphite[phosph=light] ( )d. 阿芒炸药
⑤ trilobite[lob=lobe] ( )e. 三叶虫
3.[心领神会]
① bedlamite n. 疯子(bedlam n. 精神病院)
② chlorite n. 亚氯酸盐[chlor=chlorous acid]
③ lyddite n. 立德炸药(苦味酸组成之烈性炸药)
④ meteorite n. 陨星[meteor=(thing)in the air]
⑤ preadamite n. 亚当以前的人[adam=Adam]
4.[节外生枝]
A 偶尔,-ite也能与形容词结合构成表示人的名词。例如:
suburbanite n. 郊区居民(suburban a.)
B 有时,以-ite收尾的词是动词或形容词。此时,它是作为拉丁构词的遗迹留在英语中的,其意思为to make(使…)或-ing(…的)。例如:
① expedite v. 加快;促进[ped=foot]
② unite v. 联合,统一[un=one]
③ erudite a. 有学问的[rud=rude]
④ finite a. 有限的[fin=end]
⑤ polite a. 有礼貌的[pol=to polish]
⑥ opposite a. 对立的[pos=to place]
25 -ity(-ty,-ety)n.[OF, L]=the condition, quality or fact of being~
-ity及其异体-ty,-ety是英语中最常见的拉丁名词后缀之一,它在英语中的使用率与-ion不差上下。-ion主要加在动词或动词词根上,构成名词,表示有关的行为。而-ity只与形容词或形容词词根相缀合,构成名词,其意思相当于the condition, quality or fact of being~, 表示具有某种特征的状态、性质或事实。除了与单纯形容词或词根相结合,-ity还经常加在某些带形容词后缀的单词上。所以,常常可以看到“形容词后缀+-ity”的复合形式,如-acity,-ality,-anity,-arity,-ability(=-able+-ity),-ibility(=-ible+-ity),-idity,-ility(=-ile+-ity),-ivity(=-ive+-ity),-ocity,-osity(=-ous+-ity),等等。-ty是-ity的特殊形式,它的构词能力要比-ity小得多。-ety只能出现在以i结尾的拉丁词根后面(见本节练习5)。
先介绍几个单纯形容词与-ity结合的例子。
density[dens(←dense)a. 稠密的;-ity→]n. the condition or quality of being dense; compactness; thickness稠密;密集 / The density of the forest prevented us from seeing more than a little way ahead. 那森林茂密得使我们只能看清前头的一小段路。
laxity[lax a. 松弛的;-ity→]n. lax condition or quality; lax conduct松弛;懈怠,疏忽 / The newspaper accused local police of laxity in dealing with gamblers. 报纸指责当地警方在对付赌徒方面懈怠无力。
sincerity[sincer(←sincere)a. 真诚的;-ity→]n. the quality or state of being sincere; honesty真诚;诚意;真挚 / No one doubts the sincerity of Abraham Lincoln. 没有人怀疑过亚伯拉罕·林肯为人之真诚。
接着请看几个由形容词词根与-ity构成的名词。
acuity[acu=sharp尖的;-ity→]n. the condition or quality of being sharp; sharpness of mind or senses尖锐;敏锐;锐利 / The professor has great mental acuity. 那教授的头脑非常敏锐。
brevity[brev=short短的;-ity⇒“the quality of being short or brief简短之特点”→]n. shortness or briefness in speech or writing简短,简练 / Brevity is the soul of wit. 言以简为贵。
cavity[cav=hollow中空的;-ity⇒“the condition or fact of being hollow中空之状况或事实”→]n. a hollow place; hole中空;洞 / Cavities in teeth are caused by decay. 牙齿因腐蚀而生洞。
unity[un=one一;-ity→]n. the fact, condition or quality of being one; oneness; singleness个体;单一性;整体,统一体 / A nation has more unity than a group of tribes. 一个国家比一群部落有更强的统一性。
最后,我们介绍几个带-ty的名词。
beauty[beau=fine or handsome好看的,漂亮的;-ty⇒“the fact or quality of being fine好看漂亮的事实或特点”→]n. good looks美,美貌 / She has beauty as well as great wit. 她才貌双全。
liberty[liber=free自由的;-ty→]n. the condition of being free; freedom; independence自由;自由权 / A university should be a place of light, of liberty, and of learning. 大学应是光明之地、自由之地、求知之地。
royalty[royal a. 王室的;-ty→]n. royal quality or power or dignity王位;王权;王威 / The crown is a symbol of royalty. 王冠是王权之象征。
safety[safe a. 安全的;-ty→]n. the quality or condition of being safe or being free from harm and danger安全;保险 / A bank assures safety for your money. 银行可以保障你的钱财安全。
关于“形容词后缀+-ity”的种种复合形式的构词情况,为节省篇幅,只在练习中加以介绍。请大家在练习过程中多加注意。
练习 25
1.[词缀辨义]
① absurdity n. 荒唐的行为 ( )a. the condition of being~
② femininity n. 女子的气质 ( )b. the quality of being~
③ maturity n. 成熟(期) ( )c. the fact of being~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:future a. 未来的→futurity n. 未来
① divine a. 神性的→divinity n. _______________
② extreme a. 极端的→extremity n. _______________
③ minor a. 少数的→minority n. _______________
B 例:certain a. 必然的→certainty n. 必然
① cruel a. 残忍的→cruelty n. _______________
② frail a. 脆弱的→frailty n. _______________
③ subtle a. 微妙的→subtlety n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
注意各组词根之特征。
A 形容词词根+-ity→原生名词
① humility [humil=humble] ( )a. 严肃;重力
② quality [qual=of what sort] ( )b. 数量
③ quantity [quant=how much] ( )c. 谦卑
④ gratuity [gratu=pleasing] ( )d. 赏金;小费
⑤ gravity [grav=heavy] ( )e. 质量
B 形容词词根+-ty→原生名词
① faculty [facul=easy] ( )a. 雄伟;威严
② majesty [majes=great] ( )b. 财产;所有权
③ plenty [plen=full] ( )c. 本领;官能
④ property [proper=one's own] ( )d. 丰富;充足
⑤ poverty [pover=poor] ( )e. 贫穷
C 动词词根+-acity→原生名词
① audacity [aud=to dare] ( )a. 容量;能量
② capacity [cap=to hold] ( )b. 过于健谈
③ rapacity [rap=to seize] ( )c. 大胆;鲁莽
④ loquacity [loqu=to speak] ( )d. 掠夺;贪婪
⑤ vivacity [viv=to live] ( )e. 活泼;有生气
D 以-al结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① abnormality ( )a. 平等;相等
② criminality ( )b. 反常;不规则
③ equality ( )c. 生命力;生动性
④ mortality ( )d. 有罪;犯罪行为
⑤ vitality ( )e. 致死性;死亡率
E 以-ar结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① familiarity ( )a. 大众性;普及
② popularity ( )b. 粗俗;粗野行为
③ regularity ( )c. 规律性;正规
④ similarity ( )d. 类似;类似物
⑤ vulgarity ( )e. 熟悉;亲近
F 以-able / -ible结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① adaptability (←adaptable) ( )a. 可适应性
② movability (←movable) ( )b. 易腐性
③ perishability (←perishable) ( )c. 可移动性
④ resistibility (←resistible) ( )d. 抵抗力
⑤ sensibility (←sensible) ( )e. 触觉;敏感性
G 以-id结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① acidity ( )a. 寒冷;冷淡
② fluidity ( )b. 酸性;酸度
③ frigidity ( )c. 愚蠢;蠢行
④ stupidity ( )d. 胆怯,羞怯
⑤ timidity ( )e. 流动性;流度
H 以-ile结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① agility (←agile) ( )a. 肥沃;丰富
② docility (←docile) ( )b. 敏捷;灵活
③ fertility (←fertile) ( )c. 驯良;驯顺
④ fragility (←fragile) ( )d. 运动性;变动性
⑤ mobility (←mobile) ( )e. 脆弱;脆性
I 以-ive结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① activity (←active) ( )a. 活动性;活动
② captivity (←captive) ( )b. 被动;服从
③ passivity (←passive) ( )c. 生产率;生产力
④ productivity (←productive) ( )d. 灵敏性;灵敏度
⑤ sensitivity (←sensitive) ( )e. 监禁;被俘
J 以-ous结尾的形容词+-ity→派生名词
① curiosity (←curious) ( )a. 慷慨;大方
② generosity (←generous) ( )b. 激烈;鲁莽
③ impetuosity (←impetuous) ( )c. 畸形;怪物
④ pomposity (←pompous) ( )d. 好奇心;珍品
⑤ monstrosity (←monstrous) ( )e. 浮华;摆架子
4.[心领神会]
① animosity n. 仇恨[anim=spirit]
② annuity n. 年薪[annu=year]
③ barbarity n. 残暴;暴行[barbar=foreign]
④ deity n. 神;神性[de=god]
⑤ novelty n. 新奇;新颖[novel a.]
⑥ penalty n. 处罚;罚款[penal a.]
⑦ shrievalty n. 郡长的职务[shrieval a.]
⑧ sovereignty n. 主权;君权[sovereign a.]
⑨ unanimity n. 一致同意[un=one;anim=spirit]
⑩ verbosity n. 累赘;冗长[verb=word]
5.[节外生枝]
-ity还有个异体-ety,它只出现在以i结尾的形容词词根后面。例如:
① anxiety n. 担心;忧虑[anxi=anxious]
② dubiety n. 怀疑[dubi=doubtful]
③ gaiety n. 快乐;高兴[gai=gay]
④ notoriety n. 臭名昭著[notori=notorious]
⑤ propriety n. 妥当;得体[propri=proper]
⑥ satiety n. 过饱;厌腻[sati=enough]
⑦ sobriety n. 清醒;严肃[sobri=serious]
⑧ variety n. 多样化;种类[vari=various]
26 -ive a.[OF, L]=~ing; having the quality of~ing; tending to~
源自拉丁语的-ive是英语中最重要的形容词后缀之一。与表示行为的名词后缀-ion一样,-ive加缀在动词或动词词根后,构成相应的形容词,表示与该行为有关的性质与倾向等,其意思相当于英语的现在分词后缀-ing(…的)或having to do with~ing(与 …有关的);having the quality of~ing(具有 …性质的);tending to or likely to~(倾向于做 …的)。由于拉丁构词的影响,-ive还有-ative,-itive等异体。
下面举些代表性的例子加以说明。
attractive[attract v. 吸引;-ive→]a. attracting; having the quality of attracting吸引的;有吸引力的 / Magnets have great attractive power for iron filings. 磁体对铁屑有很强的吸引力。
interrogative[interrogat(←interrogate)v. 讯问,质问;-ive→]a. having the quality or form of interrogating; asking a question讯问的;疑问的 / She threw an interrogative look at me. 她用疑问的眼光打量了我一下。
imitative[imitat(←imitate)v. 模仿;-ive→]a. tending to imitate; fond of imitating模仿的;爱模仿的 / Monkeys are imitative. 猴子喜欢模仿。
decisive[decis=to decide决定;-ive⇒“having the quality of deciding具有决定性质的”→]a. giving a clear decision or result决定性的;明确的;果断的 / The Battle of Waterloo was a decisive defeat for Napoleon. 滑铁卢战役对拿破仑来说是个致命的惨败。
expensive[expens=to expend v. 花费;-ive⇒“tending to expend倾向于多花钱的”→]a. costly; high-priced花费的;昂贵的;高价的 / He wore an expensive necktie today. 他今天系了一条昂贵的领带。
native[nat=to be born出生;-ive⇒“having to do with one's being born与某人出生有关的”→]a. ①of the place of one's birth出生地的 / He was born in New York, so America is his native country. 他在纽约出生,所以美国是他的祖国。②inborn or natural天生的 / The artist had an native talent for drawing. 那艺术家有绘画的天才。
下面是几个带-ative和-itive的形容词。
talkative[talk v. 讲话;-ative→]a. tending to talk; fond of talking健谈的;喜欢讲话的 / He became talkative over his second bottle of wine. 酒喝到第二瓶,他变得话多起来。
tentative[tent=to try试验;-ative⇒“having the quality of trying具有试验性质的”→]a. done as a trial; experimental试验性的;尝试的 / They have outlined a tentative plan for price reform. 他们已经初拟出物价改革的试验性方案。
competitive[compet(←compete)v. 竞争;-itive→]a. tending to compete竞争的 / Great athletes are noted for their highly competitive spirit. 名运动员都以他们高昂的斗志而出名。
punitive[pun=to punish惩罚;-itive⇒“tending to punish倾向于惩罚的”→]a. seeking to punish; giving punishment给予惩罚的;惩罚性的 / The judge imposed a punitive sentence on the prisoner. 法官给该囚犯以惩罚性的判决。
练习 26
1.[词缀辨义]
① active a. 主动的 ( )a. having to do with~ing
② amusive a. 有趣的 ( )b. having the quality of~ing
③ productive a. 生产性的 ( )c. tending to~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:adopt v. 采用→adoptive a. 采用的
① abuse v. 滥用→abusive a. _______________
② create v. 创作→creative a. _______________
③ progress v. 进步→progressive a. _______________
B 例:decide v. 决定→decisive a. 决定性的
① conclude v. 下结论→conclusive a. _______________
② erode v. 腐蚀→erosive a. _______________
③ explode v. 爆炸→explosive a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 拉丁动词词干+-ive→形容词
① deductive (←deduce) ( )a. 侵入的;闯入的
② expansive (←expand) ( )b. 抄写的;爱抄写的
③ intrusive (←intrude) ( )c. 扩张的;膨胀的
④ receptive (←receive) ( )d. 演绎的;推论的
⑤ transcriptive (←transcribe) ( )e. 接受的;善于接受的
B 动词词根+-ive→原生形容词
① captive [capt=to take] ( )a. 被俘虏的;监禁的
② motive [mot=to move] ( )b. 被动的;受动的
③ passive [pass=to suffer] ( )c. 发动的;运动的
④ positive [posit=to put] ( )d. 确定的;积极的
⑤ tractive [tract=to draw] ( )e. 拖的;牵引的
C 动词(变形)+-ative→派生形容词
① affirmative ( )a. 比较的
② causative (←cause) ( )b. 形成的
③ comparative (←compare) ( )c. 肯定的
④ formative ( )d. 报告信息的
⑤ informative ( )e. 引起…的
D 动词(变形)+-itive→派生形容词
① additive ( )a. 合成的;综合的
② compositive (←compose) ( )b. 区分的;分隔的
③ definitive (←define) ( )c. 添加的;附加的
④ partitive ( )d. 确定的;限定的
⑤ sensitive (←sense) ( )e. 敏感的;灵敏的
4.[心领神会]
注意分析词根或词干及其含义。
① acquisitive a. 渴望得到的[←acquire]
② adversative a. 表示相反的[vers=to turn]
③ designative a. 指明的,指定的[←designate]
④ exclusive a. 排他的;专有的[←exclude]
⑤ extensive a. 广大的;广阔的[←extend]
⑥ fugitive a. 逃亡的;躲避的[fug=to flee]
⑦ prerogative a. 有特权的[rog=to ask]
⑧ repulsive a. 排斥的;可憎的[←repel]
⑨ suspensive a. 暂停的,中止的[←suspend]
⑩ transitive a. 及物的;过渡的[←transit]
5.[节外生枝]
A 许多带-ive的形容词可转化为名词。这种情况在上一题的10个单词中就占了一半:
① adversative n. 表示相反的词
② exclusive n. 独家新闻;占有权
③ fugitive n. 逃亡者
④ prerogative n. 特权;君权
⑤ transitive n. 及物动词
B 在少数情况下,-ive及其异体能跟动词以外的词或词根结合。例如:
① authoritative a. 有权威的(←authority n.)
② massive a. 大而重的,巨大的(←mass n.)
③ objective a. 客观的;目标的(←object n.)
④ primitive a. 原始的,远古的[prim=first a.]
⑤ qualitative a. 质的,质量的(←quality n.)
⑥ quantitative a. 量的,数量的(←quantity n.)
⑦ respective a. 各自的,分别的(←respect n. 着眼点;方面)
⑧ substantive a. 实质的,实体的(←substance n.)
27 -ize(-ise)v.[F, L, GK]=to make~; to become~; to engage in or use~; to treat in the way of~; to act like~
动词后缀-ize(-ise)的源头是希腊语,经由拉丁语与法语进入英语。从法语引入的这类借词都以-ise结尾,所以,许多相关派生词有两种拼法,但以-ize为常用(-ize结尾的常用词就有400多个)。-ize一般作为派生词缀加在形容词或名词后面,构成动词,表示to make~(使成为…,使…化),to become~(变成…),to engage in or use~(使用…),to treat in the way of~(按…方,to act like~(像…一样行动)等。-ize构成的动词多是及物动词,不及物动词为数很少。顺便指出,与-ize对应的表示行为与行为者的名词后缀常常是-ization与-izer。-ize作原生后缀的情况较少见(见本节练习3 C和5)。
先介绍名词与-ize结合成的几个派生动词。
criticize[critic n. 批评家,爱非议的人;-ize⇒“to act like a critic像批评家或爱非议者那样办事”→]v. act or speak as a critic; find fault with批评;评论;非难 / Don't criticize him until you know all the facts. 在弄清全部事实前,你先别责难他。
▷criticism n. 批判;批评
capitalize[capital n. 大写字母,资本;-ize⇒“to use capital使用大写字母;利用资本”→]v. ①write or print with a capital letter用大写字母写或印 / He forgot to capitalize the first letter of the name Lincoln. 他忘了将林肯名字的第一个字母大写。②use as capital作为资本使用 / The company capitalized its reserve funds. 该公司将其储备资金转为资本使用。
▷capitalization n. 大写;投资
crystallize[crystal n. 结晶体;-ize→]v. become crystals; form into crystals变成晶体;结晶 / Water crystallizes to form snow. 水结晶变成雪花。
▷crystallization n. 结晶;具体化
下面请看形容词与-ize结合的3个例子。
Americanize[American a. 美国的;-ize→]v. make or become American in habits or character使美国化;美国化 / The heroine of the play was an Americanized French girl. 该剧的女主人公是一个美国化的法国姑娘。
▷Americanization n.(使)美国化
civilize[civil a. 文明的;-ize⇒“to make or become civil使变得文明”→]v. bring out of a savage or ignorant state; improve and educate使文明;开化;教育 / The ancient Chinese were a civilized people; they civilized a great part of the world. 中华民族开化已久,他们很早就给世界上广大的地区带来文明。
▷civilization n. 文明,文化
dramatize[dramat(←dramatic)a. 戏剧的;-ize⇒“to treat in a dramatic way按戏剧的方式处理”→]v. ①make a drama of把…改编成剧本 / The children dramatized the fable. 孩子们把那个寓言改编成剧本。②behave dramatically演戏般地做作 / Stop dramatizing and describe exactly what happened. 不要做戏了,把发生的事情如实说来吧。
▷dramatization n. 改编剧本;戏剧式表演
练习 27
1.[词缀辨义]
① alphabetize v. 按字母顺序排列 ( )a. to act like~
② generalize v. 使一般化 ( )b. to make~
③ italicize v. 用斜体字印刷 ( )c. to become~
④ patronize v. 对…以恩人自居 ( )d. to use~
⑤ specialize v. 成为专家 ( )e. to treat in the way of~
2.[望文生义]
① Christianize v. _______________
② colonize v. _______________
③ legalize v. _______________
④ realize v. _______________
3.[举一反三]
A 例:industrial a. 工业的→industrialize v. 使工业化
① modern a. 现代的→modernize v. _______________
② social a. 社会的→socialize v. _______________
③ special a. 专门的→specialize v. _______________
B 例:apology n. 道歉→apologize v. 道歉
① memory n. 记忆→memorize v. _______________
② summary n. 总结→summarize v. _______________
③ sympathy n. 同情→sympathize v. _______________
4.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ize→派生动词
① carbonize ( )a. 彻底改革
② revolutionize ( )b. 使系统化
③ systemize ( )c. 使恐怖
④ terrorize ( )d. 使碳化
⑤ unionize ( )e. 使成立工会
B 形容词+-ize→派生动词
① equalize ( )a. 使大众化;普及
② fertilize ( )b. 使一般化;归纳出
③ generalize ( )c. 使正常化;使标准化
④ normalize ( )d. 使相等;使平等
⑤ popularize ( )e. 使肥沃;施肥
C 词根+-ize→原生动词
① Anglicize [Anglic=English] ( )a. 使机械化
② mechanize [mechan=machine] ( )b. 稳定;安定
③ pulverize [pulver=powder] ( )c. 研磨;粉碎
④ stabilize [stabil=stable] ( )d. 使同时发生
⑤ synchronize [chron=time] ( )e.(使)英国化
5.[心领神会]
① characterize v. 刻画…的性格;塑造人物
② democratize v.(使)民主化(←democratic)
③ energize v. 给…能量;加强(←energy)
④ hybridize v.(使)杂交
⑤ idolize v. 把…当偶像崇拜
⑥ ionize v. 使电离(ion n.)
⑦ motorize v. 给…装上马达;使摩托化
⑧ nicotinize v. 使中烟碱(尼古丁)毒
⑨ organize v. 使有器官;组织
⑩ utilize v. 利用(←utile)
6.[节外生枝]
在某些古希腊语源的单词中,-ize可以与动词词根结合,这时-ize起标记词性或加强词义的作用。
① baptize v. 给…施洗礼[bapt=to bathe]
② cauterize v. 烧灼;烙[cauter=to burn]
③ recognize v. 认识[cogn=to know]
④ subsidize v. 资助;津贴[sid=to settle]
28 -less[OE]=①without~; lacking~; free from~ ②that never~s; that cannot be~ed
表示否定意义的-less是个本族语派生后缀,原意为free from或without。它主要加在名词后面,构成相应的形容词,意为without(无…的),lacking(缺乏…的),free from(没有…的)等;它也可以与某些动词结合,意为that never~s(从不…的),that cannot be~ed(不可…的)。
下面是名词与-less结合的几个例子。
homeless[home家;-less→]a. without a home, having no home无家可归的 / A kind-hearted old man adopted the homeless child. 一个好心的老头收养了这个无家可归的小孩。
rainless[rain n. 雨;-less→]a. lacking rain; having no rain缺雨的;无雨的 / The crops failed in the rainless year. 那年缺雨,农作物歉收。
painless[pain n. 痛苦;-less→]a. free from pain; causing no pain无痛(苦)的;不痛的 / Her book is about painless childbirth. 她的书是论述无痛分娩法的。
下面介绍动词与-less构成的3个形容词。
ceaseless[cease v. 停止;-less→]a. that never ceases; going on all the time; continued不停的;不绝的 / We have made ceaseless efforts to improve our service. 我们一直在努力改进我们的服务。
▷ceaselessly ad. 不停地;连续地
tireless[tire v. 疲劳;-less→]a. that never tires; requiring little rest不疲劳的;不倦的 / Many Japanese are tireless workers. 许多日本人工作起来是孜孜不倦的。
▷tirelessly ad. 不倦地;坚韧地
countless[count v. 计数;-less→]a. that cannot be counted; innumerable无数的;不计其数的 / There were so many people in the square, just like the countless sands of the seashore. 广场上的人是那样多,就像那海滩上数不胜数的沙粒。
练习 28
1.[词缀辨义]
① childless a. 无子女的 ( )a. without~
② hatless a. 不戴帽子 ( )b. free from~
③ harmless a. 无害的 ( )c. that does not~
④ sleepless a. 警觉的 ( )d. that cannot be~ed
⑤ soundless a. 深不可测的 ( )e. lacking~
2.[望文生义]
① colourless a. _______________
② fearless a. _______________
③ hopeless a. _______________
④ soundless a. _______________
⑤ useless a. _______________
3.[无师自通]
写出带-less的同义词。
A 例:unarmed a. 无武装的 armless
① unbounded a. 无限的 ________
② ungrounded a. 无根据的 ________
③ unmatched a. 无敌的 ________
B 例:uncareful a. 不小心的 careless
① unfaithful a. 不忠的 ________
② unfruitful a. 无效的 ________
③ unlawful a. 不法的 ________
4.[同义相连]
A 名词+-less→派生形容词
① aimless ( )a. 失业的
② jobless ( )b. 愚蠢的
③ shameless ( )c. 无目标的
④ witless ( )d. 无价值的
⑤ worthless ( )e. 无耻的
B 动词+-less→派生形容词
① boundless ( )a. 不凋谢的;不褪色的
② comfortless ( )b. 无所畏惧的;大胆的
③ dauntless ( )c. 无数的
④ fadeless ( )d. 无限的
⑤ numberless ( )e. 无安慰的;不舒适的
5.[心领神会]
注意词基单词的词性与词义。
① armless a. 无臂的;无分枝的
② nameless a. 不知其名的;难以形容的
③ reckless a. 粗心大意的;鲁莽的
④ senseless a. 无知觉的;愚蠢的
⑤ soundless a. 深不可测的;无底的[sound v. 测量(水深)]
⑥ speechless a. 哑的;说不出话的
6.[节外生枝]
个别由-less收尾的单词是副词,而不是形容词。例如:
doubtless ad. 无疑地
29 -logy n.[GK]=the doctrine, study or science of~; the speech or discussion of~
-logy是最常用的术语后缀之一。正如多数术语词缀一样,它来自古希腊语。作为原生后缀,-logy主要加在希腊名词词根(或希腊术语前缀)后面。有时它需要依靠连接字母-o-帮助构词。-logy的主要意思是the doctrine, study or science of~(…论,…学,…科)。有时表示它在希腊文中的原意the speech or discussion of~(…的言语)。顺便指出,与-logy相对应的表示“…学的”与“…者”的后缀分别是-logical与-logist。-logy在现代英语中也被用作派生后缀,加在名词上,构成科技术语(有关例词可参见本节练习6)。
下面是几个常见的以-logy结尾的原生名词。
anthropology[anthropo-=man人类;-logy→]n. the science of man人类学 / Anthropology deals with man's physical characteristics, with the origin and development of races, and with the cultures, customs and beliefs of mankind. 人类学研究人类的生理特征、种族的起源与发展,以及人类的文化、风俗与信仰等。
▷anthropologist n. 人类学家
anthropological a. 人类学的
biology[bio-=living things生物;-logy→]n. the science of living things生物学 / Botany, zoology and ecology are all branches of biology. 植物学、动物学与生态学都是生物学的分科。
▷biologist n. 生物学家
biological a. 生物学的
geology[geo-=earth地球;-logy→]n. the science of the earth's crust地质学 / Geology deals with the earth's crust, the layers of which it is composed, and their history. 地质学研究地壳、构成地壳的地层及其历史。
▷geologist n. 地质学家
geological a. 地质学的
philology[phil=loving爱好;-o-;-logy=speech言语⇒“the loving for speech对语言的爱好”→]n. the study of language; the study of literature and other records语言学;语文文献学,语文学 / Philology is an older name for linguistics, now it refers to the study of literature and other records. Philology原指语言学,现在指对语文文献的研究。
▷philologist n. 语文学家;语言学家
eulogy[eu-=good好;-logy=speech言语⇒“good speech好话”→]n. a speech or writing in praise of a person or thing颂词,颂文 / His vulgar eulogies annoyed everyone present. 他那庸俗的吹捧弄得在场的人都很不舒服。
▷eulogist n. 颂扬者;作颂词的人
eulogize v. 颂扬;赞扬
eulogistic a. 颂扬的;歌功颂德的
tautology[tauto-=the same相同;-logy=speech言语→“the same speech about one thing对一件事说相同的几句话”→]n. unnecessary saying of the same thing in different ways; useless repetition同义反复的语病;赘述 /“The modern college students of today”is an example of tautology.“今日的现代大学生”是一个有同义反复语病的例子。
▷tautological a. 重复的;赘述的
练习 29
1.[词缀辨识]
指出各词之后缀及相关含义。
① brachylogy n. 语言简洁 ( )a. the science of~
② zoology n. 动物学 ( )b. a person who studies~
③ zoological a. 动物学的 ( )c. of the science of~
④ zoologist n. 动物学家 ( )d. the speech of~
2.[无师自通]
按照本节所述的构词规律,不查词典,利用所给的词根写出下列单词。
A aero=air空气
①气象学:______________________
②气象学者:______________________
③气象学的:______________________
B ethno=race人种
①人种学:______________________
②人种学者:______________________
③人种学的:______________________
3.[同义相连]
A 常用词根+-logy→名词(…学)
① aerobiology ( )a. 工艺学;技术
② crystallogy ( )b. 大气生物学
③ ideology ( )c. 放射学
④ radiology ( )d. 结晶学
⑤ technology ( )e. 观念学;思想意识
B 词根或术语前缀+-logy→名词(…学)
① astrology [astro-=star] ( )a. 光学
② physiology [physio-=nature] ( )b. 生理学
③ photology [photo-=light] ( )c. 星占学
④ seismology [seismo-=shake] ( )d. 热学
⑤ thermology [thermo-=heat] ( )e. 地震学
C 词根或术语前缀+-logist→名词(…学者)
① aerologist [aero-=air] ( )a. 目录学家
② bibliologist [biblio-=book] ( )b. 矿物学家
③ mineralogist [minera-=mine] ( )c. 法理学家
④ nomologist [nomo-=law] ( )d. 心理学家
⑤ psychologist [psycho-=mind] ( )e. 气象学家
D 词根或术语前缀+-logical→形容词(…学的)
① metrological [metro-=measure] ( )a. 汉学的
② phonological [phono-=sound] ( )b. 社会学的
③ Sinological [Sino-=Chinese] ( )c. 音位学的
④ sociological [socio-=society] ( )d. 度量学的
⑤ theological [theo-=god] ( )e. 神学的
4.[心领神会]
注意:下列长单词都有两个词根或术语前缀。
① aerogeology n. 航空地质学
② anthroposociology n. 人类社会学
③ biotechnology n. 生物工程学
④ electrophysiology n. 电生理学
⑤ electrobiology n. 电生物学
⑥ microbiology n. 微生物学
5.[节外生枝]
在近代英语中,-logy也可以通过连接字母-o-与单词相结合,构成专门术语。例如:
① methodology n. 方法论,操作法
② musicology n. 音乐研究
③ oceanology n. 海洋学
④ systematology n. 系统论(←systematic)
⑤ toxicology n. 毒理学,毒物学
30 -ly a.[ME]=like a~; characteristic of~; suited to~; occuring once a~; of or being a~
本节介绍形容词后缀-ly。-ly不是副词后缀吗?没错。-ly作为本族语的副词后缀,几乎可以加在一切形容词后面,表示状态(如cheerfully)、方式(如financially)、程度(如greatly)、方向(如northwardly)、次序(如thirdly)、时间(如recently)等。这是一般读者所熟悉的。既然如此,我们就不必为它多费笔墨,而将这篇幅腾出来,比较详细地介绍-ly的第二个用途:加在名词后面充当形容词后缀。在这种情况下,-ly不是活性词缀,它的构词数量是有限的。其意思主要为like a~(像…的),characteristic of~(有…性质的),suited to~(适于…的),occuring once a~(每…发生一次的),of or being a~(是…的)等。
下面是几个有代表性的例子。
brotherly[brother n. 兄弟;-ly⇒“characteristic of a brother有兄弟特点的”→]a. like a brother; friendly兄弟般的;友爱的 / Monitor gave the newcomer some brotherly advice. 班长给新来同学以兄弟般的忠告。
ghostly[ghost n. 鬼;-ly→]a. like a ghost; pale and dim鬼一样的;苍白的 / A ghostly form walked across the stage. 一个鬼形鬼状的东西从舞台上穿过。
manly[man n. 男人;-ly→]a. suited to a man适合男子的 / Boxing is a manly sport. 拳击是一种适合男子的运动。
monthly[month n. 月;-ly→]a. occuring once a month or every month每月的;每月一次的 / The students are taking their monthly English examination. 学生们正在参加英语科目的月考。
heavenly[heaven n. 天;-ly→]a. of or in the heavens; in the sky or upper air天上的;天空的 / The sun, the moon, and stars are heavenly bodies. 太阳、月亮、星星都是天体。
练习 30
1.[词缀辨义]
① earthly a. 地球的 ( )a. like a~
② friendly a. 友好的 ( )b. characteristic of~
③ scholarly a. 有学者风度的 ( )c. suited to~
④ weekly a. 每周一次的 ( )d. occuring once a~
⑤ womanly a. 适合女子的 ( )e. of or being a~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:month n. 月→monthly a. 每月的
① hour n. 时→hourly a. _______________
② quarter n. 季度→quarterly a. _______________
③ year n. 年→yearly a. _______________
B 例:brother n. 兄弟→brotherly a. 兄弟般的
① father n. 父亲→fatherly a. _______________
② mother n. 母亲→motherly a. _______________
③ sister n. 姐妹→sisterly a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ly→派生形容词
① childly ( )a. 从容的;慢慢的
② costly ( )b. 孩子般天真的
③ leisurely ( )c. 女王般的;威严的
④ nightly ( )d. 昂贵的;豪华的
⑤ queenly ( )e. 夜间的;每夜的
B 名词变形+-ly→派生形容词
① daily (←day) ( )a. 死一般的;致死的
② deadly (←death) ( )b. 充满生气的;活泼的
③ lively (←life) ( )c. 平静的
④ only (←one) ( )d. 每日的
⑤ stilly (←still) ( )e. 唯一的;独一无二的
4.[心领神会]
① courtly a. 适合朝廷气派的,显贵的;优雅的
② godly a. 神的;神圣的;虔诚的
③ homely a. 家常的;朴实的;不拘束的
④ lonely a. 孤独的;寂寞的(lone n. 自己)
⑤ lovely a. 秀丽的,好看的;可爱的
⑥ loverly a. 情人般的
⑦ mannerly a. 有礼貌的
⑧ masterly a. 熟练的;高明的
⑨ princely a. 王侯的;高贵的;奢侈的
⑩ worldly a. 世间的;俗气的;老于世故的
5.[节外生枝]
A 个别形容词是“古英语词+-ly”构成的。例如:
① early a. 早的[ear=ere]
② ugly a. 丑的[ug=fear]
B 个别形容词加上-ly也可以构成形容词,这些形容词往往又是副词,但意思不尽相同。例如:
① kindly a. 仁慈的 ;友好的;体贴的
② lowly a. 谦逊的;卑贱的;普通的
③ poorly a. 不舒服的;健康不佳的
④ sickly a. 有病的;多病的;病态的
C 有许多名词加上-ly也可以构成副词。这种副词可分为两类:
①既可以当副词,又可以当形容词,且汉语意思相近。这包括monthly之类表示时间的词,以及其他一些词。在本节中出现的就有courtly(优雅地),leisurely(从容地),mannerly(有礼貌地),masterly(熟练地),only(仅仅),queenly(女王般地)及stilly(寂静地)等。
②只能当副词,不能当形容词。如:
namely ad. 即;也就是
partly ad. 部分地;在一定程度上
31 -ment n.[OF, L]=the act or state or fact of~ing; the condition of being~ed; the product or result of~ing; the cause or means of~ing
来自古法语与拉丁语的名词后缀-ment也经历了被英语同化的过程,所以,它既可以充当原生后缀加在动词词根上,也可以充当派生后缀加在动词上。-ment的意思主要是the act or state or fact of~ing(…的行为、状况或事实),the condition of being~ed(被…的状况),the product or result of~ing(…的产物或结果),the cause or means of~ing(…的原因或手段)等。
下面先介绍动词与-ment结合的代表性词例。
enjoyment[enjoy v. 享受;-ment→]n. the act or state of enjoying; pleasure享受;欢乐 / Enjoyment anticipated is twice enjoyment fulfilled. 期待之乐倍胜满足之乐。
amazement[amaze v. 使惊奇;-ment⇒“the condition of being amazed感到惊奇的状况”→]n. great surprise; sudden wonder惊奇,诧异 / The girl was filled with amazement when she first saw the ocean. 初次见到大海,那姑娘心中充满了惊奇之情。
measurement[measure v. 测量;-ment⇒“the act or result of measuring测量之行为或结果”→]n. ①finding the size, quantity or amount测量 / The measurement of weight by a scale is easy. 用天平测量重量是很容易的事。②size, quantity or amount found by measuring尺寸,数量,总量 / The measurements of this room are-3 by 4 metres. 这房间的尺寸是3米乘4米。
pavement[pave v. 铺(路);-ment⇒“the product of paving铺路的产物”→]n. a paved street or sidewalk铺过的道路或人行道 / The car lost control and ran onto the pavement. 汽车失控,冲到人行道上去了。
government[govern v. 统治;-ment⇒“the means of governing统治的手段”→]n. a body that governs or rules政体,政府 / In Great Britain, "the government" may mean the cabinet. 在英国,“政府”是指内阁。
▷governmental a. 政府的
下面介绍的是动词词根与-ment构成的名词
fragment[frag=to break破碎;-ment⇒“the product of breaking破碎之产物”→]n. a part broken off; piece of sth. broken碎片,碎块 / She tried to put the fragments of the dish back together. 她想把盘子的碎片再拼到一块。
▷fragmental a. 碎片的;不完全的
instrument[instru=to instruct教育,指导;-ment⇒“the means of instructing用来教育、指导之手段”→]n. a tool or device工具,器具;仪器,器械 / A pair of forceps and a drill are two instruments used by dentists. 镊子和钻头是牙医用的两种器械。
▷instrumental a. 仪器的,器械的
nutriment[nutri=to nourish养育;-ment⇒“thing that nourishes养育之物”→]n. nourishment; food营养品;食物 / In Africa many children died of the lack of nutriment. 在非洲,许多儿童因缺乏营养而夭折。
parliament[parlia=to speak讲话;-ment⇒“the means of speaking about the state affairs议论国家大事之手段”→]n. supreme law-making assembly of a country议会 / He is a Member of Parliament; he entered Parliament last year. 他是国会议员。他是去年进入国会的。
▷parliamentary a. 议会的
练习 31
1.[词缀辨义]
① astonishment n. 惊讶 ( )a. the act or state of~ing
② development n. 发展 ( )b. the condition of being~ed
③ equipment n. 设备 ( )c. the product of~ing
④ inducement n. 诱因 ( )d. the result of~ing
⑤ statement n. 声明书 ( )e. the cause or means of~ing
2.[望文生义]
① arrangement n. _______________
② movement n. _______________
③ settlement n. _______________
3.[举一反三]
例:agree v. 同意→agreement n. 同意
① amuse v. 娱乐→amusement n. _______________
② establish v. 建立→establishment n. _______________
③ manage v. 管理→management n. _______________
4.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ment→派生名词
① advertisement ( )a. 环境;周围状况
② ailment ( )b. 登广告;广告
③ environment ( )c. 身体失调;精神不安
④ judgement ( )d. 惩罚;刑罚
⑤ punishment ( )e. 审判;判断
B 拉丁动词词干+-ment→原生名词
① argument (←argue) ( )a. 增加;增殖
② complement (←complete) ( )b. 争论;论据
③ decrement (←decrease) ( )c. 补足物;补语
④ increment (←increase) ( )d. 增补;附录
⑤ supplement (←supply) ( )e. 减少;消耗
C 动词词根+-ment→原生名词
① department [part=to divide] ( )a. 部门;系
② detriment [detri=to wear away] ( )b. 损害;伤害
③ filament [fila=to spin] ( )c. 细丝;长丝
④ ornament [orna=to equip] ( )d. 颜料;色素
⑤ pigment [pig=to paint] ( )e. 装饰品
5.[心领神会]
① apartment n. 房间;公寓[part=to divide]
② basement n. 建筑物的底部;地下室
③ betterment n. 改善(better v.)
④ commitment n. 交托;承担义务
⑤ document n. 文件[doc=to teach]
⑥ embarkment n. 筑堤;堤岸
⑦ embodiment n. 体现,使具体化(←embody)
⑧ refreshment n. 恢复;使精力恢复的事物
⑨ treatment n. 待遇;处理
⑩ wonderment n. 惊奇
6.[节外生枝]
有时-ment可以加在形容词后面,构成相应的名词。
① funniment n. 笑话,滑稽动作(←funny)
② merriment n. 欢乐,嬉戏(←merry)
③ oddments n.[复]残余物;零散物;古怪的事
32 -ness n.[ME]=the quality or condition of being~; ~action or behaviour; an instance of being~
名词后缀-ness是个源于本族语的活性词缀,它可以加在各种语源的形容词后面,表示the quality or condition of being~(…的性质或状态),~action or behaviour(…的动作或行为)等。它一般构成抽象名词。但有时也构成具体名词,表示an instance of being~(…的事物)。
下面是各种形容词与-ness结合的例子。
blackness[black a. 黑的;-ness→]n. the quality or condition of being black; black colour; darkness黑;黑色;黑暗 / The man went up the hill and disappeared in the blackness of the night. 那人往山上走去,消失在夜色的黑暗之中。
preparedness[prepared a. 有准备的;-ness→]n. the condition of being prepared; readiness有准备;做好准备 / Preparedness averts peril. 有备无患。
carefulness[careful a. 小心的;-ness→]n. careful action or behaviour小心,谨慎 / It is the old man's carefulness that helped us to avoid the errors in calculation. 正是那位老人的细心帮我们避免了计算的错误。
kindness[kind a. 友好的;-ness→]n. ①the quality of being kind; kind nature好意;好心肠 / We admire his kindness. 我们都赞扬他心肠好。②an instance of being kind; a kind act友好的行为;好事 / They showed me many kindnesses during my visit. 在我访问期间,他们帮了我很多的忙。
willingness[willing a. 情愿的;-ness→]n. the quality or condition of being willing心甘情愿,乐意 / He obeyed my order, but I was not sure of his willingness. 他服从了我的命令,但我说不准他是否心甘情愿。
练习 32
1.[词缀辨义]
① bitterness n. 苦难 ( )a. the quality of being~
② goodness n. 善行 ( )b. the condition of being~
③ greyness n. 灰暗 ( )c.~behaviour
④ illness n. 疾病 ( )d. an instance of being~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:shy羞怯的→shyness n. 羞怯
① dry a. 干的→dryness n. _______________
② sly a. 狡猾的→slyness n. _______________
③ wry a. 扭歪的→wryness n. _______________
B 例:empty a. 空虚的→emptiness n. 空虚
① friendly a. 友好的→friendliness n. _______________
② happy a. 幸福的→happiness n. _______________
③ wordy a. 唠叨的→wordiness n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 单纯的形容词+-ness→派生名词
① holiness(←holy) ( )a. 疯狂
② madness ( )b. 疾病
③ plainness ( )c. 神圣
④ sickness ( )d. 明白
⑤ tightness ( )e. 牢固
B 带后缀的形容词+-ness→派生名词
① effectiveness ( )a. 好看;优美
② forgetfulness ( )b. 有效;有力
③ kind-heartedness ( )c. 轻;失重
④ loveliness(←lovely) ( )d. 健忘;疏忽
⑤ weightlessness ( )e. 好心肠
C 现在分词充当的形容词+-ness→派生名词
① boringness ( )a. 无知
② excitingness ( )b. 引人入胜
③ interestingness ( )c. 令人厌烦
④ pleasingness ( )d. 讨人喜欢
⑤ unknowingness ( )e. 使人兴奋
D 过去分词充当的形容词+-ness→派生名词
① tiredness ( )a. 疲倦
② unconcernedness ( )b. 不稳定;未决
③ unexpectedness ( )c. 意外;突然
④ unsettledness ( )d. 漠不关心
⑤ unwontedness ( )e. 不平常;罕见
4.[心领神会]
① business n. 商业;生意(←busy)
② coldness n. 冷淡
③ likeness n. 类似;相像
④ laziness n. 懒惰(←lazy)
⑤ steadiness n. 稳固(←steady)
5.[节外生枝]
有时-ness可以与形容词的比较等级结合,也可以与名词结合。例如:
① betterness n. 较好;更好
② bestness n. 最好
③ witness n. 证言,证据;证人(wit n.)
33 -or n.[L]=a person or thing that~s
正如名词后缀-er一样,-or也是最重要的表示行为者的名词后缀。不过,-or是来自拉丁语的非能产型的后缀,它只与拉丁语源的动词或动词词根相结合,构成名词,其意思为a person or thing that~s(…者,…物)。由于受拉丁构词的影响,有时-or前还带有其他拉丁词尾成分,常见的形态有-ator,-itor等,可将它们看作-or的异体(词例见本节练习3的C和D)。
下面介绍几个具有代表性的含-or的派生名词。
actor[act v. 表演;-or→]n. a person who acts on the stage, etc. 演员 / The boy dreamed of becoming an actor. 那男孩一心想当演员。
conductor[conduct v. 引导;-or⇒“a person or thing that conducts引导者;引导物”→]n. ①director; manager指导者,管理人 / The successful owner of a business must be an able conductor of business affairs. 一个成功的企业主必须是个能干的业务指导者。②a thing that transmits any form of energy导体 / Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity. 铜是热与电的良导体。
refrigerator[refrigerat(←refrigerate)v. 冷藏;-or⇒“a thing that refrigerates冷藏…之物”→]n. an apparatus which keeps food cold冰箱,冷藏库 / Milk, meat and fish must be stored in a refrigerator to prevent spoiling. 牛奶、鱼、肉等应存放在冰箱里保鲜。
doctor[doct=to teach教;-or⇒“a person who teaches教育者”→]n. ①a learned man, teacher学者,先生 / Who shall decide when doctors disagree? 学者们各执己见时,谁来拍板呢?②a person who knows how to treat diseases医生 / A doctor must have a license to practise medicine. 医生要有执照才能行医。
tractor[tract=to drag or pull拖;-or⇒“a thing that drags or pulls拖…的器具”→]n. motor-vehicle used for pulling heavy things拖拉机 / The factory produces farm tractors. 该厂生产农用拖拉机。
练习 33
1.[词缀辨识]
应填入-ar,-er,还是-or?
① bomb_______ n. 轰炸机
② collect_______ n. 采集者
③ gramm_______ n. 语法
④ react_______ n. 反应堆
⑤ schol_______ n. 学者
⑥ walk_______ n. 步行者
2.[举一反三]
A 例:govern v. 统治→governor n. 统治者
① invent v. 发明→inventor n. _______________
② possess v. 占有→possessor n. _______________
③ sail v. 航行→sailor n. _______________
B 例:accelerate v. 加速→accelerator n. 加速器
① compensate v. 补偿→compensator n. _______________
② filtrate v. 过滤→filtrator n. _______________
③ radiate v. 辐射→radiator n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-or→派生名词(人)
① aggressor ( )a. 幸存者;逃生者
② confessor ( )b. 侵略者
③ renovator (←renovate) ( )c. 革新者;修复者
④ supervisor (←supervise) ( )d. 管理人;主管人
⑤ survivor (←survive) ( )e. 供认者;忏悔人
B 动词+-or→派生名词(物)
① alternator (←alternate) ( )a. 电梯;升降机
② detonator (←detonate) ( )b. 交流发电机
③ elevator (←elevate) ( )c. 雷管;起爆剂
④ incubator (←incubate) ( )d. 孵蛋器
⑤ translator (←translate) ( )e. 翻译者
C 以-ate结尾的动词+-or→派生名词
① agitator (←agitate) ( )a. 解放者
② dictator (←dictate) ( )b. 鼓动者
③ liberator (←liberate) ( )c. 创造者
④ originator (←originate) ( )d. 振动器
⑤ vibrator (←vibrate) ( )e. 独裁者
D 动词+-itor→派生名词(人)
① competitor (←compete) ( )a. 侍从;男仆
② expositor (←expose) ( )b. 排字工人
③ compositor (←compose) ( )c. 竞争者;比赛者
④ depositor (←depose) ( )d. 存放者
⑤ servitor (←serve) ( )e. 讲解者;说明者
E 动词词根+-or→原生名词(人)
① author [auth=to originate] ( )a. 作者
② auditor [audit=to hear] ( )b. 捐款人
③ donor [don=to give] ( )c. 导师
④ tutor [tut=to look after] ( )d. 卖主,小贩
⑤ vendor [vend=to sell] ( )e. 旁听生
F 动词词根+-or→原生名词(物)
① flexor [flex=to bend] ( )a. 接收器,感受器
② incisor [cis=to cut] ( )b. 屈肌
③ motor [mot=to move] ( )c. 门牙
④ receptor [recept=to receive] ( )d. 张肌
⑤ tensor [tens=to stretch] ( )e. 发动机;马达
4.[心领神会]
① bettor n. 打赌者(←bet v.)
② creditor n. 债权人;贷方[cred=to trust]
③ debtor n. 债务人[debt=to debit]
④ desiccator n. 干燥器[sicc=dry]
⑤ mirror n. 镜子[mirr=to wonder]
⑥ suspensor n. 吊绷带[pens=to hang]
⑦ tailor n. 裁缝[tail=to cut]
⑧ traitor n. 叛徒[trait(trad)=to betray]
5.[节外生枝]
A 有的动词同时有-or与-er两种派生名词,这两种名词的词义有的相同,有的各异。请看下面各组词:
① acceptor, accepter n. 领受人,受主
② consignor, consigner n. 受托人,发货人
③ licensor, licenser n. 发许可证者
④ vendor, vender n. 卖主,小贩
⑤ resistor n. 电阻器
resister n. 抵抗者
B -or还可以表示情况、性质、状态等,这种用法相当于-our,我们将在后面讨论。先请看几个词例:
① error n. 谬误,错误
② horror n. 恐怖;战栗
③ stupor n. 昏迷;恍惚
④ tenor n.(生活的)一般趋势;进程
⑤ terror n. 恐怖;震骇
⑥ tremor n. 震颤;发抖
C 在个别情况下,-or可加在名词后面。例如:
senator n. 参议院议员(←senate n. 参议院)
34 -ory[OF]=Ⅰ n. a place of~ing; a thing used for~ing Ⅱa.~ing; characterized by~ion; tending or serving to~
来自古法语的后缀-ory可以充当原生后缀与派生后缀,主要与动词或动词词根相结合。它可以兼作名词后缀与形容词后缀。1)作为名词后缀,-ory主要表示a place of~ing(做…的场所)。有时,还表示a thing used for~ing(用作…之物)。2)作为形容词后缀,意思较为复杂,可以表示~ing(…行为的),characterized by~ing(以…行为为特点的),serving or tending to~(有助于…的)。-ory的异体有-atory和-itory。
先请看几个以-ory结尾的名词。
depository[deposit v. 存放;-ory⇒“a place for depositing藏放…的场所”→]n. a place where anything is stored; storehouse藏放处,仓库 / This room is too small; you may remove some furniture to the depository. 这房间太小了,你可以将一些家具搬到储藏室去。
factory[fact=to make制造;-ory⇒“a place for making制造…的场所”→]n. a place where things are manufactured制造厂,工厂 / A factory usually has machines in it. 工厂里通常有机器。
observatory[observ(←observe)v. 观察;-atory→]n. a place for observing the heavenly bodies天文台 / The Greek astronomer Hipparcus built an early observatory on the island of Rhodes. 古希腊天文学家希帕丘斯在罗得西岛上建立了一个早期的天文台。
directory[direct v. 指示;-ory⇒“a book used for directing用来指示…的书”→]n. a list of names and addresses姓名地址录 / A telephone book is a directory of people who have telephones. 电话簿是一种拥有电话的人的姓名地址录。
下面是-ory作为形容词后缀的例子。
contradictory[contradict v. 同…矛盾;-ory→]a. contradicting; in contrary矛盾的,对立的 / First reports of the election were so contradictory that we could not tell who would win. 有关选举情况的首批报告大相矛盾,我们无法判断谁会获胜。
illusory[illus=to illude or deceive欺骗;-ory⇒“of illuding or deceiving欺骗的”→]a. having to do with illusion; deceptive迷惑人的,虚幻的 / It is an illusory idea that money leads to happiness. 金钱会带来幸福是个迷惑人的错误观念。
compulsory[compuls=to compel强迫;-ory“characterized by compelling or being compelled带有强迫性质的”→]a. compelling; compelled or required强迫的,强制的;必需的,义务的 / English is a compulsory subject in the school. 英语在该校是必修科目。
preparatory[prepar(←prepare)v. 准备;-atory“serving to prepare有助于准备的”→]a. for preparation, making ready; preliminary准备的,预备的;初步的 / Preparatory schools fit foreign students for college. 预科学校适合于报考大学的外国学生。
conciliatory[conciliat(←conciliate)v. 抚慰;-ory→]a. tending to conciliate or soothe抚慰的,安抚的 / Shaking hands with each other after a match is a conciliatory gesture. 赛后双方握手是一种抚慰性的表示。
练习 34
1.[词缀辨义]
① advisory a. 劝告的,忠告的 ( )a. a place for~ing
② conservatory n. 暖房,温室 ( )b. a thing used for~ing
③ directory a. 指导性的 ( )c. characterized by~ing
④ expository a. 说明的,讲解的 ( )d. serving to~
⑤ incensory n. 有盖香炉;香炉 ( )e. tending to~
2.[举一反三]
注意词基的变化。
例:advise v. 劝告→advisory a. 劝告的
① contribute v. 贡献→contributory a. _______________
② declaim v. 雄辩→declamatory a. _______________
③ declare v. 宣告→declaratory a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-(at)ory→派生名词(场所)
① ambulatory (←ambulate) ( )a. 实验室
② armory (←arm v.) ( )b. 天文台
③ laboratory (←labour) ( )c. 军械库
④ observatory (←observe) ( )d. 贮藏所,仓库
⑤ repository (←reposit) ( )e. 散步处,回廊
B 动词词根+-(at)ory→原生名词(场所)
① domitory [domit=to sleep] ( )a. 盥洗室
② lavatory [lav=to wash] ( )b. 宿舍
③ manufactory [fact=to make] ( )c. 疗养院
④ oratory [or=to plead] ( )d. 祈祷室
⑤ sanatory [san=to heal] ( )e. 工厂
C 动词+-ory→派生形容词
① appreciatory (←appreciate) ( )a. 有欣赏力的
② dilatory (←dilate) ( )b. 起始的;初步的
③ initiatory (←initiate) ( )c. 哀求的,请求的
④ denunciatory (←denunciate) ( )d. 指责的,谴责的
⑤ supplicatory (←supplicate) ( )e. 拖拉的
D 动词词根+-(it)ory→原生形容词
① amatory [amat=to love] ( )a. 告诫的
② auditory [aud=to hear] ( )b. 听觉的
③ cursory [curs=to run] ( )c. 恋爱的
④ monitory [mon=to warn] ( )d. 序言性的
⑤ prefatory [prefat=to preface] ( )e. 仓促的,草率的
4.[心领神会]
注意某些带-ory的派生词的双重词性。
① ambulatory a. 走动的;流动的 n. 散步处;回廊
② auditory n. 讲堂;礼堂 a. 听觉的
③ crematory n. 火葬场 a. 火葬的(←cremate v.)
④ perfunctory a. 马马虎虎的[perfunct=to perform]
⑤ refectory n.(修养院的)食堂[refect=to reflesh]
⑥ sanatory a. 有疗效的 n. 疗养院[san=to heal]
⑦ satisfactory a. 满意的(←satisfy)
⑧ suppository n.[药]栓剂,塞药,坐药[supposit=to place under]
⑨ inventory n. 财产目录;存货清单
⑩ offertory n. 圣餐礼拜的奉献仪式(←offer)
5.[节外生枝]
有些以-ory结尾的名词,其后缀不是-ory,而是由以or结尾的单词或词根与后缀-y复合而成的。请分析下列单词的结构及词义的由来。
① allegory n. 讽喻,比方[allegor=to speak in other way]
② category n. 种类,类目[categor=to speak in answer to]
③ glory n. 光荣[glor=gloria]
④ history n. 历史[histor=learned]
⑤ memory n. 记忆[memor=mindful]
⑥ priory n. 小修道院(prior n. 小修道院院长)
⑦ rectory n. 教区长的管辖区(rector n. 教区长)
⑧ victory n. 胜利(victor n.)
35 -our(-or)n.[F, L]=the act, state, quality or characteristics of~ing
这里的-our与物主代词our毫不相干,它是拉丁名词后缀-or在中古法语中的形式。由于拼法的历史演变,有些名词只能用-or形式,有些两者可通用(英语常用-our,美国常用-or)。但不管用哪一种形式,其含义都不同于前两节学习过的表示人或物的-or。请记住,在本节中,-our或-or用来表示抽象意义,意为the act, state, condition, quality or characteristics of~ing(…的行为、状态、性质或特征)。而且,它是个原生词缀,只能与动词词根相结合。
下面是-our与-or通用的几个词例。
ardo(u)r[ard=to burn燃烧;-o(u)r⇒“the quality of burning有燃烧的性质”→]n. great enthusiasm; zeal热情;热烈 / He spoke with patriotic ardour. 他带着满腔爱国热情演讲。
favo(u)r[fav=to show kindness to施恩于;-o(u)r⇒“an act of showing kindness to施恩之行为”→]n. an act of kindness恩惠,善意的行为 / Will you do me a favour? 你能帮我一个忙吗?
labo(u)r[lab=to tail劳作;-o(u)r⇒“the act or condition of tailing劳作的行为状况”→]n. effort in doing sth.; work; tail劳动;努力;工作 / Labour disgraces no man. 劳动绝不使人丢脸。
下面是几个只能用-or的例子。
error[err=to go astray入歧途;-or⇒“the result of going astray误入歧途的结果”→]n. sth. that is done wrong; mistake谬误;错误 / I failed my test because of errors in spelling. 我考试不及格是因为拼写的错误。
horror[horr=to bristle with fear害怕,毛发直立;-or⇒“the state of bristling with fear怕得毛发直立的状态”→]n. a shivering, shaking fear and dislike恐怖,战栗;极端厌恶 / The crime aroused universal horror. 该犯罪行为引起一片恐怖。
tremor[trem=to tremble发抖,震颤;-or⇒“the state of trembling发抖的状态”→]n. ①an involuntary shaking or trembling发抖,震颤 / A nervous tremor in his voice betrayed him. 他那发抖的声音暴露了他内心的紧张。②a state of emotion or excitement激情;激动 / He went about all day in a tremor of delight. 他兴奋得整天难以安定下来。
练习 35
1.[词缀辨识]
填上-or或-o(u)r。
① col n. 颜色
② govern n. 统治者
③ rum n. 谣言;传闻
④ splend n. 光辉;壮丽
⑤ terr n. 恐怖;惊骇
2.[词缀辨义]
① cando(u)r n. 公正;正直 ( )a. a person that~s
② pallor n.(脸色)苍白 ( )b. a thing that~s
③ sailor n. 水手,海员 ( )c. act or condition of~ing
④ tractor n. 拖拉机 ( )d. quality of~ing
3.[同义相连]
A 动词词根+-o(u)r→原生名词
① clamo(u)r [clam=to shout] ( )a. 炽热;热情
② dolo(u)r [dol=to suffer] ( )b. 吵闹,喧嚷
③ fervo(u)r [ferv=to boil] ( )c. 滋味;气体
④ savo(u)r [sav=to taste] ( )d. 活力;茁壮
⑤ vigo(u)r [vig=to be lively] ( )e. 忧伤,悲哀
B 动词词根+-or→原生名词
① furor [fur=to rage] ( )a. 激怒,狂怒
② liquor [liqu=to be fluid] ( )b. 液体;汁
③ languor [langu=to be weary] ( )c. 肮脏;卑劣
④ squalor [squal=to be filthy] ( )d. 麻木;迟钝
⑤ torpor [torp=to be numb] ( )e. 衰弱无力
4.[心领神会]
① cando(u)r n. 公正,正直[cand=to glow or shine]
② odo(u)r n. 气味;味道[od=to smell]
③ rumo(u)r n. 谣言;传闻[rum=to make noise]
④ stupor n. 昏迷,恍惚[stup=to be dazed]
⑤ tenor n.(生活的)一般趋向[ten=to hold]
⑥ tumo(u)r n. 肿大,肿块;瘤[tum=to swell]
⑦ ranco(u)r n. 深仇,积怨[ranc=to be rank]
⑧ valo(u)r n. 勇猛,英勇[val=to be strong]
5.[节外生枝]
在个别单词中,-our并不表示抽象意义,而表示行为者、地点等。例如:
① savio(u)r n. 救助者;救星
② parlour n. 会客厅
36 -ous a.[L]=having~, full of~; characterized by~, having the nature of~; having to do with~; of~; like~; practising~
形容词后缀-ous来自拉丁语。它可以充当派生后缀与名词结合,也可以充当原生后缀与名词性的词根相结合。-ous的基本意义为having~(具有…的)或full of~(充满…的)。此外还可以表示having the nature of~(有…特性的),of~(…的),like~(像…的),practising~(从事…的)等意义。由于拉丁构词的影响,-ous在与词根结合时,有-eous,-ious,-uous,-ulous等异体。特别要注意的是,-uous和-ulous都能与动词词根相缀合(见本节练习3的E和F。)
下面先介绍名词与派生后缀-ous结合的几个词例。
advantageous[advantage n. 优点;-ous→]a. having advantage; favorable有利的;有助的 / From this advantageous position, the scouts can observe three roads. 从这个有利的位置,侦察兵可以同时观察三条道路。
joyous[joy n. 欢乐;-ous⇒“full of joy充满欢乐的”→]a. joyful, glad快乐的;高兴的 / In the beautiful city, you can hear joyous songs everywhere. 在这美丽的城市,到处可以听到欢歌笑语。
murderous[murder n. 谋杀;-ous⇒“having the nature of murder有谋杀性质的”→]a. able to kill; ready to murder杀人的,行凶的 / The villain aimed a murderous blow at the hero's back. 那反角给了男主角的背部要命的一击。
monogamous[monogam(←monogamy)n. 一夫一妻制;-ous→]a. of or having to do with monogamy一夫一妻制的 / The tribe was based on monogamous families. 该部落是以一夫一妻家庭为基础的。
thunderous[thunder n. 雷声;-ous→]a. like thunder雷声似的 / The famous actor received a thunderous burst of applause at the end of the play. 戏剧结束时,那位名演员的演出获得一阵雷鸣般的掌声。
bigamous[bigam(←bigamy)n. 重婚;-ous→]a. practising or committing bigamy重婚的;犯重婚罪的 / A man having two wives at the same time is bigamous in our country. 在我国,一个人同时有两个妻子是犯重婚罪的。
下面是名词性的词根与原生后缀-ous结合的几个例子。
anxious[anxi=anxiety忧虑;-ous⇒“having or full of anxiety充满忧虑的”→]a. uneasy; troubled; worried忧虑的;担心的;焦急的 / Mother felt anxious about the children who had been out an hour too long. 孩子们在外多待了一个小时,母亲感到很担心。
credulous[credul=credulity轻信;-ous⇒“characterized by credulity有轻信特点的”→]a. too ready to believe; easily deceived轻信的;易受骗的 / She was so credulous that other children could fool her easily. 她非常轻信,别的小孩很容易捉弄她。
ferrous[ferr=iron铁;-ous→]a. of or containing iron铁的,含铁的 / Metals can be classfied into ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. 金属可分为黑色金属与有色金属两大类。
obvious[ob-=across, in在;vi=way路;-ous⇒“like being in the way就像摆在路当中一样”→]a. easily seen, clear to eye or mind; plain明显的,显而易见的;显著的 / It is obvious that a blind man ought not to drive a car. 双目失明的人不应该驾驶汽车,这是显而易见的道理。
flagitious[flagiti=shame可耻的事;-ous⇒“practising shameful things做可耻之事的”→]a. shamefully vile; scandalously wicked无耻的;罪大恶极的 / Crimes shall whelm in ruin your flagitious town. 罪行将使你们这无耻的城邦沉沦于毁灭之中。
练习 36
1.[词缀辨义]
① disastrous a. 灾难性的 ( )a. having or full of~
② famous a. 著名的 ( )b. having the nature of~
③ mischievous a. 为害的 ( )c. of~
④ porcelainous a. 像瓷的 ( )d. like~
⑤ riotous a. 暴乱的 ( )e. practising or committing~
2.[举一反三]
注意名词末尾y不同的变化方式。
A 例:glory n. 光荣→glorious a. 光荣的
① fallacy n. 谬误→fallacious a. _______________
② harmony n. 协调→harmonious a. _______________
③ victory n. 胜利→victorious a. _______________
B 例:calamity n. 灾难→calamitous a. 灾难的
① fatuity n. 愚昧→fatuous a. _______________
② fortuity n. 偶然性→fortuitous a. _______________
③ necessity n. 贫困;需要→necessitous a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
注意-ous的异体与词根或词干结合的情况。
A 名词+-ous→派生形容词
① courageous ( )a. 壮丽的
② dangerous ( )b. 危险的
③ momentous ( )c. 勇敢的
④ pompous ( )d. 热心的
⑤ zealous ( )e. 重大的
B 名词词根或词干+-ous→原生形容词
① barbarous [barbar=foreigner] ( )a. 粗俗的
② heinous [hein=hatred] ( )b. 为数众多的
③ numerous [numer=number] ( )c. 极可恨的
④ previous [vi=way] ( )d. 严肃的
⑤ serious [seri=grave] ( )e. 从前的
C 名词词根或词干+-eous→原生形容词
① aqueous [aqu=water] ( )a. 美的
② beauteous [beaut=beauty] ( )b. 水的
③ carneous [carn=flesh] ( )c. 肉体的
④ erroneous [erron=wanderer] ( )d. 木质的
⑤ ligneous [lign=wood] ( )e. 错误的
D 名词词根或词干+-ious→原生形容词
① curious [cur=care] ( )a. 半信半疑的
② dubious [dub=doubt] ( )b. 勤劳的
③ laborious [labor=labour] ( )c. 宝贵的
④ obnoxious [nox=injury] ( )d. 讨厌的
⑤ precious [prec=value] ( )e. 好奇的
E 动词词根或词干+-uous→原生形容词
① assiduous [sid=to sit] ( )a. 刻苦的
② contemptuous [tempt=to disdain] ( )b. 脱落的
③ deciduous [cid=to fall] ( )c. 猛烈的
④ impetuous [pet=to attack] ( )d. 轻视的
⑤ sensuous [sens=to feel] ( )e. 感觉上的
F 动词词根+-ulous→原生形容词
① credulous [cred=to believe] ( )a. 抱怨的
② pendulous [pend=to hang] ( )b. 轻信的
③ querulous [quer=to complain] ( )c. 可笑的
④ ridiculous [ridic=to laugh] ( )d. 悬垂的
⑤ tremulous [trem=to tremble] ( )e. 发抖的
4.[由此及彼]
-ous,-ious组成的形容词与-osity,-ion等组成的名词之间存在着对应关系。
A 例:curiosity n. 好奇心→curious n. 好奇的
① generosity n. 慷慨→generous a. _______________
② flexuosity n. 弯曲→flexuous a. _______________
③ impetuosity n. 猛烈→impetuous a. _______________
④ porosity n. 多孔性→porous a. _______________
B 例:cautious a. 谨慎的→caution n. 谨慎,小心
① ambitious a. 有雄心的→ambition n. _______________
② factious a. 搞宗派的→faction n. _______________
③ suspicious a. 可疑的→suspicion n. _______________
5.[心领神会]
① arduous a. 艰苦的[ard=steep]
② conscientious a. 凭良心的(←conscience n.)
③ desirous a. 希望的(←desire n.)
④ fabulous a. 寓言中的[fabul=fable]
⑤ gracious a. 优美的(←grace n.)
⑥ jealous a. 妒忌的[jeal=zeal]
⑦ monstrous a. 怪异的(←monster n.)
⑧ nebulous a. 模糊不清的[nebul=mist]
⑨ suspicious a. 可疑的[suspic=suspect]
⑩ vigorous a. 精力充沛的(←vigour n.)
6.[节外生枝]
有时-ous可直接与拉丁语源的动词结合。
① contiuous a. 继续的(←continue v.)
② prosperous a. 繁荣的(prosper v.)
③ various a. 不同的(←vary v.)
37 -ry n.[OF]=①the occupation of a~; the act of a~; the quality or condition of a~; a collection of~s ②a place for~
名词后缀-ry是-ery的缩略形式,由于它的孳生能力较强,所以专门予以介绍。-ry主要用在以t, d, l, n, sh, w等字母结尾的可数名词或名词性词根后面,构成名词。它主要表示the occupation of a~(…的行业),the act of a~(…的行为),the quality or condition of a~(…的性质或状态),a collection of~s(…的集合体);它还可以表示a place for~(…的地点)
以下是几个有代表性的词例。
dentistry[dentist n. 牙医;-ry→]n. the occupation or profession of a dentist牙科;牙科学 / The discovery of anaesthesia was one of the most important steps in the history of dentistry. 麻醉法的发明是牙科学上最重要的进步之一。
devilry[devil n. 魔鬼;-ry⇒“act of a devil魔鬼的行径”→]n. evil action; mischievous behaviour邪恶的行径;恶作剧 / The boys were full of devilry on Halloween. 在万圣节前夕,男孩子们尽闹恶作剧。
rivalry[rival n. 竞争者;-ry→]n. the action, position or relation of a rival; competition竞争;竞赛 / There is rivalry among business firms for trade. 在商行中存在着贸易竞争。
peasantry[peasant n. 农民;-ry⇒“a collection of peasants农民的集合体”→]n. peasants as a group[总称]农民 / They pretended to be the representatives of the British peasantry. 他们自命为英国农民的代表。
poultry[poult n. 幼禽;-ry⇒“a collection of poults or domestic fowls幼禽或家禽的总称”→]n. birds raised for their meat or eggs[总称]家禽 / Chickens, ducks, geese and turkeys are all poultry. 鸡、鸭、鹅和火鸡都是家禽。
vestry[vest n. 法衣;-ry⇒“a place for vests放法衣的地方”→]n. a room, attached to a church, where vestments are kept法衣室 / The sacred vessels, altar equipment, and parish records are often kept in the vestry. 圣皿、祭器及教区记录文件等常存放在法衣室里。
pantry[pant=bread面包;-ry⇒“a place for keeping bread存放面包之地”→]n. a small room where food, dishes, etc. are kept食品室 / A pantry adjoins the kitchen. 食品间与厨房相连。
练习 37
1.[词缀辨义]
指出下列各词中-ry的含义:
① chemistry n. 化学 ( )a. the occupation of a~
② citizenry n.[总称]公民 ( )b. the act of a~
③ errantry n. 游侠行为 ( )c. the quality or condition of a~
④ laundry n. 洗衣店 ( )d. a collection of~s
⑤ outlawry n. 放逐;逍遥法外 ( )e. a place for~
2.[举一反三]
注意右列名词的尾字母的特征。
A 例:forest n. 森林→forestry n. 林业;林学
① carpenter n. 木工→carpentry n. _______________
② mason n. 石工→masonry n. _______________
③ merchant n. 商人→merchantry n. _______________
B 例:English n. 英国人→Englishry n.[总称]英国人
① Jew n. 犹太人→Jewry n. _______________
② tenant n. 承租人→tenantry n. _______________
③ yeoman n. 自由民→yeomanry n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ry→派生名词
① bigotry ( )a. 偏执,顽固
② casuistry ( )b. 诡辩术
③ palmistry ( )c. 卖弄学问
④ pedantry ( )d. 火箭学
⑤ rocketry ( )e. 手相术
B 名词词根+-ry→原生名词
① almonry [almon=alms] ( )a.[总称]骑兵
② cavalry [caval=cavalier] ( )b. 小教堂
③ chantry [chant=singing] ( )c. 施赈所
④ gentry [gent=gentleman] ( )d. 绅士们
⑤ infantry [infant=foot soldier] ( )e.[总称]步兵
4.[心领神会]
① artistry n. 艺术性(artist n. 艺术家)
② heraldry n. 纹章学(herald n. 司宗谱纹章的官)
③ husbandry n. 家政(husband n.[英]管家)
④ poetry n.[总称]诗(poet n. 诗人)
⑤ revelry n. 狂欢(revel n. 狂欢,欢宴)
⑥ ribaldry n. 下流的语言(ribald n. 讲下流话的人)
5.[节外生枝]
A 有时-ry可以与动词或形容词相结合构成名词。
① foundry n. 铸工厂(found v.)
② pleasantry n. 幽默;开玩笑(pleasant a.)
B 个别名词有-ry与-ery结尾的两种派生词。例如:
① jewelry, jewellery n.[总称]珠宝
② baptistry, baptistery n. 洗礼堂
38 -ship n.[OE]=the position or occupation of~; the quality or condition of being~; the act or skill of~; the relation between~s; the number of~s
名词后缀-ship跟“船”毫无关系。它是个本族语派生后缀,一般与名词相结合构成抽象名词,表示the position or occupation of~(…职业或行业),the quality or condition of being~(…的性质或状况),the act or skill of~(…的行为或技能),the relation between~s(…间的关系)以及the number of~s(…的数量)等意思。
以下是名词与-ship结合的几个例子。
authorship[author n. 作者;-ship→]n. the occupation of an author; writing著述;写作 / He engaged in the profession of literature, or to speak plainly, the trade of authorship. 他从事文字生涯,说得明白些,就是干写作这一行。
governorship[governor n. 地方长官;-ship→]n. the position or term of office of a governor地方长官的职位或任期 / He ought to expect the governorship upon the death or removal of the former governor. 他只能等到前任地方官去世或调离才能得到该职位。
friendship[friend n. 朋友;-ship→]n. the condition or quality of being friends友谊;友好 / Friendship will lend you support against the tempest. 友谊能帮你战胜暴风雨。
dictatorship[dictator n. 独裁者;-ship⇒“the act or power of a dictator独裁者的行为或权力 ”→]n. the rules of a dictator专政 / The dictatorship of the tyrant was an unhappy time for intellectuals. 那位暴君的专政时期对知识分子来说,并非美好的时光。
workmanship[workman n. 工匠;-ship→]n. the skill or art of a workman工艺,手艺 / Good workmanship requires long practice. 好手艺来自多实践(艺高工夫深)。
partnership[partner n. 合伙人;-ship⇒]n. the relation between partners合伙关系 / We shall enter into partnership with their company. 我们将与他们的公司合伙经营。
readership[reader n. 读者;-ship⇒“the number of readers读者数”→]n. the reading audience, especially of a particular author or publication(某作者或出版物的)读者总数 / The distribution of readership has not been determined, but undoubtedly a large number of these readers are young. 读者群的分布状态尚不明确,但其中无疑有很多年轻人。
练习 38
1.[词缀辨义]
① comradeship n. 同志关系 ( )a. position or occupation of~
② horsemanship n. 骑术 ( )b. condition of~
③ leadership n. 领导 ( )c. art or skill of~
④ lordship n. 贵族身份 ( )d. relation between~s
⑤ ridership n. 乘客数 ( )e. number of~s
2.[举一反三]
例:apprentice n. 学徒→apprenticeship n. 学徒身份
① citizen n. 公民→citizenship n. _______________
② lady n. 夫人→ladyship n. _______________
③ member n. 成员→membership n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
① fellowship ( )a. 书法
② kingship ( )b. 体育道德
③ penmanship ( )c. 友谊
④ sportsmanship ( )d. 政治家风度
⑤ statesmanship ( )e. 王位,王权
4.[心领神会]
① marksmanship n. 枪法,射击术
② oarmanship n. 划船术
③ scholarship n. 学识
④ sonship n. 儿子身份
⑤ studentship n. 奖学金
⑥ tutorship n. 导师的地位或职务
5.[节外生枝]
在极个别情况下,-ship可与形容词相结合构成名词。例如:
① hardship n. 受苦,吃苦(hard a.)
② worship n. 礼拜;崇拜(←worth a.)
39 -some a.[OE]=①causing~; ②tending to~; ③~to a considerable degree
形容词后缀-some来自古英语,它与不定代词some同源,但在构词中意思却更为复杂。-some可以与名词结合,表示causing~(产生…的);也可以与动词相结合,表示tending to~(易于…的);还可以与形容词相结合,表示~to a considerable degree(相当…的)。
下面各举两个有代表性的例子说明上述用法。
fearsome[fear n. 害怕;-some→]a. causing fear; dreadful可怕的;吓人的 / To European people, a dragon is a fearsome creature. 对欧洲人来说,龙是一种可怕的生物。
troublesome[trouble n. 烦恼;-some→]a. causing trouble; annoying令人烦恼的;讨厌的 / Bullies are all troublesome people. 恃强凌弱的学生都是些令人讨厌的家伙。
meddlesome[meddle v. 干涉;-some⇒“tending to meddle倾向于干涉的”→]a. likely to meddle in other's affairs; interfering好干涉的;爱管闲事的 / He was curious, meddlesome and gossipy. 他这个人好奇心强,爱管闲事,又多嘴。
quarrelsome[quarrel v. 争吵;-some⇒“tending to quarrel倾向于争吵的”→]a. too ready to quarrel; fond of fighting or disputing好争吵的;好争论的 / A quarrelsome child has few friends. 爱争吵的小孩没有朋友。
gladsome[glad a. 高兴的;-some⇒“glad to a considerable degree相当高兴的”→]a. glad; joyful; cheerful令人高兴的;可喜的;欢乐的 / Those happy children are like the gladsome buds in May. 那些幸福的儿童,就像五月里令人心醉的蓓蕾。
lonesome[lone a. 孤独的;-some⇒“lone to a considerable degree相当孤独的”→]a. feeling lonely; solitary寂寞的;孤单的 / The lonesome sailor was all alone in a strange town. 那寂寞的水兵孤身一人待在一个陌生的城市里。
练习 39
1.[词缀辨义]
① laboursome a. 费力的 ( )a. tending to~
② longsome a. 冗长的 ( )b. causing~
③ tiresome a. 使人疲劳的 ( )c.~to a considerable degree
2.[同义相连]
A 名词+-some→派生形容词
① awesome ( )a. 精神饱满的
② burdensome ( )b. 使人敬畏的
③ frolicsome ( )c. 难于负担的
④ gamesome ( )d. 嬉戏的
⑤ mettlesome ( )e. 爱玩的
B 动词+-some→派生形容词
① cumbersome ( )a. 拖累的;笨重的
② lovesome ( )b. 爱管闲事的
③ meddlesome ( )c. 可爱的;美丽的
④ quarrelsome ( )d. 爱争吵的
⑤ wearisome (weary v.) ( )e. 使人疲倦的
C 形容词+-some→派生形容词
① fulsome(←full a.) ( )a. 促进健康的
② gladsome ( )b. 冗长的
③ lonesome ( )c. 令人高兴的
④ longsome ( )d. 寂寞的
⑤ wholesome(whole a.[古]健康) ( )e.(恭维等)过分的
3.[心领神会]
注意,-some有时与古英语单词结合。
① adventuresome a. 爱冒险的,极大胆的
② handsome a. 灵便的;漂亮的;可观的
③ noisome a. 有害的;可厌的[noi=annoy]
④ winsome a. 迷人的;使人愉快的[win=joy]
4.[节外生枝]
A - some可作名词后缀与数词相结合,意为a group of(…人一组)。例如:
① twosome n. 二人一组
② threesome n. 三人一组
③ foursome n. 四人一组
B -some可作为术语后缀,意为-body(…体)。例如:
① chromosome n. 染色体[chromo=colour]
② monosome n. 单体[mono=single]
40 -th n.[OE]=①number~in order; ②the action or process of~ing; ③the quality or condition of being~
名词后缀-th是本族语古已有之的派生后缀。它除了与三以上的基数词结合构成序数词之外(意为number~in order“第…”),还可以与本族语的动词、形容词相结合,构成相应的名词。当它与动词结合时,表示the action or process of~ing(…的行为或过程);当它与形容词相结合时,表示the quality or condition of being~(…的性质或状态)。请注意,有时-th与古英语单词相结合,词基形态与现代英语单词不一样,对此我们将在括号中加以说明。
以下是动词加-th构成的3个名词。
growth[grow v. 生长;-th→]n. the process of growing; development生长;发育 / Childhood is a period of rapid growth. 幼年是生长迅速的时期。
stealth[steal v. 偷偷地做;-th⇒“the act of stealing偷做的事”→]n. secret action秘密行为 / She obtained the letter by stealth, taking it while nobody was in the room. 她是趁房间无人时,偷偷地把那封信弄到手的。
birth[bir(=to bear)生育;-th⇒“the act of bearing or being born生育或出生”→]n. the bearing of young; being born分娩;出生 / At birth, most babies weight between 5 and 8 pounds. 大多数婴儿出生时的体重在五磅到八磅之间。
以下是由形容词加-th构成的3个名词。
coolth[cool a. 凉爽的;-th→]n. the state of being cool; coolness凉爽 / Air-conditioners can change electricity to heat or coolth. 空调机能将电能变成热气或冷气。
length[leng(=long)长的;-th⇒“the quality of being long长的性质”→]n. the longest way a thing can be measured长度 / What is the length of your arm? 你的手臂有多长?
mirth[mir(=merry)欢乐的;-th⇒“the condition of being merry欢乐的状态”→]n. merry fun or laughter; being joyous or gay欢笑;高兴 / His sides shook with mirth. 他笑痛了肚子。
练习 40
1.[词缀辨义]
① health n. 健康 ( )a. number~in order
② sixth num. 第六 ( )b. act or process of~ing
③ warmth n. 温暖 ( )c. quality or condition of being~
2.[由此及彼]
写出相应的词基(形容词),借以理解构词过程中词形变化的现象。
① breadth n. 阔→__________ a. 广阔的
② depth n. 深度→__________ a. 深的
③ width n. 宽度→__________ a. 宽阔的
3.[同义相连]
注意词基(形容词)的变形。
① death (←dead a.) ( )a. 真理
② strength (←strong a.) ( )b. 死亡
③ truth (←true a.) ( )c. 财富
④ wealth (←well a.) ( )d. 力量
⑤ youth (←young a.) ( )e. 青年
4.[心领神会]
① dearth n. 缺乏,供应不足(dear a.)
② filth n. 污秽[fil=foul a.]
③ sloth n. 懒惰[slo=slow a.]
④ spilth n. 溢出[spil=to spill v.]
⑤ tilth n. 耕种[til=to till v.]
41 -ure n.[F, L]=the act or fact of~ing; the condition of being~ed; the result of being~ed; sth. that~s or is~ed
来自法语或拉丁语的名词后缀-ure可以加在动词或动词词根上。其主要意思为the act or fact of~ing(…的行为或事实),the condition of being~ed(被…的状况),the result of being~ed(被…的结果),sth. that~s or is~ed(…的事物)等。-ure的异体有-ature,-ture,-iture等(词例见本节练习2)。
下面是派生词缀-ure与动词结合的词例。
failure[fail v. 失败;-ure→]n. the fact of failing; the act or fact of not doing失败;不履行,无作为 / Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
pleasure[pleas(←please)v. 使高兴;-ure⇒“the condition of being pleased高兴的状况”→]n. a feeling of being pleased; delight; joy高兴,愉快,快乐 / The gift gave the boy much pleasure. 礼物使小孩非常高兴。
exposure[expos(←expose)v. 使暴露;-ure→]n. the result of being exposed暴露 / Anyone would dread public exposure of all his faults. 谁都怕让自己的缺点在公众面前暴露无遗。
disclosure[disclos(←disclose)v. 揭发;-ure→]n. a thing that is disclosed被揭发出来的事物 / The newspaper's disclosures shocked the public. 该报的揭秘震惊了公众。
legislature[legislat(←legislate)v. 立法;-ure⇒“a body that legislates立法之团体”→]n. a group of persons that makes laws立法机构 / Each state of the United States has a legislature. 美国各州均有一个立法机构。
以下是动词词根与原生词缀-ure结合的例子。
culture[cult=to cherish抚育;-ure⇒“the result of being cherished抚育的结果”→]n. the development of mind or body by education教养;文化 / He is a man of considerable culture. 他是个很有文化修养的人。
▷cultural n. 文化上的;文化的
flexure[flex=to bend弯曲;-ure→]n. the state of being bent弯曲 / Keep your knees in flexure for five minutes. 让双膝保持弯曲5分钟。
nature[nat=to be born出生;-ure⇒“the state or result of being born of all things万物降生的结果或状态”→]n. all things except those made by man; the world大自然;自然界 / This great waterfall is a wonder of nature. 这大瀑布是一个自然奇观。
picture[pict=to paint画;-ure⇒“a thing that is painted被画之物”→]n. a painting, drawing, or photograph画;图片;照片 / This book contains a good picture of tigers. 书中有一幅画得很好的老虎插图。
练习 41
1.[词缀辨义]
① creature n. 创造物;生物 ( )a. the act of~ing
② closure n. 闭合状态 ( )b. the result of being~ed
③ failure n. 失败的尝试 ( )c. the condition of being~ed
④ pressure n. 压力 ( )d. a thing that~s
⑤ wafture n. 吹送;飘荡 ( )e. a thing that is~ed
2.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ure→派生名词
① procedure (←proceed) ( )a. 程序;过程
② composure (←compose) ( )b. 镇静;沉着
③ creature (←create) ( )c. 离开;去世
④ departure (←depart) ( )d. 抓住;夺取
⑤ seizure (←seize) ( )e. 创造物;生物
B动词词根+-ure→原生名词
① figure [fig=to form] ( )a. 占有;占有权
② juncture [junct=to join] ( )b. 接合;交界处
③ rupture [rupt=to break] ( )c. 塑像;形像
④ scripture [script=to write] ( )d. 手稿;文件
⑤ tenure [ten=to hold] ( )e. 破裂;不和
C 动词或词根+-ature→名词
① judicature [judic=to judge] ( )a. 袖珍画;缩样
② ligature [lig=to bind] ( )b. 司法;法庭
③ miniature [mini=to lessen] ( )c. 绑扎;绷带
④ stature [st=to stand] ( )d. 温度;体温
⑤ temperature(temper v.) ( )e. 身高;高度
D 动词或词根+-(i)ture→名词
① expenditure(expend v.) ( )a. 家具;设备
② furniture [furn=to furnish] ( )b. 支出;花费
③ jointure(join v.) ( )c. 混合;混合物
④ mixture(mix v.) ( )d. 连接;寡妇所得产
⑤ texture [tex=to weave] ( )e. 织品;结构
3.[心领神会]
① cincture n. 束带;腰带[cinct=to bind]
② fracture n. 破裂;断裂[fract=to break]
③ gesture n. 手势;姿态[gest=to carry on]
④ leisure n. 空闲;闲暇[leis=to be allowed]
⑤ structure n. 结构;构造[struct=to build]
⑥ tonsure n. 削发;削发仪式[tons=to shear, shave]
⑦ verdure n. 青翠;新鲜[verd=to be green]
⑧ vesture n. 衣服;覆盖物[vest=to clothe]
4.[节外生枝]
A 有时-ure可与名词或名词词根结合。
① architecture n. 建筑学(architect n.)
② denture n. 一副牙齿;假牙[dent=tooth]
③ literature n. 文学;写作[liter=letter]
④ manure n. 肥料;粪肥[man=hand]
⑤ treasure n. 财富;珍宝[treas=warehouse]
B 少数以-ure结尾的词不是名词而是形容词或动词。
① future a. 将来的
② manufacture v. 制造;加工
③ mature a. 成熟的
④ measure v. 量;测量
42 -ward(s)a. & ad.[OE]=tending to~; in the direction of~; toward~
-ward和-wards都是来自古英语的表方向的派生后缀。-ward既可充当形容词后缀,也可充当副词后缀;-wards只能充当副词后缀。它们一般加在介词、形容词或名词后面,表示tending to or leading to~(倾向…的,倾向…地);in the direction of~(在…方向的,往…方向地);toward~(朝…的;朝…地)等意思。
下面是几个含有-ward或-wards的例词。
afterwards[after prep. & a. 在…以后;-wards⇒“tending to the time after... 倾向于在…时间之后”→]ad. later后来,以后 / The bud was small at first, but afterwards it became a large flower. 起先花蕾很小,但后来开成一朵很大的花。
backward[back a. & n. 后面(的);-ward→]Ⅰ ad. toward the back向后 / He leaned backward. 他向后靠。Ⅱ a. directed toward the back向后的 / She gave him a backward look over her shoulder. 她回头看了他一眼。
homeward[home n. 家;-ward→]Ⅰ ad. in the direction of home向家 / We turned homeward. 我们转身回家。Ⅱ a. being in the direction of home向家的,向本国的 / The ship is on her homeward course. 这条船行驶在回国的航线上。
练习 42
1.[举一反三]
A east n. 东→eastward a. & ad. 向东(的)
① north n. 北→northward a. & ad. _______________
② south n. 南→southward a. & ad. _______________
③ west n. 西→westward a. & ad. _______________
B down prep. 沿着…向下→downward a. & ad. 向下(的)
① in prep. 在…内部→inward a. & ad. _______________
② out prep. 在…外部→outward a. & ad. _______________
③ up prep. 在…上面→upward a. & ad. _______________
2.[同义相连]
① forward(←fore) ( )a. 向前(的)
② heavenward ( )b. 向太阳(的)
③ landward ( )c. 向陆地(的)
④ seaward ( )d. 向海洋(的)
⑤ sunward ( )e. 向天空(的)
3.[节外生枝]
个别带-ward(s)的单词是介词,如:
toward(s) prep. 向;朝
43 -wise ad.[OE]=in a~manner; like a~; in the direction of~; in the~respect
派生后缀-wise来自古英语名词wise(方法、方式),它可以加在形容词、名词或动词后面构成方式副词,表示in a~manner或in a~ing manner(以…的方式);like a~(像…的);in the direction of~(朝…的方向);in the~respect(在…的方面)等意思。在现代英语中,-wise的最后一种含义用得比较多,并因此变成相当活跃的能产型后缀,这时它往往通过连字符加缀在名词上(见本节练习3)。下面是几个有代表性的例子。
likewise[like a. 相同的;-wise⇒“in a like manner以相同的方式”→]ad. similarly同样地,照样地 / See what I do. Now you do likewise. 看我怎样做,然后你照着做。
otherwise[other a. 其他的;-wise⇒]ad. ①in the other respects在其他方面 / He is noisy, but otherwise a nice boy. 这孩子爱吵闹,其他方面倒很好。②in a different way另外,别样 / I could not do otherwise. 我无法另行其事。
slantwise[slant v. 倾斜;-wise→]ad. in a slanting manner; obliquely倾斜地;歪斜地 / A crab scuttles slantwise. 一只蟹很快地斜行而过。
clockwise[clock n. 钟;-wise⇒“like a clock working像钟在运行一样”→]ad. in the direction in which the hands of a clock move顺时针方向 / You must turn the key clockwise to unlock the door. 你要将钥匙向顺时针方向转动才能打开门。
lengthwise[length n. 长度;-wise→]ad. in the direction of the length纵长地 / She cut the cloth lengthwise. 她顺着纵向把那块布剪开。
figure-wise[figure n. 数字;-wise⇒“in the respect of figures在数字方面”→]ad. as far as figures are concerned就数字而言 / The trouble wasn't all that serious, figure-wise. 从数字方面来看,问题没有那么严重。
练习 43
1.[词缀辨义]
① educationwise ad. 就教育而言 ( )a. in a~ing manner
② edgewise ad. 沿旁边地 ( )b. in the~respect
③ crabwise ad. 蟹似地 ( )c. like a~
④ slantwise ad. 倾斜地 ( )d. in the direction of~
2.[由此及彼]
① edgewise ad. 沿旁边地→coastwise ad. _______________
② clockwise ad. 顺时针地→counterclockwise ad. _______________
③ lengthwise ad. 纵长地→breadthwise ad. _______________
3.[举一反三]
例:housing n. 住房→housing-wise ad. 在住房方面
① profit n. 利润→profit-wise ad. _______________
② tax n. 赋税→tax-wise ad. _______________
③ weather n. 气候→weather-wise ad. _______________
4.[同义相连]
① endwise ( )a. 决不,一点也不
② nowise ( )b. 斜着
③ sidewise ( )c. 在戏剧方面
④ stage-wise ( )d. 顺着太阳
⑤ sunwise ( )e. 末端向前地;竖着
5.[心领神会]
① anywise ad. 以任何方式;在任何方面
② circlewise ad. 围成一圈地;环形地
③ cornerwise ad. 对角地
④ crosswise ad. 交叉地;横斜地
⑤ stepwise ad. 逐步地
6.[节外生枝]
A 有些以-wise结尾的单词可兼作形容词用。例如:
① clockwise a. 顺时针方向的
② crosswise a. 交叉的;横的
③ lengthwise a. 纵长的
④ stagewise a. 有戏剧效果的
⑤ stepwise a. 逐步的;分级的
B 副词后缀-ways和-wise含义相同。两种形式有时可以通用。例如:
① breadthways=breadthwise ad. 横
② crossways=crosswise ad. 对角地
③ endways=endwise ad. 竖着
④ noways=nowise ad. 决不
⑤ sideways=sidewise ad. 斜着
44 -y1(-ey)a.[OE]=①full of~; containing~; characterized by~; resembling~; ②somewhat~; ③inclined to~
这里介绍的是形容词后缀-y1,名词后缀-y2将在下节介绍。-y1源于古英语,是个派生后缀。它主要与名词相结合,有时也可以与形容词或动词结合。1)当它与名词相结合时,可表示full of~(多…的),having~(有…的),containing~(含…的),characterized by~(有…特征的),resembling~(像…的)等意思。2)当它与形容词相结合时,意为somewhat~(有点…的)。3)当它与动词相结合时,意为inclined to~(想…的)。-ey是-y1的异体,只出现在少数以读长音的元音字母y结尾的单词后面(见本节练习5 . A)。
先介绍名词与-y1相结合的代表性例词。
bumpy[bump n. 颠簸;-y→]a. full of bumps or having bumps崎岖不平的;颠簸的 / After a long ride on the bumpy road, they all felt very tired. 长时间行驶在崎岖不平的道路上,他们全都疲劳不堪。
cloudy[cloud n. 云;-y→]a. having clouds; covered with clouds多云的;被云遮住的 / Tomorrow will be another cloudy day. 明天又是阴天。
salty[salt n. 盐;-y→]a. containing salt; tasting of salt含盐的;咸的 / Sweat and tears are salty. 汗水与泪水都是含有盐分的。
funny[funn(←fun)n. 玩笑;-y⇒“characterized by funs有玩笑特征的”→]a. causing laughter; amusing滑稽可笑的;有趣的 / The clown's funny jokes kept us laughing. 小丑的逗趣使我们笑个不停。
sugary[sugar n. 糖;-y⇒“resembling sugar像糖一样的”→]a. outwardly pleasant; flatteringly pleasant嘴甜的;媚人的 / He was often deceived by her sugary words. 他常被她的甜言蜜语所欺骗。
下面各举一个形容词和动词与-y1 缀合的例子。
chilly[chill a. 冷的;-y⇒“somewhat chill有些冷的”→]a. unpleasant cold; rather cold寒冷的 / It is a rainy, chilly day. 这是一个寒冷的雨天。
sleepy[sleep v. 睡;-y→]a. inclined to sleep; ready to go to sleep想睡的;瞌睡的 / He never gets enough rest and is always sleepy. 他总是休息不足,老想打瞌睡。
练习 44
1.[词缀辨义]
以下均是名词加-y1 的派生词。
① bloody a. 有血的 ( )a. full of~
② feathery a. 羽毛似的 ( )b. having~
③ hilly a. 多小山的 ( )c. containing~
④ stony a. 冷酷的(←stone) ( )d. characterized by~
⑤ waxy a. 蜡制的 ( )e. resembling~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:hill n. 小山→hilly a. 多小山的
① stone n. 石头→stony a. _______________
② storm n. 风暴→stormy a. _______________
③ word n. 言语→wordy a. _______________
B 例:feather n. 羽毛→feathery a. 羽毛似的
① milk n. 牛奶→milky a. _______________
② silk n. 丝→silky a. _______________
③ water n. 水→watery a. _______________
C 例:snake n. 蛇→snakey a. 像蛇的;阴险的
① blue n. 蓝色→bluey a. _______________
② glue n. 胶,胶水→gluey a. _______________
③ nose n. 鼻子→nosey a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-y1→派生形容词
① dirty ( )a. 多毛的
② guilty ( )b. 脏的
③ hairy ( )c. 有价值的
④ risky ( )d. 有罪的
⑤ worthy ( )e. 危险的
B 名词变形+-y1→派生形容词
① easy (←ease) ( )a. 火一般的
② fiery (←fire) ( )b. 多冰的
③ icy (←ice) ( )c. 容易的
④ panicky (←panic) ( )d. 羊毛制的
⑤ woolly (←wool) ( )e. 恐慌的
C 名词(动物)+-y1→派生形容词
① catty(←cat) ( )a. 马似的;爱马的
② doggy(←dog) ( )b. 老鼠般的;胆小的
③ horsey ( )c. 猫一般的;敏捷的
④ mousey ( )d. 蛇一般的;阴险的
⑤ snakey ( )e. 像狗一样的
D 形容词+-y1→派生形容词
① haughty ( )a. 傲慢的
② lanky ( )b. 黑暗的;阴沉的
③ murky ( )c. 过分瘦长的
④ paly(←pale) ( )d. 小心翼翼的
⑤ wary(←ware) ( )e. 有些苍白的
E 动词+-y1→派生形容词
① choky(←choke) ( )a. 昏昏欲睡的
② drowsy(←drowse) ( )b. 流黏液的
③ runny (←run) ( )c. 使人滑跤的
④ slippy(←slip) ( )d. 胶粘的
⑤ sticky ( )e. 使人窒息的
4.[心领神会]
① baggy a. 膨胀如袋的;宽松下垂的
② faulty a. 有缺点的;不完善的
③ handy a. 手边的;近便的
④ healthy a. 健康的
⑤ inky a. 墨黑的
⑥ irony a. 含铁的
⑦ mighty a. 强大的;强有力的
⑧ oniony a. 似洋葱的;有洋葱味的
⑨ smoky a. 似烟的(←smoke n.)
⑩ sexy a. 引起性欲的;色情的
⑪ speedy a. 快的;迅速的
⑫ trusty a. 可信赖的;可靠的
⑬ windy a. 多风的
⑭ woody a. 树木茂密的;木质的
5.[节外生枝]
A -y1的异体-ey出现在少数以读长音的元音字母y结尾的单词后面。例如:
① clayey a. 粘土多的;似粘土的
② skyey a. 天空般的;天蓝色的
B 在个别情况下,-y1与古英语单词相结合。例如:
① empty a. 空的[empt=leisure]
② giddy a. 眼花缭乱的[gid=god]
③ heavy a. 重的[heav=weight]
④ merry a. 快乐的[meri=pleasing]
45 -y2 n.[ME, OF, L]=①the act of~ing; ②the condition or quality of being~; a group of~s; ③ ~condition or quality
我们要介绍的最后一个常用后缀是名词后缀-y2。这个后缀的语源成分比较复杂。出于实用的考虑,我们只分析它的含义与用法。-y2 可以与动词、名词或形容词相结合,构成名词。它与动词结合时,意为the act of~ing(…的行为);与名词结合时,表示the condition or quality of being~(…的状况或性质),a group of~s(一批…)等意思;它与形容词相结合时,表示~condition or quality(…的状况或性质)。-y2有时也可以跟词根相结合。
下面是不同词基与-y2 结合的代表性例子。
delivery[deliver v. 交付;-y→]n. the act of delivering or distributing交付;分发 / There is one delivery of mail a day in our town. 本镇每日投递邮件一次。
discovery[discover v. 发现;-y→]n. the act or an instance of discovering发现 / Dr. Flemming's discovery of penicillin occurred in 1928. 弗莱明博士发现青霉素的事发生在1928年。
victory[victor n. 胜利者;-y⇒“the condition or quality of being a victor成为胜利者的状况或性质”→]n. success in any contest; triumph in any effort胜利;战胜 / The game ended in a victory for our team. 比赛以我方胜利告终。
soldiery[soldier n. 军人;-y⇒“a group of soldiers一批军人”→]n. soldiers as a group[总称]军人,军队 / The victory belonged to the soldiery of the Allies. 胜利属于同盟国的军人们。
jealousy[jealous a. 妒忌的;-y⇒“jealous condition or quality妒忌的状态或性质”→]n. a jealous condition or feeling; envy妒忌;嫉妒 / He couldn't conceal his jealousy. 他无法掩饰自己的妒忌心情。
memory[memor=mindful记住的;-y⇒“mindful condition or quality记住的状态或性质”→]n. the ability to remember记忆,记忆力 / She has a better memory than her sister. 她的记忆力比她姐姐好。
练习 45
1.[词缀辨识]
用-ary,-ery,-ory,-ry或-y2 填空,完成下列各名词的词形。
① assembl_______ n. 集合;装配
② brew_______ n. 啤酒厂
③ diction_______ n. 词典
④ direct_______ n. 姓名地址录
⑤ forest_______ n. 林业;林学
⑥ peasant_______ n.[总称]农民
⑦ secret_______ n. 秘书
⑧ soldier_______ n.[总称]军人
2.[词缀辨义]
① beggary n. 乞丐生涯 ( )a.~quality
② entreaty n. 恳求 ( )b. the condition of being~
③ ministry n. 全体部长 ( )c. a group of~s
④ modesty n. 谦虚 ( )d. the act of~ing
⑤ fishery n. 养鱼术 ( )e. the art of a~
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-y2→派生名词
① discovery ( )a. 期满;终止
② entry(←enter) ( )b. 进入;入场
③ expiry(←expire) ( )c. 集合;装配
④ inquiry(←inquire) ( )d. 发现;发现物
⑤ assembly(←assemble) ( )e. 询问
B 名词+-y2→派生名词
① bastardy ( )a. 单调
② gluttony ( )b. 部长的职位
③ mastery ( )c. 私生子身份
④ ministry(←minister) ( )d. 控制;精通
⑤ monotony(←monotone) ( )e. 暴食,暴饮
C 词根+-y2→原生名词
① allergy [all=other; erg=to work] ( )a. 学习
② colloquy [loqu=to speak] ( )b. 历史
③ history [histor=learned] ( )c. 谈话
④ remedy [med=to heal] ( )d. 过敏症
⑤ study [stud=to be eager] ( )e. 治疗
4.[心领神会]
① augury n. 占卜术;预言术(augur n.)
② injury n. 损害;伤害(←injure v.)
③ perjury n. 假誓;伪证罪(←perjure v.)
④ recovery n. 复原;恢复(recover v.)
⑤ treaty n. 条约;协议(treat v.)
5.[节外生枝]
A -y2还可以放在表示人或动物的名词后面,意为dear little~(可爱的小…)。例如:
① daddy n. 爹爹
② doggy n. 小狗
③ kitty n. 小猫
④ Johnny n. 约翰尼
⑤ missy n. 小姑娘;小姐
B -y2还可以作为术语后缀,表示“…学”、“…术”。例如:
① anatomy n. 解剖学
② botany n. 植物学
③ pedagogy n. 教育学
④ philosophy n. 哲学
⑤ photography n. 照相术
注释
【1】 欲深入了解外来语源的词干变化规律,请参阅拙著《英语词根与单词的说文解字》(1984,2008)的第一部分。