英语词缀与英语派生词:新版
第二部分(下) 英语后缀与相关派生词的“说文解字”——介绍45个最常见的英语后缀及其相关派生词
第二部分(下) 英语后缀与相关派生词的“说文解字”
——介绍45个最常见的英语后缀及其相关派生词
在第二部分下篇中,我们要向大家介绍最常见的英语后缀及其相关派生词。
英语后缀数以百计,这里,我们也根据“孳生能力”与“代表性”两项标准,选介45个最有实用价值的后缀。在介绍这些后缀及其相关派生词时,所采取的步骤与编排方法大体上与前缀部分相同。但是,由于后缀的性质所致,在具体处理方法上可能有所不同,所以需要做些说明。
首先,在选介后缀时,我们不仅考虑到后缀的语源、缀合对象、使用范围等因素,也着重考虑后缀的语法属性。所以,选入的40多个后缀中,既有名词后缀、形容词后缀,也有动词后缀与副词后缀。
其次,介绍每一个后缀时,均根据后缀的特点做相应的处理。主要有:
1.有些后缀有不同的属性,因而有不同的含义。我们就在小标题中用Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等罗马数字分别表示,使读者一目了然。
2.在导言中,不但指出后缀的来源、形体、含义与属性等,还指出它的构词条件,使读者明确某个后缀应加缀在什么样的词基上才能构成相应的派生词。(如果同一属性的词缀有不同的构词条件,因而可以加在不同的词基上,则在小标题中用①、②等表示。)
3.在小标题与导言中,我们用代字号(~)来代替词基(包括词基单词与代表词根含义的单词)。如果词基以分词、复数等形式出现,则用~ing,~ed,~s,~来表示。
4.相关派生词的选介与安排也突出了后缀的特点。如果后缀有多种属性,就根据属性分别选介派生词;如果后缀可加在不同性质的词基上,就按词基的性质进行编排。
5.相关派生词的解形释义过程,也针对后缀的语义特点做了简化处理。当后缀的含义比较笼统时,就不多费笔墨去推演派生词的字面含义,而是直接引出它的实用词义。
6.派生词词目后的右三角符号(▷)引出的可能是再次加缀的后缀派生词,更可能是与之相应的不同词性的派生词。例如,我们把形容词 current 排在名词currency条下的▷符号后面,因为-ent是-ency的相应形容词后缀。
7.在练习中,保留了大多数的练习形式,删去了[量体裁衣]等不适合于后缀的题型。
最后,在符号系统中,等号(=)有了新用法。它不但用来表示词缀与词根的英汉两种含义,还用来表示外来语词干的英汉两种含义。例如在permission后的方括号中可以看到:“permiss=to permit允许”,这表示拉丁词干permiss的含义为to permit,即“允许”。这样做的目的是避免不必要的词形分析,方便读者理解。【1】
总之,后缀部分有别于前缀部分的处理方法不多,而且都是根据后缀的特点采用的。相信读者很快就会理解我们的意图,顺利地阅读与利用下面的材料。
1 -able(-ible)a.[F, L]=that can be~ed; able to be~ed
我们要介绍的第一个后缀-able是从法词引进的拉丁语后缀,其意思相当于that can be~ed(能被…的)或able to be~ed(可被…的)。由-able构成的原生形容词为数不多(见本节练习5.c),所以-able主要是充当现代英语中的活性派生后缀,可以加在许多及物动词后。-able的异体-ible是原生词缀,它只能加在拉丁词根或词干上。有时这些词根要经过适当的变形才能与-ible结合。
先介绍几个带-able的形容词,注意动词词尾可能有变化。
adjustable[adjust vt. 调节;-able→]a. able to be adjusted可调节的 / The lamp on my desk is adjustable. 我书桌上的台灯是可以调节的。
exchangeable[exchange vt. 交换;-able→]a. that can be exchanged可交换的;可兑换的 / U.S. dollar is one of the exchangeable currencies in the world money market. 美元是国际货币市场上的可兑换货币之一。
classifiable[classifi(←classify)v. 分类;-able→]a. that can be classified可分类的 / Not all the books are classifiable by subjects.
并非所有的书籍都能按照科目来分类。
movable[mov(←move)vt. 移动;-able→]a. that can be moved; not fixed in one position可移动的;活动的 / My son wants some toy soldiers with movable arms and legs. 我儿子要一些手脚会活动的玩具兵。
下面介绍几个带原生后缀-ible的形容词。
audible[aud=to hear听;-ible→]a. that can be heard听得见的 / She spoke in a low voice, but her quiet remarks were still audible. 她说得很小声,不过那轻声细语仍然听得见。
credible[cred=to trust信任;-ible→]a. that can be trusted; trustworthy可信的;值得信任的 / That boy's excuse for being absent was hardly credible. 那男孩说的旷课理由是很难令人相信的。
permissible[permiss=to permit允许;-ible→]a. that may be permitted可允许的 / Smoking is permissible only in this cabin. 只有这节车厢允许抽烟。
perceptible[percept=to perceive察觉,看见,理解;-ible→]a. that can be perceived; observable; appreciable察觉得到的;看得出的;可领悟的 / The other ship was barely perceptible in the fog. 在雾中,几乎看不见另一条船。
练习 1
1.[望文生义]
① avoidable a. _______________
② eatable a. _______________
③ believable a. _______________
④ passable a. _______________
⑤ understandable a. _______________
2.[举一反三]
A 例:count vt. 数→countable a. 可数的
① adapt vt. 使适应→adaptable a. _______________
② compare vt. 比较→comparable a. _______________
③ replace vt. 替换→replaceable a. _______________
B 例:break vt. 打破→breakable a. 易破碎的
① vary vt. 改变→variable a. _______________
② perish vt. 使死去→perishable a. _______________
③ read vt. 读→readable a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词原形+-able→派生形容词
① addable ( )a. 赞成的;有利的
② drinkable ( )b. 适当的;合宜的
③ favourable ( )c. 可增加的
④ respectable ( )d. 可敬的
⑤ suitable ( )e. 能喝的
B 动词变形+-able→派生形容词
① applicable(←apply) ( )a. 易被忘记的
② deniable(←deny) ( )b. 可应用的
③ forgettable(←forget) ( )c. 可试验的
④ triable(←try) ( )d. 可用的;合用的
⑤ usable(←use) ( )e. 可否认的
C 动词词根+-ible→原生形容词
① fusible [fus=to melt] ( )a. 可触知的
② miscible [misc=to mix] ( )b. 可怕的
③ tangible [tang=to touch] ( )c. 可熔的;易熔的
④ terrible [terr=to frighten] ( )d. 看得见的;可见的
⑤ visible [vis=to see] ( )e. 可混合的;易混合的
D 动词词干+-ible→原生形容词
① admissible [admiss=admit] ( )a. 可以忽略的
② negligible [neglig=neglect] ( )b. 能接受的
③ receptible [recept=receive] ( )c. 可采纳的
④ responsible [respons=respond] ( )d. 可伸展的,可延长的
⑤ extensible [extens=extend] ( )e. 有责任的
4.[由此及彼]
英语中有些同义词是分别由“本族语动词+-able”与“拉丁词根+-ible”造成的。试指出以下几对同义词的词义:
① burnable — combustible ________________
② eatable — edible ________________
③ understandable — intelligible ________________
④ readable — legible ________________
⑤ laughable — risible ________________
5.[节外生枝]
A -able有时可与名词结合,表示“给予…的”、“爱…的”、“值得…的”等意思。试分析下列单词词义之由来。
① comfortable a. 舒适的
② fashionable a. 流行的;时髦的
③ lovable a. 可爱的,讨人喜欢的
④ objectionable a. 引起反对的;讨厌的
⑤ peaceable a. 和平的,息事宁人的;太平的
⑥ reasonable a. 合理的;适当的;公道的
⑦ saleable a. 可出售的;有销路的
⑧ serviceable a. 有用的;经用的,耐用的
B -able有时可与不及物动词结合,生成带主动含义的形容词。例如:
① agreeable a. 惬意的,令人愉快的
② reliable a. 可靠的,可信赖的(←rely vi.)
③ shrinkable a. 会收缩的
④ suitable a. 合适的
⑤ variable a. 可变的;多变的(←vary vi.)
C 作为原生词缀,-able也可以与词根结合。例如:
① capable a. 有能力的[cap=to hold]
② durable a. 耐用的[dur=to last]
③ liable a. 负有责任的[li(←lig)=to bind]
④ vegetable a. 植物的[veget=to vivify]
2 -age n.[F, L]=①the act or result of~ing ②a group of or a place for~s; the condition of~
后缀-age与名词age毫无关系。这是一个由古法语引进的拉丁名词后缀。在现代英语中,-age主要作为派生后缀。这时,它有两种功能:1)加在动词后面构成抽象名词,意为the act or result of~ing,即表示该行为或行为的结果;2)加在名词后面,基本意思为a group of或a place for~s,即表示该事物的群体或与该事物有关的场所等;有时意为the condition of~,即表示事物的状况。由-age构成的原生名词为数不多,都是加在名词性拉丁词根上(见本节练习题3. C)。
先举动词与-age相结合的例子。
breakage[break v. 打破;-age→]n. ①the act of breaking破损,损坏 / The breakage of the girder was due to a fault in the steel. 大梁断裂是因为钢材有毛病。②the amount caused by breaking破损量 / The breakage of the goods is more than 5 percent. 货物的破损量超过百分之五。
marriage[marri(←marry)v. 与…结婚;-age→]n. the act or fact of living together as husband and wife结婚;结婚生活 / We wish the bride and groom a happy marriage. 我们祝愿新郎新娘婚后生活幸福。
postage[post v. 邮寄;-age→]n. the cost of posting邮资,邮费 / The postage for airmail is greater than that for regular mail. 航邮的邮资比平邮的高。
下面是名词与-age缀合的3个有代表性的例子。
baggage[bag n. 包;-age⇒“a group of bags一堆包”→]n. all the bags or suitcases with which a person travels行李 / Please take care of my baggage. I'll be back in a minute. 请照看一下我的行李,我马上就回来。
orphanage[orphan n. 孤儿;-age→]n. a place in which orphans live孤儿院 / After her parents’ death in the traffic accident, she was sent to an orphanage. 父母在车祸中丧身后,她被送到孤儿院去。
pupilage[pupil n. 学生;-age→]n. the rank or condition of being a pupil学生时期;学生身份 / One learns what is and is not cricket during the period of pupilage. 一个人在他的学生年代学会判断是非曲直。
练习 2
1.[词缀辨义]
① pilotage n. 领航费,引水费 ( )a. the condition of
② alienage n. 外侨的法律地位 ( )b. the act of
③ leakage n. 泄漏 ( )c. a place for
④ passage n. 通道 ( )d. a group of
⑤ peerage n.[总称]贵族 ( )e. the cost of
2.[举一反三]
A 例:acre n. 英亩→acreage n. 英亩数
① mile n. 英尺→mileage n. _______________
② pound n. 英镑→poundage n. _______________
③ volt n. 伏特→voltage n. _______________
B 例:wharf v. 使…靠码头→wharfage n. 码头费
① freight v. 运输→freightage n. _______________
② rail v. 由铁路运输→railage n. _______________
③ tow v. 用船拖;牵行→towage n. _______________
C 例:till v. 耕作→tillage n. 耕作
① assemble v. 集合;装配→assemblage n. _______________
② brew v. 酿造→brewage n. _______________
③ shrink v. 收缩→shrinkage n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-age n.→派生名词
① carriage (←carry) ( )a. 中止;阻塞
② demurrage (←demur) ( )b. 滞期费
③ pillage ( )c. 运输;马车
④ stoppage (←stop) ( )d. 掠夺,抢劫
⑤ wastage (←waste) ( )e. 浪费(量);废物
B 名词+-age n.→派生名词
① percentage ( )a. 抛锚地;寄托
② anchorage ( )b. 父母身份;出身
③ parentage ( )c. 百分率;百分比
④ tonnage (←ton) ( )d. 草本植物
⑤ herbage ( )e. 吨数;吨位
C 名词词根+-age n.→原生名词
① cottage [cot=shed] ( )a. 簇叶,叶子
② courage [cour=heart] ( )b. 措词;用语
③ foliage [foli=leaf] ( )c. 农舍,小房子
④ umbrage [umbr=shade] ( )d. 树荫;阴影
⑤ verbiage [verb=word] ( )e. 勇气
4.[心领神会]
① brokerage n. 经纪业;佣金
② language n. 语言[langua=tongue]
③ pilgrimage n. 朝圣,朝觐;远游
④ salvage n. 救难[salv=safe]
⑤ village n. 村子[villa=a house in country]
⑥ visage n. 面貌[vis=a look]
5.[节外生枝]
-age偶尔加在形容词后面,生成名词。例如:
shortage n. 不足,缺少;不足额
3 -al(-ial,-ical,-ual)[L]=I a. of~;like~;having the nature of~Ⅱ n. the act of~ing
拉丁后缀-al有两种属性:1)加在名词或名词性词根后面,构成形容词,意思相当于of~(…的),like~(像…的),having the nature of~(有…性质的)。2)作为派生后缀加在动词后面,构成名词,意思相当于the act of~ing,即表示该行为。请注意,-al作为形容词后缀时,有-ial,-ical,-ual等音变异体。对此,我们将在练习部分予以体现。
先介绍-al与名词或名词性词根构成形容词的例子。
national[nation n. 民族,国家;-al→]a. of a nation; belonging to a whole nation民族的,国家的;全国性的 / People's Daily is a national newspaper.《人民日报》是家全国性的报纸。
▷nationalism n. 民族主义;国家主义
nationality n. 国籍;民族
nationalize v. 使国有化;使具有某国国籍
industrial[industri(←industry)n. 工业;-al→]a. of or resulting from industry or productive labour工业的;产业的 / The country has established an advanced and intergrated industrial system. 该国已建立起一个先进完整的工业体系。
▷industrialize v. 使工业化
mental[ment=mind心;-al→]a. of the mind内心的;精神的 / Mental health is as important as physical health. 精神健康与肉体健康同样重要。
oral[or=mouth口;-al→]a. ①of the mouth口的,口部的 / The oral opening in an earthworm is small. 蚯蚓的口腔是很小的。②using speech; spoken口述的,口头的 / An oral agreement is not enough. We must have a written promise. 光有口头的协议不够。我们应当立一份书面字据。
下面是-al加在动词后面构成名词的两个例子。
arrival[arriv(←arrive)v. 到达;-al→]n. the act of arriving; coming到达;到来 / She is waiting for the arrival of the train. 她正在等火车到站。
denial[deni(←deny)v. 否认;-al→]n. the act of denying否认 / Your denial is fruitless; we have proof. 你否认是徒然无益的,我们有证据。
练习 3
1.[词缀辨义]
① continental a. 大陆的 ( )a. the act of~ing
② criminal n. 罪犯(←crime) ( )b. a person who
③ natural a. 逼真的(←nature) ( )c. of~
④ ornamental a. 作装饰用的 ( )d. like~
⑤ proposal n. 建议(←propose) ( )e. having the nature of~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:base n. 基础→basal a. 基础的
① culture n. 文化→cultural a. _______________
② person n. 个人→personal a. _______________
③ practice n. 实践→practical a. _______________
B 例:dismiss v. 解雇→dismissal n. 解雇
① refuse v. 拒绝→refusal n. _______________
② survive v. 幸存→survival n. _______________
③ try v. 尝试→trial n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
注意,当-al作为形容词后缀时,它还有-ial,-ical,-ual等异体
A 名词+-al→派生形容词
① central(←center) ( )a. 音乐的
② formal ( )b. 逻辑的
③ logical ( )c. 中心的
④ musical ( )d. 物理学的
⑤ physical ( )e. 形式上的;正式的
B 名词词根+-al→原生形容词
① legal [leg=law] ( )a. 法律的;合法的
② real [re=fact] ( )b. 真实的
③ royal [roy=king] ( )c. 社会的
④ social [soci=companion] ( )d. 生命的;生死攸关的
⑤ vital [vit=life] ( )e. 王室的;皇家的
C 名词+-ial→派生形容词
① confidential (←confidence) ( )a. 物质的
② editorial ( )b. 编辑的
③ material (←matter) ( )c. 心腹的;机密的
④ partial ( )d. 优先的
⑤ preferential (←preference) ( )e. 局部的
D 名词+-ual→派生形容词
① actual ( )a. 原文的;正文的
② casual (←case) ( )b. 偶然的
③ sensual (←sense) ( )c. 实际上的
④ sexual ( )d. 感觉的
⑤ textual ( )e. 性别的;两性的
E 名词+-ical→派生形容词
① biological (←biology) ( )a. 历史的
② historical (←history) ( )b. 对称的
③ periodical ( )c. 定期的
④ spherical (←sphere) ( )d. 球状的
⑤ symmetrical (←symmetry) ( )e. 生物学的
F 动词+-al→派生名词
① appraisal (←appraise) ( )a. 赞同
② approval (←approve) ( )b. 处置
③ betrayal ( )c. 移动
④ deposal (←depose) ( )d. 背叛
⑤ removal (←remove) ( )e. 评价
4.[心领神会]
① animal n. 动物[anim=life]
② criminal n. 罪犯[crimin=crime]
③ gradual a. 逐步的[grad=step]
④ mural a. 墙壁的 n. 壁画[mur=wall]
⑤ official a. 官员的 n. 官员(←office n. 公职,官职)
⑥ rival n. 对手,竞争者[riv=river]
⑦ signal n. 信号
⑧ urinal n. 尿壶;小便池(←urine n. 尿)
5.[节外生枝]
个别-al结尾的形容词不是由名词派生出来的,而是由动词派生出来的,试分析下列各词。
① continual a. 连续的,不断的(←continue v.)
② trial a. 尝试的;试验性的(←try v.)
③ several a. 个别的,几个的(←sever v.)
4 -ance(-ancy)n.[L]=the act or fact of~ing; the state or quality of being~ed; a thing that~s; what is~ed
-ance及其异体-ancy都是拉丁后缀,主要出现在拉丁借词之中。它们一般加缀在动词或动词词根之后,构成抽象名词,表示该行为或其性质、状态等,其意思相当于the act of~ing(表行为),the quality or state of being~ed(表行为之性质或状态)。有时,它可表示与该行为有关的主体事物,意思为a thing that~s或what is~ed。-ance与-ancy用法与意思相同,只是-ancy抽象性更强,多表示行为的性质与状态。
下面先介绍几个含有-ance的派生词。
appearance[appear v. 出现;-ance→]n. the act of appearing, especially before the public出现;露面 / The singer made her first appearance in a concert in London. 那位女歌手在伦敦的一次音乐会上首次演出。
annoyance[annoy v. 使烦恼,使生气;-ance→]n. the state or condition of being annoyed烦恼,生气 / Her face showed her annoyance at the delay. 从她脸上可以看出,她对此延误感到生气。
conveyance[convey v. 运送;-ance→]n. a thing that conveys or carries people and goods; vehicle运输工具 / Railroad trains and buses are public conveyances. 火车与公共汽车都是大众化的交通工具。
contrivance[contriv(←contrive)v. 发明;-ance→]n. what is contrived; a thing invented发明;设计;发明物 / The can opener is really a handy contrivance. 这种开罐头刀真是项便利的新发明。
下面看看几个以-ancy结尾的名词。
ascendancy[ascend v. 登高;-ancy⇒“the quality or state of being ascended被送上高处的形势或状态”→]n. domination; controlling influence优势;支配地位 / Strong minds have undoubtedly ascendancy over the weak ones. 才智高的人比才智低的人拥有无可置疑的优势。/ The Carthaginians challenged the ascendancy of Rome. 迦太基人对罗马的支配地位提出了挑战。
buoyancy[buoy v. 使浮起;-ancy⇒“the quality of buoying or being buoyed使物体浮起或能上浮的性质”→]n. the power to float or keep things float浮性;浮力 / Salt water has greater buoyancy than fresh water. 咸水比淡水浮力大。
练习 4
1.[词缀辨义]
① disturbance n.(情绪等)失调 ( )a. the act of~ing
② forbearance n. 克制 ( )b. the state of being~ed
③ hindrance n. 阻碍物(←hinder) ( )c. the quality of~ing
④ contrivance n. 发明物 ( )d. a thing that~s
⑤ resistance n. 电阻 ( )e. what is~ed
2.[举一反三]
例:assist v. 援助→assistance n. 援助
① endure v. 忍耐→endurance n. _______________
② guide v. 指导→guidance n. _______________
③ rely v. 依赖→reliance n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词变形+-ance→派生名词
① assurance (←assure) ( )a. 坚持;坚韧不拔
② observance (←observe) ( )b. 把握;自信
③ perseverance (←persevere) ( )c. 变化;变异
④ riddance (←rid) ( )d. 摆脱;清除
⑤ variance (←vary) ( )e. 遵守,奉行
B 动词原形+-ance→派生名词
① acceptance ( )a. 发声;语调
② attendance ( )b. 履行;演出
③ inductance ( )c. 电感;感应系数
④ performance ( )d. 接受;验收
⑤ utterance ( )e. 出席;到场
C 动词/动词词根+-ancy→派生名词
① compliancy (←comply) ( )a. 依从
② errancy [err=to wander] ( )b. 监督人的职责
③ intendancy ( )c. 错误状态
④ occupancy (←occupy) ( )d. 占有;占用
⑤ constancy [st=to stand] ( )e. 坚定;经久不变
4.[节外生枝]
英语中有些名词既可以用-ance结尾,也可以用-ancy结尾(一般说来,-ance形式较为通用)。这些名词往往是“动词词根+-ance / -ancy”构成的,并有以-ant收尾的对应形容词。我们将在下节介绍“词根+-ant”问题。这里只请大家记住,以下几对名词是通用的,其意思完全相同。
① aberrance, aberrancy n. 离开正路,脱离常轨
② brilliance, brilliancy n. 光辉;鲜明
③ compliance, compliancy n. 依从;屈从
④ elegance, elegancy n. 优美,高雅
⑤ militance, militancy n. 战斗精神;交战状态
⑥ relevance, relevancy n. 关联;贴切;恰当
5 -ant[F, L]=I a. that~s;~ingⅡ n. a person or thing that~s
前缀-ant是从法语引进的,其根则在拉丁语。它有两种属性:1)与动词或动词词根相结合,构成形容词,其意思相当于that~s(…的),其作用相当于英语中表示现在分词的词尾-ing。2)加在动词后,构成名词,意思相当于a person or thing that~s,表示该动作的主动者(人或物)。注意,凡以-ant结尾的形容词常有与之对应的以-ance或-ancy结尾的名词。
先介绍动词或动词词根与-ant构成形容词的例子。
accordant[accord v. 一致,调和;-ant→]a. that accords; in harmony一致的;调和的 / What he did is accordant with what he said. 他的言行是一致的。
▷accordance n. 一致
triumphant[triumph v. 获胜,成功;-ant→]a. that triumphs; victorious; successful胜利的;成功的 / The triumphant army marched into the enemy capital. 获胜的军队开进了敌国的首都。
distant[di-=apart离;st=to stand站立;-ant⇒“standing apart相离而立的”→]a. far away in space远的,远离的 / The sun is distant from the earth. 太阳离地球很远。
▷distance n. 远处,远方;距离
errant[err=to wander漫游,离开正道;-ant⇒“wandering漫游的,离开正道的”→]a. ①wandering or travelling in search of adventure周游的;漂泊的 / He was an errant knight seeking adventures. 他是个到处冒险的游侠。②wandering away from proper course; mistaken走入歧途的;错误的 / He went to the casino to bring back his errant son. 他到赌场将那走邪道的儿子带回家。
▷errancy n. 错误状态;犯错误的倾向
vacant[vac=to be empty空;-ant→]a. ①being empty空的 / He kept gazing into the immense vacant space. 他一直凝视着那无际的太空。②not occupied未被占用的,闲置的 / He tried to find a vacant seat for his mother. 他想找个空位子给母亲坐。
▷vacancy n. 空;空白;空处;空地
下面介绍几个用-ant作名词后缀的派生词。
assistant[assist v. 帮助;-ant→]n. a person who assists another; helper助手;帮手 / I was her assistant in the library for a time. 有段时间我曾在图书馆当她的助手。
disinfectant[disinfect v. 给…消毒;-ant⇒“a thing that disinfects给…消毒的东西”→]n. a substance used to destroy disease germs消毒剂 / Alcohol is a common disinfectant. 酒精是种常用的消毒剂。
merchant[merch=to trade经商;-ant→]a. a person who trades; trader商人/Some merchants do their business mostly with foreign countries. 有些商人主要做国外生意。
pendant[pend=to hang悬挂;-ant⇒“a thing that hangs悬挂物”→]n. a hanging ornament垂饰 /He bought a pair of ear pendants for her. 他为她买了一对耳坠子。
练习 5
1.[词缀辨义]
① abradant n. 研磨料 ( )a. that~s;~ing
② ascendant a. 上升的 ( )b. a person who~s
③ inhabitant n. 居民 ( )c. a thing that~s
2.[由此及彼]
写出相应的含-ant的派生词,注意词基动词的词尾变化。
A 例:comply v. 照做→compliant a. 依从的
① defy v. 反抗;挑战→_____________________ a. 对抗的
② rely v. 依赖;信赖→_____________________ a. 信赖的
③ supply v. 提供→_____________________ a. 恳求的
B 例:confide v. 吐露(秘密)→confidant n. 密友
① accuse v. 控诉→_____________________ n. 控诉者
② occupy v. 占有→_____________________ n. 占有者
③ serve v. 服务→_____________________ n. 仆人
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ant→派生形容词
① assistant ( )a. 易浮的,会浮的
② buoyant ( )b. 抵抗的
③ ignorant (←ignore) ( )c. 辅助的,助理的
④ pleasant (←please) ( )d. 高兴的
⑤ resistant ( )e. 无知的
B 动词词根+-ant→原生形容词
① arrogant [rog=to ask] ( )a. 骄傲自大的
② brilliant [brill=to shine] ( )b. 放射的;光芒四射的
③ militant [milit=to fight] ( )c. 光辉的;英明的
④ radiant [radi=to beam] ( )d. 警惕的;警醒的
⑤ vigilant [vigil=to keep watch] ( )e. 富有战斗性的
C 动词+-ant→派生名词(人)
① accountant ( )a. 子孙,后裔
② attendant ( )b. 侍者;出席者
③ defendant ( )c. 被告
④ dependant ( )d. 受赡养者
⑤ descendant ( )e. 会计师
D 动词词根+-ant→原生名词(人)
① migrant [migr=to move] ( )a. 占用者;承租人
② militant [milit=to fight] ( )b. 流浪者;游民
③ participant [particip=to take part] ( )c. 参加者
④ tenant [ten=to hold] ( )d. 富有战斗精神的人
⑤ vagrant [vagr=to wander] ( )e. 移居者;农业季节工
4.[心领神会]
① abundant a. 丰富的[und=to rise in waves]
② constant a. 坚定的;永恒的[st=to stand]
③ resonant a. 反响的,共鸣的[son=to sound]
④ simulant a. 假装的,模拟的[simul=to make like]
⑤ sonant a. 浊音的[son=to sound]
6 -ar(-ular,-icular)[L]=Ⅰa. of~;like~;having the nature of~Ⅱn. one that is connected with~
拉丁后缀-ar只能加缀在拉丁名词词根后面,构成原生形容词或名词。1)充当形容词后缀时,意思为of~(…的),like(像…的)或having the nature of~(有…性质的)。2)充当名词后缀时,意为one that is connected with~,即表示“与…有关的人或物”。-ar还可与其他后缀组成-ular,-icular等复合形式(见本节练习2)。
以下先介绍几个有代表性的由-ar构成的形容词。
lunar[lun=the moon月亮;-ar→]a. ①of the moon月球的 / They brought back some lunar rock samples. 他们带回一些月球上的岩石标本。②like the moon似月的 / He appeared and stood in the lunar glow of faraway street lights. 他出现在远处的路灯底下,好似站在朦胧的月光之中。
nuclear[nucle=nucleus核,原子核;-ar→]a. of or having to do with a nucleus; atomic核的;原子核的 / The use of nuclear weapons will destroy the whole world. 使用核武器将会毁灭整个世界。
familiar[famili=family亲属;-ar⇒“like one's own family像自己亲属般的”→]a. well known; well acquainted熟悉的;通晓的 / He is familiar with English and French. 他通晓英语和法语。
▷familiarity n. 熟悉,通晓
familiarize v. 使熟悉,使通晓
popular[popul=people大众;-ar⇒“having the nature of the people具有大众性的”→]a. ①of the people大众的,民众的 / A popular opinion poll shows that he will win in the election. 一项民意测验表明他将在选举中获胜。②liked by most people大众喜爱的,流行的 / She sang a popular song at the evening party. 她在晚会上唱了一首流行歌曲。
▷popularity n. 大众性,通俗性;普及,名望
popularize v. 使普及;推广;使大众化
现在介绍几个由-ar构成的名词。
bursar[burs=purse钱袋;-ar⇒“one who is connected with the purse管理钱袋者”→]n. a treasurer of a university大学掌管财务者 / In his report Bursar suggested that the University should cut down some projects. 财务主任在报告中建议学校削减一些项目。
justiciar[justici=justice公正;-ar⇒“one who is connected with administrating justice负责维持公正的人”→]n. a public officer authorized to hear and determine cases in the court of law法官 / He is the youngest justiciar in the supreme court. 他是最高法院的最年轻的法官。
cellar[cell=room房间;-ar→]n. an underground room for storage地窖 / They usually keep the wine in the cellar. 他们通常把酒藏在地窖里。
grammar[gramm=letter字母,文字;-ar⇒“rules that are connected with the use of language使用文字的规则”→]n. the features of a language语法 / He often makes mistakes in grammar. 他常犯语法错误。
▷grammatical a. 语法上的
练习 6
1.[词缀辨义]
① consular a. 领事职权的 ( )a. of~
② peculiar a. 特有的,独具的 ( )b. like~
③ solar a. 太阳的 ( )c. having to do with~
④ stellar a. 星形的 ( )d. having the nature of~
2.[同义相连]
注意,-ar的常见复合形式为-ular和-icular。
A 名词词根+-ar a.→原生形容词
① angular [angul=angle] ( )a. 同样的,相似的
② insular [insul=island] ( )b. 瓣状的,阀门的
③ ocular [ocul=eye] ( )c. 海岛的,岛形的
④ similar [simil=like] ( )d. 角的,有角的
⑤ valvar [valv=valve] ( )e. 眼睛的,视觉的
B 名词词根+-ular / -icular→原生形容词
① auricular [aur=ear] ( )a. 圆的
② circular [circ=circle] ( )b. 球状的
③ globular [glob=globe] ( )c. 神谕的,圣言的
④ oracular [orac=oracle] ( )d. 壮观的
⑤ spectacular [spectac=spectacle] ( )e. 耳的,听觉的
C 名词词根+-ar→原生名词
① ashlar [ashl=board] ( )a. 代理人
② calendar [calend=the first day] ( )b. 日历
③ collar [coll=neck] ( )c. 磨牙
④ molar [mol=grinder] ( )d. 领子
⑤ vicar [vic=substitute] ( )e. 方石
3.[由此及彼]
左边的单词均为拉丁借词,不加注解,你能写出派生词的词义吗?
① cell n. 细胞→cellular a. _______________
② column n. 圆柱→columnar a. _______________
③ line n. 线→linear a. _______________
④ molecule n. 分子→molecular a. _______________
⑤ orb n. 圆;球→orbicular a. _______________
4.[节外生枝]
-ar还可以加在动词后面构成表示人或物的名词。这时,它是-er,-or的异体。请分析下列派生词词义之由来。
① altar n. 祭坛[alt=to bring up]
② beggar n. 乞丐(←beg v. 乞求)
③ liar n. 说谎者(←lie v. 说谎)
④ pedlar n. 小贩,货郎(←peddle v. 沿街叫卖)
⑤ registrar n. 管注册的人(←register v. 注册)
7 -ary[L]=Ⅰn. a place for~; a collection of~s; a person or thing connected with~Ⅱa. of~;being~;characterized by~
英语中有300多个含有拉丁后缀-ary的单词。-ary可兼作名词后缀与形容词后缀。1)作为名词后缀时,它可以加在名词或名词性词根后面表示a place for~(…的场所),a collection of~s(…的群体),或a person or thing connected with~(与…有关的人或物)。2)作为形容词后缀时,它加在名词或名词性词根后面,表示of~(…的);being~(是…的)和characterized by~(以…为特点的)。
先介绍几个以-ary为后缀的名词。
depositary[deposit n. 存放,寄存物;-ary⇒“a place for deposits存放之地”→]n. a place where anything is stored; storehouse保藏处;仓库 / You may put down your bundles in this depositary free of charge. 你可以免费将你的包袱存放在这个保管处。
aviary[avi=bird鸟;-ary⇒“a place for birds养鸟的场所”→]n. a house for many birds, especially wild birds; birdhouse鸟类饲养房;鸟舍 / This is a national aviary with thousands of wild birds. 这是国立的养鸟场,有数以千计的野生鸟类。
formulary[formul(←formula)n. 公式;处方;-ary→]n. a collection of formulas: a book of formulas for standard usage in medicines公式汇编;处方集,药典 / These medicines are produced according to the authorized formulary. 这些药品是根据核准的药典生产的。
library[libr=book书;-ary→]n. ①a collection of books藏书,丛书 / Good as it is to inherit a library, it is better to collect one. 继承一批藏书固然好,自己收集却更妙。②a place where a collection of books is kept图书馆,藏书室 / Reference books may be read only in the reference library. 参考书只供在藏书室内部查阅。
boundary[bound n. 界限;-ary⇒“a connection of bounds界限相连”→]n. a limiting thing or line; border分界线;边界 / Lake Superior forms part of the boundary between Canada and the United States. 苏必利尔湖成为加拿大与美国的部分边界线。
secretary[secret n. 秘密;-ary⇒“a person connected with secrets参与秘密的人”→]n. a person who deals with letters, records, etc. for another秘书 / He is a private secretary to the prime minister. 他是首相的私人秘书。
下面我们接着介绍-ary充当形容词后缀的情况。
honorary[honor n. 荣誉;-ary⇒“of an honor荣誉的”→]a. given or done as an honor荣誉的,光荣的 / The university will award honorary degrees to three prominent scientists. 该大学将给三位杰出的科学家授荣誉学位。
secondary[second n. 第二;-ary→]a. being the second; next after the first in order or importance第二的;第二位的;次要的 / Reading fast is secondary to reading well. 读得快是第二位的,读得好更重要。
customary[custom n. 习惯;-ary⇒“characterized by custom以习惯为特点的”→]a. according to custom; as a habit习惯的;常例的 / It is customary to exchange gifts at this festival. 在这个节日互赠礼品已成为习惯。
military[milit=soldier军人;-ary→] a. of soldiers or war军人的,军队的;军事的 / A soldier must obey military discipline and military orders. 军人必须服从军纪军令。
练习 7
1.[词缀辨义]
① dictionary n. 词典 ( )a. a place for~
② dignitary n. 职位高的人 ( )b. a collection of~s
③ dispensary n. 药房 ( )c. a person connected with~
④ elementary a. 基本的 ( )d. a thing connected with~
⑤ statuary n.[总称]塑像 ( )e. of~;being~
2.[由此及彼]
写出带-ary的派生词的相应的词基单词。注意加缀时可能产生的词形变化。
例:granary n. 谷仓←grain n. 谷物
① caravansary n. 东方国家商队之客店←_______________ n. 商队
② infirmary n. 医院,医务室←the_______________ n. 体弱者
③ planetary a. 行星的←_______________ n. 行星
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ary→派生名词
① commentary ( )a. 革命者
② functionary ( )b. 评论;解说词
③ missionary ( )c. 工作人员;官员
④ revolutionary ( )d. 传教士
⑤ stationary ( )e. 固定物;驻军
B 名词词根+-ary→原生名词
① apiary [api=bee] ( )a. 雇佣兵
② glossary [gloss=tongue, word] ( )b. 词汇表;术词汇编
③ luminary [lumin=light] ( )c. 养蜂场;蜂房
④ mercenary [mercen=wages] ( )d. 薪金;工资
⑤ salary [sal=salt, pay] ( )e. 发光体;杰出人才
C 名词+-ary→派生形容词
① contrary (←contra n.) ( )a. 反动的
② disciplinary (←discipline n.) ( )b. 不动的;固定的
③ reactionary ( )c. 相反的
④ solidary ( )d. 团结一致的
⑤ stationary ( )e. 纪律的;惩戒性的
D 名词词根+-ary→原生形容词
① necessary [necess=need] ( )a. 暂时的
② ordinary [ordin=rank] ( )b. 独居的
③ sanitary [sanit=health] ( )c. 卫生的
④ solitary [solit=alone] ( )d. 必要的
⑤ temporary [tempor=time] ( )e. 普通的
4.[心领神会]
① documentary a. 文件的
② decennary a. 十年的[dec=ten;enn=year]
③ disciplinary a. 纪律的
④ notary n. 公证人[not=mark]
⑤ tributary a. 进贡的;附属的
⑥ vocabulary n. 词汇;词汇表[vocabul=voice]
⑦ auxiliary a. 辅助的[auxili=aid]
⑧ veterinary a. 兽医的[veterin=beasts of burden]
⑨ voluntary a. 自愿的[volunt=free will]
⑩ voluptuary a. 贪图酒色的[volupt=pleasure]
5.[节外生枝]
有时-ary能与动词缀合构成形容词。例如:
imaginary a. 想象的,假想的,虚构的[←imagine v.]
8 -ate[L]=I a. of~; having~; like~Ⅱ v. to become~or cause to be~; to produce~; to supply or treat with~; to combine with~Ⅲ n. salt made from~, etc.
拉丁后缀-ate是个原生词缀。它有3种构词功能:1)加缀在名词词根或词干上构成形容词,表示of~(…的);having~(有…的);like~(像…的)等意思。2)加缀在形容词、名词、动词词根或词干后面构成动词:当它与形容词词根缀合时,意为to become~(成为…)或to cause to be~(使成为…);当它与名词词根缀合时,其意思为to produce~(生成…),to treat with~(用…处理),to combine with~(与…结合)等;当它与动词词根结合时,-ate只起表明词性或加强词义的作用。3)有时,它能构成名词,表示行为者、身份、盐类等化合物(见本节练习5)。
下面先介绍几个有代表性的以-ate结尾的形容词。
collegiate[collegi=college大学;-ate⇒“of or having to do with college与大学有关的”→]a. ①of a college大学的,学院的 / She works in a collegiate library. 她在一家大学图书馆工作。②of or having to do with college students大学生的 / He will never forget his hard collegiate life. 他永远不会忘记他那艰苦的大学生活。
fortunate[fortun=luck好运气;-ate→]a. having or bringing good luck; lucky幸运的;带来好运的 / You are fortunate in having such a fine family. 你有这样美满的家庭真是幸运。
stellate[stell=star星;-ate⇒“like a star像星的”→] a. star shaped; spreading out like the points of a star星形的;星状辐射的 / This kind of plant has stellate leaves. 这类植物长星状叶。
下面再看看-ate当动词后缀的词例。
liberate[liber=free自由的;-ate⇒“to cause to be free使自由”→]v. set free; free解放;使获自由 / Lincoln liberated the slaves. 林肯使奴隶获得了自由。
▷liberation n. 解放
ulcerate[ulcer n. 溃疡;-ate⇒“to produce ulcers产生溃疡”→]v. form or be formed into an ulcer形成溃疡 / An ulcerated stomach may be very painful. 胃溃疡会很痛的。
▷ulceration n. 溃疡;腐败
vaccinate[vaccin=vaccine牛痘,疫苗;-ate⇒“to supply or treat with a vaccine供给或用疫苗处理”→]v. treat or inoculate with a vaccine as a protection against a disease给…种牛痘或疫苗 / Children must be vaccinated against smallpox. 小孩子都应该种牛痘预防天花。
▷vaccination n. 种痘;接种
oxygenate[oxygen n. 氧;-ate→]v. combine with oxygen; oxidize氧化 / When a substance burns, it is oxygenated. 当一种物质燃烧时,它就被氧化了。
▷oxygenation n. 氧化
terminate[termin=end终端;-ate⇒“to become an end成为终端”→]v. bring to an end; put an end to使终止;使结束 / The policeman terminated the quarrel by sending the boys home. 警察把男孩们送回家,结束了这场争吵。
▷termination n. 终止;结束;结局
dictate[dict=to say说;-ate→]v. say aloud for sb. to write down口述;使听写 / The director dictated a letter to his secretary. 主管向秘书口授信稿。
▷dictation n. 听写,口述
练习 8
1.[词缀辨义]
① hyphenate v. 加连字符 ( )a. of~;having~
② lunate a. 新月形的[lun=moon] ( )b. like~
③ maturate v. 成熟(←mature a.) ( )c. to become~
④ pedate a. 有足的[ped=foot] ( )d. to supply with~
⑤ sulphurate v. 使硫化 ( )e. to combine with~
2.[举一反三]
注意下面的单词都是拉丁借词。
A fortune n. 运气→fortunate a. 幸运的
① affection n. 慈爱;钟爱→affectionate a. _____________
② companion n. 同伴→companionate a. _____________
③ compassion n. 同情→compassionate a. _____________
B orient a. 向东方的→orientate v. 使向东;定位
① active a. 活跃的→activate v. _____________
② alien a. 异己的→alienate v. _____________
③ valid a. 有效的→validate v. _____________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词词根+-ate→原生形容词
① animate [anim=life] ( )a. 迷人的
② caudate [caud=tail] ( )b. 有生气的
③ fascinate [fascin=a spell] ( )c. 私人的
④ federate [feder=league] ( )d. 有尾的
⑤ private [priv=one's own] ( )e. 同盟的
B 形容词词根+-ate→原生动词
① aggravate [grav=heavy] ( )a. 使能够
② assimilate [simil=same] ( )b. 使恶化
③ capacitate [capacit=capable] ( )c. 加重
④ deteriorate [deterior=worse] ( )d. 同化;吸收
⑤ levigate [levig=smooth] ( )e. 磨光;水磨
C 名词词根+-ate→原生动词
① aviate [avi=bird] ( )a. 刺激
② culminate [culmin=top] ( )b. 隔离,使绝缘
③ insulate [insul=island] ( )c. 飞行
④ locate [loc=place] ( )d. 到顶;告终
⑤ stimulate [stimul=sting] ( )e. 使…坐落于;定位
D 动词词根+-ate→原生动词
① educate [duc=to lead] ( )a. 抬起;使升高
② complicate [plic=to twist] ( )b. 闲谈
③ elevate [lev=to raise] ( )c. 使复杂
④ confabulate [fabul=to talk] ( )d. 孵化;孵卵
⑤ incubate [cub=to lie] ( )e. 教育
4.[心领神会]
① accumulate v. 积累[cumul=a heap]
② aerate v. 使通气[aer=air]
③ associate v. 使联系;结交[soci=companion]
④ calculate v. 计算[calcul=stone]
⑤ collaborate v. 合作[labor=work]
⑥ concentrate v. 集中[centr=centre]
⑦ constellate v. 使形成星座;使群集[stell=star]
⑧ evaporate v. 使蒸发[vapor=steam]
⑨ insolate v. 曝晒[sol=the sun]
⑩ nominate v. 提名[nomin=name]
5.[节外生枝]
-ate还可作为名词后缀表示某种人、某种职位,或某种盐类。不过,这类名词往往有同形的动词或形容词,所以也可以将它们看成是转化词。
A 词根+-ate n.→名词(人)
① advocate n. 辩护者;鼓吹者[voc=to call]
② delegate n. 代表[leg=law, contract]
③ magistrate n. 地方行政官员[magistr=a master]
B 名词+-ate→名词(职位或学位)
① doctorate n. 博士学位
② patriarchate n. 主教的职位
③ professorate n. 教授职位或身份
C 名词词根+-ate→名词(盐类等化合物)
① alcoholate n. 乙醇化物
② carbonate n. 碳酸盐
③ sulphate n. 硫酸盐
9 -dom n.[OE]=①the rank or realm of~; all who are~s; ②the condition or fact of being~
在常用词kingdom(王国)和freedom(自由)中有个常用的名词性派生后缀-dom。它来自古英语后缀-dom,与名词doom(注定,命运)是同根生的。1)-dom可以与名词缀合,表示rank(职位),realm(领域)或all who are~s(同行,集体)。2)-dom又可以与形容词结合,表示the condition or fact of being~(状态,事实)。
下面用代表性的例子来说明上述用法。
earldom[earl n. 伯爵;-dom→]n. the rank or realm of an earl伯爵爵位;伯爵领地 / The king was very angry and deprived him of his earldom. 国王大光其火,剥夺了他的伯爵爵位。
kingdom[king n. 国王,-dom→]n. realm or land ruled by a king or queen王国 / England, Denmark and Norway are all kingdoms. 英国、丹麦和挪威都是有君主的国家。
officialdom[official n. 官员,-dom⇒“all those who are officials全体官员”→]n. officials or the official class[总称]官员;官场,政界 / The corruption and inefficiency of the officialdom in the country was notorious. 该国官场的腐败无能是众所周知的。
freedom[free a. 自由的;-dom→]n. the state or condition of being free自由,自主 / In his article, he laid emphasis on the importance of freedom of religion and speech among the people. 他在文章中强调了人民信仰自由与言论自由的重要性。
wisdom[wis(←wise)a. 有智慧的;-dom⇒“the fact or act of being wise有智慧的事实或行为”→]n. ①wise knowledge and judgement智慧,明智 / The wisdom of the masses is inexhaustible. 群众的智慧是无穷无尽的。②wise conduct; wise words智行;名言 / This ancient scholar's wisdom is still guiding us. 这位先哲的至理名言依然指导着我们。
练习 9
1.[词缀辨义]
① christendom n.[总称]基督教徒 ( )a. the rank or position of~
② dukedom n. 公国;公爵领地 ( )b. all those who are~s
③ freedom n. 自由 ( )c. the realm of~
④ queendom n. 女王的地位 ( )d. the condition of being~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:chief n. 首领→chiefdom n. 首领的地位
① bachelor n. 单身汉→bachelordom n. _______________
② queen n. 女王(王后)→queendom n. _______________
③ serf n. 农奴→serfdom n. _______________
B 例:official n. 官员→officialdom n. 政界,官场
① film n. 电影→filmdom n. _______________
② newspaper n. 报纸→newspaperdom n. _______________
③ star n. 明星→stardom n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
① heathendom ( )a.[总称]异教;异教徒
② martyrdom ( )b. 酋长领地
③ chiefdom ( )c. 殉难;殉国
④ wisdom (←wise) ( )d. 智慧
10 -ed a.[OE]=having~; having the characteristics of~
在常用词coloured(有色的)中,派生后缀-ed是加缀在名词后面的。它不是我们已经熟悉的表示动词过去式或过去分词的屈折后缀-ed;而是一个源于古英语的构词后缀。-ed是个活性形容词后缀,可以加在许多名词后,意为having~(有…的)或者having the characteristics of~(有…特点的)。尤为特别的是,由-ed构成的形容词之前还可以用另一形容词、名词或数词来修饰,只是当中需要增加连字符以构成复合词。
下面举几个例子来说明形容词后缀-ed的用法。
coloured[colour n. 颜色,彩色;-ed→]a. ①having colour; not black and white彩色的;不是黑白的 / This book has coloured pictures. 这本书有彩色的插图。②having a certain kind of colour有某种颜色的 / He likes to paint the walls cream-coloured. 他喜欢把墙漆成奶油色。
gifted[gift n. 天赋;-ed→]a. having natural talent有天赋的 / Beethoven was gifted in music. 贝多芬有音乐的天赋。
kind-hearted[kind heart好心肠;-ed→]a. having or showing a kind heart好心的,仁慈的 / He was by nature a friendly and kind-hearted man. 他生性善良友好。
pig-headed[pig-head=pig's head猪脑袋瓜;-ed⇒“having the characteristics of a pig's head具有猪脑袋瓜的特点的”→]a. stupidly obstinate and stubborn顽固的;愚蠢的 / Don't trouble yourself to persuade him; he is pig-headed. 别去劝他了,此人非常固执。
练习 10
1.[望文生义]
① dark-haired a. _______________
② green-eyed a. _______________
③ long-legged a. _______________
④ narrow-minded a. _______________
⑤ wide-shouldered a. _______________
2.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ed→派生形容词
① aged (←age) ( )a. 穿靴子的
② booted ( )b. 年老的
③ moneyed ( )c. 有才能的
④ talented ( )d. 有钱的
⑤ winged ( )e. 有翅膀的
B 形容词+(名词+-ed)→派生形容词
① cold-blooded ( )a. 全心全意的
② double-faced ( )b. 有礼貌的
③ good-mannered ( )c. 两面派的
④ open-minded ( )d. 胸襟开阔的
⑤ whole-hearted ( )e. 冷血的
C 名词+(名词+-ed)→派生形容词
① chicken-hearted ( )a. 胆怯的
② honey-mouthed ( )b. 大眼睛的
③ iron-willed ( )c. 慢吞吞的
④ ox-eyed (←eye) ( )d. 甜言蜜语的
⑤ snail-paced (←pace) ( )e. 意志坚强的
D 数词+(名词+-ed)→派生形容词
① one-sided (←side) ( )a. 三腿的(用具)
② two-tongued ( )b. 片面的
③ three-legged (←leg) ( )c. 五层楼的
④ four-handed ( )d. 说假话的
⑤ five-storeyed (←storey) ( )e. 四人玩的(游戏)
3.[心领神会]
① able-bodied a. 强壮的
② clean-handed a. 清白的
③ hot-headed a. 急性的
④ medium-sized a. 中型的
⑤ quick-sighted a. 眼光敏锐的
⑥ right-angled a. 成直角的
⑦ round-faced a. 圆脸的
⑧ swift-footed a. 跑得快的
11 -ee n.[OF]=a person who is~ed; a person to whom sth. is~ed; a person who~s
在常用词employee(雇员)中有个来自古法语的表示人的名词后缀-ee。-ee多充当派生后缀,它一般加在及物动词后面,表示行为的接受者,意思为a person who is~ed(被…者),a person to whom sth. is~ed(与某事有关的人)。有时,-ee也可以与不及物动词结合,表示动作的执行者,意思为a person who~s。-ee充当原生后缀的情况较少见。注意,此类带-ee的派生名词,重音总是落在末音节。
下面各举一代表性词例说明上述用法。
employee[employ v. 雇员;-ee⇒“a person who is employed受雇用者”→]n. a person who works for some person or firm for pay雇员,雇工 / This large factory has 800 employees. 这家大厂有800名雇员。
inductee[induct v. 使入会,征调…入伍;-ee→]n. a person who has been or soon will be inducted, especially into the armed forces就任者;入会者;应征入伍者 / The average inductee was reading in the sixth grade in World War Ⅰ. 第一次世界大战期间,普通应征入伍者都还在六年级读书。
mortgagee[mortgag(←mortgage)v. 抵押;-ee→]n. a person to whom sth. is mortgaged承受抵押人,受押人 / Faust mortgaged his soul; the mortgagee was the Devil. 浮士德将自己的灵魂抵押出去,受押人是魔王。
standee[stand v. 站立;-ee⇒“a person who stands站立者”→]n. a person who has to stand, as in a theatre or on a bus戏院的站票看客;车船的站立乘客 / The play was a great success; there were always a lot of standees in the 20 days’ run. 这出戏大获成功,连演20天,每场总有许多站票观众。
在个别情况下,-ee可以跟动词词根结合。
donee[don=to donate or give赠送;-ee→]n. a person to whom sth. has been given as a gift受赠人 / The lawyer refused to reveal who is the donee of the property of the late widow. 律师拒绝透露已故寡妇遗产的受赠人是谁。
nominee[nomin=to name or nominate提名;-ee→]n. a person who is nominated for an office被提名者;被任命者 / Among the eleven nominees, only two are women. 在被提名的11人中,只有2位女性。
练习 11
1.[词缀辨义]
① absentee n. 缺席者 ( )a. a person who is~ed
② escapee n. 逃亡者 ( )b. a person to whom something is~ed
③ payee n. 收款人 ( )c. a person who~s
④ devotee n. 献身者 ( )d. a person who is~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:pay v. 付款→payee n. 被付款人,收款人
① address v. 写信给→addressee n. _______________
② grant v. 把…转让给→grantee n. _______________
③ trust v. 把…委托给→trustee n. _______________
B 例:stand v. 站立→standee n. 戏院站票看客
① crash v. 破产,垮台→crashee n. _______________
② escape v. 逃亡→escapee n. _______________
③ refuge v. 避难→refugee n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ee→派生名词
① abandonee ( )a. 被任命者
② appointee ( )b. 被告人
③ inductee ( )c. 被遗弃者
④ presentee ( )d. 受训者
⑤ trainee ( )e. 受赠人
B 动词变形+-ee→派生名词
① allottee (←allot) ( )a. 被委派者,委员会
② committee (←commit) ( )b. 被假释出狱者
③ expellee (←expel) ( )c. 被驱逐出国者
④ licensee (←license) ( )d. 领有许可证者
⑤ parolee (←parole) ( )e. 受分配的人
4.[心领神会]
① alienee n. 受让人
② bailee n.(财物的)受委托人
③ consignee n. 受托人;收货人
④ contestee n. 接受其他竞选人挑战的候选人
⑤ divorcee n. 离了婚的人
⑥ feoffee n. 采邑承受者;不动产承受者
⑦ patentee n. 受领专利权的人
⑧ promisee n. 受约人
⑨ strandee n. 旅行中途滞留者
⑩ warrantee n. 被保证人
5.[节外生枝]
A 在个别情况下,-ee可以与名词或形容词结合。例如:
① debtee n. 债权人;债主
② townee n. 城里人
③ absentee n. 缺席者,外住者
B -ee有时加在名词之后,表示有关的事物,含有“小型”的意思。这些词多来自法语或美国英语。例如:
① bootee n. 幼儿的毛线鞋;轻便的短统女靴
② coatee n. 紧身短上衣
③ fusee n. 大头防风火柴
④ negligee n. 随便的衣着,不整齐之穿戴
⑤ settee n. 中小型沙发椅
⑥ vestee n. 背心形的衣着
12 -en[OE]=Ⅰ v. ①to cause to be~; ②to cause to have~Ⅱ a. made of~; having the look of~
在常用词sharpen, strengthen和wooden中有个派生后缀-en。1)在头两个词中,-en1 是个动词后缀,来自古英语的-nian。它一般加缀在英语形容词或名词后面。当它与形容词缀合时,意为to cause to be~(使…)或to become~(变得…);当它与名词缀合时,意为to cause to have~(使有…)或to become to have~(变得有…)。2)在wooden中,-en2 是个形容词后缀,它的词源是古英语的-en,它一般加在物质名词后面表示made of~(由…制成)或having the look of~(像…样的)。
先举几个由动词后缀-en1 构成的有代表性的例词。
sharpen[sharp a. 尖的,锋利的;-en→]v. cause to be sharp; make sharper削尖,磨快 / Sharpen your pencils before class. 课前先削好铅笔。
soften[soft a. 软的;-en→]v. ①make soft or softer弄软,使柔软 / Lotion softens the skin. 护肤液会使皮肤柔软。②become soft or softer变软;变柔和 / Business was strong until September, then began softening. 生意一直到九月份都很好,然后就开始疲软了。
strengthen[strength n. 力量;-en⇒“to cause to have strength使有力量”→]v. make strong使坚强,加强 / The soldiers strengthened defenses. 战士们加强了他们的防御工事。
lengthen[length n. 长度;-en⇒“to come to have length; gain length获得长度”→]v. become long; grow longer变长;长起来 / His legs have lengthened a great deal since he was five years old. 他的两条腿比五岁时长了好多。
下面看看形容词后缀-en2 构词的例子。
wooden[wood n. 木头;-en→]a. made of wood木制的 / The goods are packed in sea-worthy wooden cases. 货物装在适合海运的木箱里。
ashen[ash n. 灰;-en⇒“having the look of ashes有灰的样子”→]a. like ashes; of the colour of ashes; pale像灰一般的;灰色的;苍白的 / His ashen face showed how much the news had shocked him. 他面如土色,可见这消息使他大为震惊。
练习 12
1.[词缀辨义]
① blacken v. 使变黑;诽谤 ( )a. cause to be~
② heighten vt. 变高;变大 ( )b. become~
③ silken a. 丝一样的;柔软的 ( )c. come to have~
④ weaken vi. 变弱;变软弱 ( )d. made of~
⑤ woolen a. 羊毛制的;毛线的 ( )e. having the look of~
2.[望文生义]
① broaden v. _______________
② deepen v. _______________
③ harden v. _______________
④ shorten v. _______________
⑤ thicken v. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 形容词+-en1 →派生动词
① darken ( )a. (使)变黑;(使)阴沉
② fasten ( )b. (使)变粗糙
③ moisten ( )c. 扎牢;钉牢
④ roughen ( )d. 弄湿;沾湿
⑤ straighten ( )e. 把…弄直;使挺立
B 名词+-en1 →派生动词
① frighten ( )a. 使惊恐,吓唬
② hasten ( )b. 催促;赶快
③ hearten ( )c. 振作;鼓励
④ heighten ( )d. 加强
⑤ strengthen ( )e. 变高
C 名词+-en2 →派生形容词
① earthen ( )a. 金制的;金色的
② golden ( )b. 栎木制的
③ leaden ( )c. 陶制的;泥土做的
④ oaken ( )d. 腊制的;腊似的
⑤ waxen ( )e. 铅制的;铅灰色的
4.[心领神会]
① fatten v. 养肥;长肥
② flatten v. 把…弄平;使倒伏;击倒
③ gladden v. 使高兴;使快乐
④ lessen v. 减少
⑤ ripen v. 使成熟
⑥ shorten v. 弄短;缩短
⑦ stiffen v. 使僵硬;使呆板
⑧ steepen v. 变得更陡峭
⑨ sweeten v. 使变甜;加糖于
⑩ worsen v. 恶化
5.[节外生枝]
大家知道,-en除了上述作用外,还可以构成过去分词(如taken)和表示名词复数(如children)。在下列单词中,-en还可以作为表示“…人”和“小…”的名词后缀。
① citizen n. 公民(←city n.)
② chicken n. 小鸡
③ kitten n. 小猫(←kit n.)
④ maiden n. 少女
⑤ warden n. 看守人;保管员
13 -ence(-ency)n.[L, F]=the act or fact of~ing; the quality or condition of~ing
来自拉丁语及法语的名词后缀-ence(-ency)的用法与前面介绍过的-ance(-ancy)基本相同。它们加在动词或动词词根后,意为the act or fact of~ing或者the quality or condition of~ing,即表示行为或该行为的性质状态等。这些名词往往有与之对应的以-ent结尾的形容词,这将在下一节予以专门介绍。
现在先介绍几个以-ence结尾的名词。
dependence[depend v. 依靠;-ence→]n. the fact or condition of depending依靠;依赖/Everyone knows the dependence of crops on the good weather. 大家都知道农作物对气候的依赖关系。
▷dependent a. 依靠的;依赖的
difference[differ v. 差异;-ence→]n. the fact or condition of differing差异,差别 / Can you tell me the difference between these two words? 你能说出这两个单词的区别吗?
▷different a. 差异的;不同的
effluence[ef-(ex-)=out出;flu=to flow流;-ence→]n. the act of flowing out; an outward flow, especially of water, light, etc. 流出;(水、光等)流出,射出,发出 / The mist is an effluence from the swamp. 雾气是从沼泽地冒出来的。
▷effluent a. 流出的,发出的
sentience[senti=to fell感觉;-ence→]n. the quality of or capacity for feeling感觉;感觉能力 / Some people believe in the sentience of flowers. 有些人相信花朵具有感觉能力。
▷sentient a. 有感觉的;有感觉能力的
下面介绍几个以-ency结尾的名词。
currency[curr=to run跑动;-ency→“the act or fact of running跑动的行为或事实”→]n. ①a passing from person to person; circulation传播,流通 / The rumour soon gained wide currency. 这谣言很快就传开了。②money in use in a country通货,货币 / Coins and paper money are currency in the United States. 硬币与纸币在美国都是通用的货币。
▷current a. 通用的;流行的;现行的
pungency[pung=to pierce刺穿;-ency⇒“the quality of piercing刺穿的性质”→]n. sharpness尖锐,辛辣 / In the conference, he expressed his views with pungency and vigour. 在大会上,他发表自己的见解,即尖锐又有力。
▷pungent a.(言语)尖锐的;(气味)刺鼻的
urgency[urg(←urge)v. 极力主张,强烈要求;-ency⇒“the condition or fact of urging极力主张或强烈要求的状态或事实”→]n. need for immediate action; insistence紧急;迫切;坚持;强求 / A house on fire is a matter of great urgency. 房子着火是万分紧急的事情。
▷urgent a. 紧急的;迫切的;强求的
tendency[tend v. 趋向;-ency⇒“the quality of tending趋向性”→]n. inclination趋向,倾向 / Boys have a stronger tendency to fight than girls. 男孩的好斗性比女孩强得多。
练习 13
1.[词缀辨识]
把词干与相应后缀连起来。
① const n. 坚定 ( )a. -ance
② refer n. 参考 ( )b. -ancy
③ reli n. 依赖 ( )c. -ence
④ tend n. 趋向 ( )d. -ency
2.[举一反三]
A 例:differ v. 差异→difference n. 差异
① confer v. 协商→conference n. _______________
② prefer v. 更喜欢→preference n. _______________
③ refer v. 查阅,参考→reference n. _______________
B 例:urgent a. 紧急的→urgency n. 紧急
① decent a. 端庄的→decency n. _______________
② efficient a. 生效的→efficiency n. _______________
③ frequent a. 频繁的→frequency n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词变形+-ence→派生名词
① adherence (←adhere) ( )a. 浮现;出现
② confidence (←confide) ( )b. 信任;自信
③ emergence (←emerge) ( )c. 依附;追随
④ obedience (←obey) ( )d. 再发生;复发
⑤ recurrence (←recur) ( )e. 服从;顺从
B 动词词根/词干+-ence→原生名词
① diffidence [fid=to trust] ( )a. 知识;科学
② influence [flu=to flow] ( )b. 无害;无罪;清白
③ innocence [noc=to harm] ( )c. 影响;感化
④ science [sci=to know] ( )d. 缺乏自信;胆怯
⑤ sequence [sequ=to follow] ( )e. 连续;次序
C 动词+-ency→派生名词
① consistency ( )a. 从属;属地
② dependency ( )b. 住处
③ despondency ( )c. 坚固性;一致性
④ emergency (←emerge) ( )d. 紧急情况;突然事件
⑤ residency (←reside) ( )e. 泄气;失望
D 动词词根/词干+-ency→原生名词
① adjacency [jac=to lie] ( )a. 毗邻;接近
② exigency [ig=to drive] ( )b. 溶解力;偿付能力
③ fluency [flu=to flow] ( )c. 流利;流畅
④ proficiency [fici=to make] ( )d. 熟练;精通
⑤ solvency [solv=to loosen] ( )e. 急迫;紧急
4.[心领神会]
① abhorrence n. 憎恶(←abhor v.)
② continence n. 自制;节制力[tin=to hold]
③ consequence n. 结果;推论[sequ=to follow]
④ excellence n. 优秀;杰出 (←excel v.)
⑤ experience n. 经验;经历[peri=to try]
⑥ indulgence n. 任性;沉溺[dulg=to yield]
⑦ prominence n. 突出;杰出[min=to extend]
⑧ resilience n. 跳回;恢复力[sili=to jump]
5.[节外生枝]
大家可能已发现,有些动词或动词词根有以-ence和-ency这两种形式结尾的派生名词。其中有的是两者通用;有的是部分词义相通;有的却意义各一。下面列出几对这样的同根异体字。请查词典,判断每对之间的词义关系是该划上等号(=),不等号(≠),还是近似号(≌)。
① competence( )competency
② continence( )continency
③ dependence( )dependency
④ emergence( )emergency
⑤ excellence( )excellency
⑥ expedience( )expediency
⑦ proficience( )proficiency
⑧ recipience( )recipiency
⑨ residence( )residency
⑩ sentience( )sentiency
14 -ent[L]=Ⅰa. that~s; ~ingⅡn. one that~s
拉丁形容词后缀-ent的用法与-ant相似。它可以加缀在动词或动词词根后,构成相应的形容词或表示行为者的名词。1)-ent充当形容词后缀时,意为that~s(…的),其作用相当于英语的现在分词词尾-ing(…的),此类形容词往往有对应的以-ence或-ency结尾的表行为的名词。2)-ent作名词后缀时,意为one that~s(…者),即表示该行为的主动者。
下面先介绍-ent作形容词后缀的用法。
absorbent[absorb v. 吸收;-ent⇒“that absorbs吸收的”→]a. absorbing; able to take in能吸收的 / Paper towels are absorbent of water. 纸巾能吸水。
▷absorbency n. 吸收;吸收能力
indulgent[indulg(←indulge)v. 纵容,迁就;-ent⇒“indulging纵容的,迁就的”→]a. giving in to another's wishes; too kind or agreeable纵容的;宽容的;溺爱的 / The indulgent mother bought her boy everything he wanted. 那母亲溺爱儿子,他要什么就买什么。
▷indulgence/indulgency n. 纵容,娇养;任性;沉溺
orient[ori=to rise上升;-ent⇒“that or where the sun rises太阳升起方向的”→]a. eastern东方的 / Now morning from her orient chamber came. 且看那晨光,从她那东边的闺房姗姗走来了。
patient[pati=to suffer or endure忍耐;-ent→]a. enduring calmly without complaining忍耐的,容忍的 / Beware the fury of a patient man. 要谨防善忍耐者突发的雷霆之怒。
▷patience n. 忍耐,容忍;耐心;坚韧
下面介绍-ent表示行为者(人或物)的几个例词。
correspondent[correspond v. 通信;-ent⇒“one that corresponds通信者”→]n. one who exchanges letters with another通信者 / My mother and her sister have been regular correspondents for years, writing to each other weekly. 我妈妈和我姨定期通信已有多年,每周一封信。
▷correspondence n. 通信联系;互通的信件
president[presid(←preside)v. 主持,作会议主席;-ent→]n. ①one who presides at a meeting; chairman会议主持者,主席 / The vice-president of the United States is president of the Senate. 美国的副总统是参议院的主席。②the chief officer of a company, college, society, etc. 总经理,大学校长,会长等 / He was the president of Columbia University then. 当时他是哥伦比亚大学校长。
▷presidency n. 总统(校长、会长等)职务或任期
agent[ag=to do做;-ent⇒“one that does sth. for another为他人做事者”→]n. a person or company that acts for another代理人;代理商 / An insurance agent will insure your property against losses from accidents. 保险代理商会替你的财产办理保险以防意外的损失。
▷agency n. 代理;代理权;代理处;机构
parent[par=to bring forth生(孩子);-ent⇒“one that brings forth offsprings生产后代者”→]n. a father or mother父(母)亲 / His parents expected him to be a doctor. 父母亲希望他将来当医生。
▷parental a. 父母的;父的,母的
corrodent[corrod(←corrode)v. 腐蚀;-ent⇒“a thing that corrodes another腐蚀它物者”→]n. a corrosive agent腐蚀剂 / Acids are corrodents. 酸是腐蚀剂。
detergent[de-=away离;terg=to wipe消除;-ent⇒“a thing that wipes or cleanses dirts away清除污物的东西”→]n. a substance used for cleansing洗涤剂 / Detergents, unlike soaps, clean effectively in hard water. 跟肥皂不同,洗涤剂在硬水中也能有效地除污。
练习 14
1.[词缀辨识]
在词干后填入-ant或-ent。
① effici a. 效率高的;有能力的
② ignor a. 无知的;愚昧的
③ observ a. 严格遵守…的;留心的
④ preced a. 在先的;优先的
⑤ prud a. 谨慎的;精明的
⑥ signific a. 有意义的;重要的
2.[词缀辨义]
① corrodent n. 腐蚀剂 ( )a. that~s
② dependent a. 依赖的 ( )b. a person who~s
③ president n. 主席 ( )c. a thing that~s
3.[举一反三]
A 例:preside v. 主持→president n. 主席
① antecede v. 在…之前→antecedent n. _______________
② correspond v. 通信→correspondent n. _______________
③ reside v. 居住→resident n. _______________
B 例:precede v. 在…之前→precedent a. 在先的
① excel v. 优于→excellent a. _______________
② repel v. 击退;排斥→repellent a. _______________
③ respond v. 回答;反应→respondent a. _______________
4.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ent→派生形容词
① confident (←confide) ( )a. 居住的;常住的
② different ( )b. 不同的;各种的
③ emergent (←emerge) ( )c. 自信的;确信的
④ insistent ( )d. 浮现的;紧急的
⑤ resident (←reside) ( )e. 坚持的;显眼的
B 动词词根+-ent→原生形容词
① apparent [appar=to appear] ( )a. 流利的
② diligent [dilig=to love] ( )b. 沉寂的;休眠的
③ fluent [flu=to flow] ( )c. 勤奋的
④ quiescent [quiesc=to rest] ( )d. 明显的
⑤ stringent [string=to bind] ( )e. 严格的;(银根)紧的
C 动词+-ent→派生名词
① absorbent ( )a. 回答者;响应者
② antecedent (←antecede) ( )b. 不同意者
③ dissentient (←dissent) ( )c. 防水布;驱虫剂
④ repellent (←repel) ( )d. 吸收剂
⑤ respondent ( )e. 前例;前提
D 动词词根+-ent→原生名词(人)
① opponent [pon=to put] ( )a. 病人
② dissident [sid=to sit] ( )b. 摄政者;统治者
③ patient [pati=to suffer] ( )c. 持异议者
④ student [stud=to learn] ( )d. 学生;学者
⑤ regent [reg=to rule] ( )e. 对手;反对者
E 动词词根+-ent→原生名词(物)
① abstergent [terg=to wipe] ( )a. 溶剂
② component [pon=to put] ( )b. 切线;相切
③ continent [tin=to hold] ( )c. 大陆;洲
④ solvent [solv=to loosen] ( )d. 洗净剂
⑤ tangent [tang=to touch] ( )e. 组成部分;成分
5.[心领神会]
① adjacent a. 邻近的[jac=to lie]
② belligerent a. 交战的;好战的[belli=war;ger=to wage]
③ competent a. 能胜任的(←compete)
④ convenient a. 方便的[ven=to come]
⑤ crescent n. 月牙;新月[cresc=to grow]
⑥ eloquent a. 雄辩的[loqu=to speak]
⑦ incumbent a. 义不容辞的[cumb=to lie]
⑧ nascent a. 初生的;新生的[nasc=to be born]
⑨ occident a. & n. 西方(的)[cid=to fall]
⑩ provident a. 有远见的[vid=to see]
6.[节外生枝]
有的动词或词干同时有-ant与-ent两种后缀派生词。试比较以下两个同根词的意义。
dependant n. 受赡养者;侍从
dependent a. 依靠的;依赖的
15 -er n.[OE]=①a person or thing that~s ②a person living in~; a person who makes or works with~; a person who has~
-er是学英语的人最熟悉的派生后缀之一,因此,我们想用尽量少的笔墨介绍这个古英语词缀。总的说来,-er用来表示行为者或与某事物有关的人,有时也可以表示与某行为有关的器物。-er可以跟在两类词后面:1)当它与动词缀合时,表示a person or thing that~s(做…者;做…物);2)当它与名词结合时,只表示有关的人,意思有a person who makes or works with~(从事…的人),a person living in~(住在…的人);a person who has~(有…的人)。有时-er也可以与形容词、数词、副词等构成相应的名词(见本节练习4. A)
以下我们各举一个代表性例子来说明上述用法。
admirer[admir(←admire)v. 钦佩,赞美;-er→]n. a person who admires钦佩者,赞赏者 / The film star was surrounded by his admirers. 那个电影明星被崇拜者团团围住了。
bomber[bomb v. 轰炸;-er⇒“a thing that bombs轰炸的器物”→]n. an airplane used to bomb轰炸机 / The bombers flew over the enemy city releasing bombs. 轰炸机飞临敌方城市上空投下炸弹。
farmer[farm n. 农场,畜牧场;-er⇒“a person living in a farm住在农场者”→]n. a person who raises crops or animals on a farm农民;畜牧者 / His father is a farmer with 300 acre land. 他父亲是个有300英亩耕地的农民。
hatter[hat n. 帽子;-er→]n. a person who makes or sells hats制帽工人;帽商 / Poisoned by mercury vapour, almost one U.S. hatter in ten developed shakes and mental disturbance. The resulting cliche, mad as a hatter, survives. 由于中了水银蒸汽的毒,当时美国制帽工中有十分之一得了颤抖与精神失调症。“像制帽工一般疯狂”这句俗话也就因此产生与流传下来。
philosopher[philosoph(←philosophy)n. 哲学;-er⇒“a person who works with philosophy以哲学为事业者”→]n. a person who studies philosophy a great deal哲学家 / Plato, the great Greek philosopher, wrote the famous The Republic. 伟大的希腊哲学家柏拉图写了著名的《理想国》。
rancher[ranch n. 大牧(农)场;-er→]n. a person who has or manages a ranch大牧(农)场主;大牧(农)场管理人 /He is a rancher, but he spends most of his time travelling the world. 他是个大牧场主,但是大部分时间都用来周游世界。
练习 15
1.[词缀辨义]
① banker n. 银行家 ( )a. a person who~s
② boiler n. 锅炉;煮器 ( )b. a thing that~s
③ singer n. 歌唱家 ( )c. a person living in~
④ tinner n. 锡匠 ( )d. a person who works with~
⑤ villager n. 村民 ( )e. a person who has~
2.[望文生义]
① dancer n. _______________
② fighter n. _______________
③ leader n. _______________
④ teacher n. _______________
⑤ writer n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
注意词基动词的变化
A 动词+-er→派生名词
① adventurer (←adventure) ( )a. 酿啤酒工人
② brewer ( )b. 冒险家
③ dyer (←dye) ( )c. 染色工人
④ robber (←rob) ( )d. 车工
⑤ turner ( )e. 强盗
B 动词+-er→派生名词(物)
① amplifier (←amplify) ( )a. 放大器
② emitter (←emit) ( )b. 洗涤器;洗衣机
③ reducer (←reduce) ( )c. 软化刘
④ softener ( )d. 发射体;发射极
⑤ washer ( )e. 减压器;减速器
C 名词+-er→派生名词(人)
① banker ( )a. 岛民
② islander ( )b. 身高六英尺以上的人
③ Londoner ( )c. 13至19岁的青少年
④ six-footer ( )d. 银行家
⑤ teenager ( )e. 伦敦人
4.[节外生枝]
A 有时-er也可以跟形容词、数词、副词等构成表示人或物的名词。试分析比较下列词基单词的词性及派生词的词义。
① downer n.[美俚]镇静剂
② fiver n.[英俚]5镑的钞票;[美俚]5美元的钞票
③ forty-niner n. 美国1849年争往加州淘金的人
④ northerner n. 北方人
⑤ out-and-outer n. [俗]彻底的人,行家
⑥ southerner n. 南方人
⑦ tenner n. [口]10英镑纸币;10美元纸币
⑧ upper n. 刺激性药物;兴奋剂
⑨ foreigner n. 外国人;外地人
⑩ stranger n. 陌生人;异乡人;外国人
B 除了充当名词后缀、表示形容词与副词比较级外,-er有时还可充当动词后缀,表示反复、连续及拟声的动作。例如:
① batter v. 连续猛击(←bat)
② chatter v. 喋喋不休(←chat)
③ clatter v. 作咔嗒声
④ flutter v. 拍翅
⑤ glitter v. 闪闪发光
⑥ mutter v. 喃喃自语
⑦ patter v. 发出嗒嗒声(←pat)
⑧ quiver v. 颤动;抖动
⑨ spatter v. 滴下,飞溅(←spat)
⑩ sputter v. 发出劈劈啪啪声
⑪ stammer v. 口吃
⑫ stutter v. 结舌;口吃
⑬ wander v. 徘徊
⑭ waver v. 摇摆(←wave)
16 -ery n.[OF]=①a place for~ing ②a place for~s; the art or occupation of a~; the condition, quality or action of a~; a group of~s
名词后缀-ery来自古法语,它主要充当派生后缀,可以加在两类单词后面:1)加在动词后面表示a place for~ing(做…的场所);2)加在名词后,这时-ery的意思较为复杂,它可以表示a place for~s(…的场所);the art or occupation of a~(…的技艺);the condition, quality or action of a~(…的状况、性质、行为),以及a group of~s(…的群体或集体)。在少数情况下,-ery也可以当原生后缀(见本节练习4)。
下面举些有代表性的词例来说明派生后缀-ery的用法。
bakery[bak(←bake)v. 烤、烘(面包等);-ery⇒“a place for baking烤面包的场所”→]n. a place where bread, cake and pies are made or sold; bakeshop面包烘房;面包店 / We bought a cake at the bakery for dessert. 我们在面包房买了一块蛋糕做甜点心用。
nunnery[nun n. 修女,尼姑;-ery⇒“a place for nuns尼姑们的住处”→]n. a building where nuns live; convent女修道院;尼姑庵 / She said that she should take up her abode in a nunnery. 她说她将要去女修道院居住。
cookery[cook n. 厨师;-ery→]n. the art or occupation of a cook烹调术 / Besides television, their major diversion is cookery. 除了看电视,他们主要的消遣就是学烹调。
slavery[slav(←slave)n. 奴隶;-ery⇒“the condition of a slave奴隶的状态”→]n. ①the condition or fact of being a slave奴隶身份 / Many African Blacks were captured and sold into slavery. 许多非洲黑人被捕获并贩卖为奴。②the custom of owning slaves奴隶制度 / Where slavery is permitted, certain men own others. 允许奴隶制度存在的地方,一些人就人身占有了另一些人。
knavery[knav(←knave)n. 流氓;-ery⇒“the qualities or actions of a knave流氓的秉性与行为”→] n. behaviour of a knave; trickery流氓行为;欺诈 / It is a flat knavery to take upon you another man's name. 用他人名字顶替你是纯粹的流氓行径。
machinery[machin(←machine)n. 机器;-ery→]n. a group of machines[总称]机器,机械 / A factory contains much machinery. 一家工厂拥有很多机器。
练习 16
1.[词缀辨识]
在词干后填入-ary或-ery。
① bound_____ n. 边界
② distill_____ n. 蒸馏室;酒厂
③ lamas_____ n. 喇嘛寺
④ refin_____ n. 精炼厂
⑤ revolution_____ n. 革命者
⑥ secret_____ n. 秘书
2.[词缀辨义]
① crockery n.[总称]陶器 ( )a. a place of~ing
② cookery n. 烹调 ( )b. a place for~s
③ foolery n. 愚蠢行为 ( )c. the art of a~
④ piggery n. 养猪场(←pig) ( )d. the action of a~
⑤ tannery n. 制革厂(←tan) ( )e. a group of~s
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ery n.→派生名词(表场所)
① brewery ( )a. 托儿所,保育室
② cannery (←can) ( )b. 啤酒厂,酿酒厂
③ nursery (←nurse) ( )c. 罐头食品厂
④ refinery (←refine) ( )d. 纺纱厂
⑤ spinnery (←spin) ( )e. 精炼厂
B 名词+-ery n.→派生名词(表场所)
① baptistery ( )a. 暖房
② greenery ( )b. 洗礼堂
③ rockery ( )c. 白嘴鸦巢;贫民窟
④ rookery ( )d. 修道院;寺院
⑤ monkery ( )e. 有假山的园林
C 名词+-ery n.→派生名词(表行为、状态等)
① bribery (←bribe) ( )a. 势利,谄上欺下
② drudgery (←drudge) ( )b. 欺骗;诡计
③ scenery (←scene) ( )c.[总称]风景;景色
④ snobbery (←snob) ( )d. 行贿;受贿
⑤ trickery ( )e. 单调乏味的工作
4.[心领神会]
注意-ery有时可与词根相结合。
① artillery n.[总称]火炮[artill=to equip with weapon]
② cemetery n. 墓地[cemet=sleeping room]
③ colliery n. 煤矿[colli=coal]
④ effrontery n. 厚颜无耻[front=forehead]
⑤ monastery n. 修道院;寺院[monast=to live alone]
⑥ surgery n. 外科[surg=surgeon]
⑦ treachery n. 背叛;变节[treach=to cheat]
5.[节外生枝]
A 有些以-ery结尾的名词有以-er结尾的同根词,而且词义有关联。这时,不妨把-ery看成是-er与-y的复合形式。试比较下列几对单词的词义:
① confectioner n. 制造糖果蜜饯的人
confectionery n.[总称]糖果,蜜饯;糖果行业
② cutter n. 刀匠;经营刃具的商人
cutlery n.[总称]刀、剑;西餐的刀叉餐具;刃具制造业
③ duper n. 欺骗者;欺诈者
dupery n. 欺骗;欺诈
④ forger n. 伪造者
forgery n. 伪造罪;伪造品
⑤ milliner n. 妇女帽子及头饰的设计者
millinery n.[总称]女帽;妇女头饰(的行业)
⑥ stationer n. 文具商
stationery n.[总称]文具
B 有些单词或词干同时带-ary与-ery两种后缀。试比较以下两个同根词的词义。
stationary a. 固定的,不动的
stationery n.[总称]文具
17 -ful[OE]=Ⅰa. full of~; showing~; having the qualities of~; that can be of~Ⅱn. as much as a~can fill
常用词careful与spoonful中含有一个来自英语单词full的派生后缀-ful。它可以加在名词后面构成形容词或名词。1)-ful充当形容词后缀时,读作 / fəl/,它一般加在抽象名词后面,其主要意思为full of~(充满…的)。此外,又引申出showing(表现为…的),having the qualities of~(具有…性质的),having the tendency of~(易于…的),以及that can be of~(可…的)。2)充当名词后缀时,-ful读作/fʊl/,它跟在表示容器、空间的名词之后,意为as much as a~can hold(一…的容量)。
下面,我们用代表性词例来说明上述两种用法。
cheerful[cheer n. 高兴;-ful→]a. full of cheer; joyful; glad快乐的;高兴的;振奋的 / She is a smiling cheerful girl. 她是个爱笑爱乐的姑娘。
careful[care n. 小心,关怀;-ful→]a. ①showing care; done with thought and effort细心的;精心的;细致的 / Arithmetic requires careful work. 做算术要细心运算。②full of care or concern关心的,爱护的 / She was careful of the feelings of others. 她很注意体谅别人的感情。
harmful[harm n. 损害;-ful⇒“having a tendency to do harm易于损害的”→]a. causing harm; injurious有害的 / Irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. 盲目接受的真理可能比经过推理而犯下的错误更为有害。
masterful[master n. 主子;能手;-ful⇒“having the qualities of a master具有主子或能手的特性”→]a. ①fond of power or authority; domineering好支配人的;专横的 / He spoke to us in a masterful way. 他用专横的态度跟我们说话。②expert or very skillful名家的;熟练的 / He was attracted by her masterful performance. 他被她那熟练的表演吸引住了。
useful[use n. 用;-ful⇒“that can be of use可用的”→]a. of use; helpful有用的;有益的 / Their experience is very useful to us. 他们的经验对我们是非常有用的。
spoonful[spoon n. 匙,调羹;-ful→]n. as much as a spoon can hold一匙的量 / I take only one spoonful of sugar with my coffee. 我喝咖啡只放一茶匙的糖。
练习 17
1.[词缀辨义]
① fruitful a. 富有成果的 ( )a. full of~
② helpful a. 有益的 ( )b. showing~
③ powerful a. 强大的 ( )c. having the tendency of~
④ shameful a. 丢脸的 ( )d. having the quality of~
⑤ sorrowful a. 悲哀的 ( )e. that can be of~
2.[望文生义]
① cupful n. _______________
② fearful a. _______________
③ pailful n. _______________
④ peaceful a. _______________
⑤ spadeful n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ful→派生形容词
① doubtful ( )a. 强有力的
② forceful ( )b. 诚实的,真实的
③ hopeful ( )c. 疑惑的,可疑的
④ regretful ( )d. 怀有希望的
⑤ truthful ( )e. 遗憾的,后悔的
B 名词变形+-ful→派生形容词
① awful (←awe) ( )a. 富裕的;丰富的
② dutiful (←duty) ( )b. 令人怜悯的
③ fanciful (←fancy) ( )c. 尽职的;恭敬的
④ pitiful (←pity) ( )d. 爱空想的;奇异的
⑤ plentiful (←plenty) ( )e. 令人畏惧的;可怕的
C 名词+-ful→派生名词(容量)
① armful ( )a. 一把;少数
② handful ( )b. 一抱的量
③ houseful ( )c. 一满勺
④ ladleful ( )d. 满屋;一屋子
⑤ mouthful ( )e. 一满口;少量
4.[心领神会]
① boxful n. 一满箱
② dishful n. 一满盘
③ hateful a. 可恨的;可恶的,讨厌的
④ faithful a. 忠实的,虔诚的
⑤ resourceful a. 资源丰富的;足智多谋的
⑥ respectful a. 恭敬的;尊重人的
⑦ skillful a. 灵巧的;熟练的
⑧ thankful a. 感谢的,感激的
5.[节外生枝]
个别动词或动词词根也可以与-ful结合构成形容词。例如:
① forgetful a. 健忘的,疏忽的(forget v.)
② bashful a. 害羞的,忸怩的[bash=to abash]
③ grateful a. 感激的,感谢的[grat=to please]
18 -fy(-ify,-efy)v.[L]=to make~, to cause to be~; to become~
拉丁动词后缀-fy既可以充当派生词缀与形容词和名词相结合,也可以加缀在词根后面。由-fy构成的动词多是及物的。这时-fy的意思为to make~或to cause to be~(使成为…;使…化)。在少数由-fy构成的不及物动词中,-fy的意思为to become~(成为…)。由于读音的关系,-fy与以辅音结尾的词基之间,往往需要添加连接字母i或e,由e结尾的词则往往变e为i,所以也可以把-ify或-efy看成-fy的异体。顺便指出,以-fy结尾的动词的相对应的名词派生词一般以-fication或-faction结尾。
下面我们先举些名词和形容词与-fy结合的例子。
beautify[beauti(←beauty)n. 美丽;-fy⇒“to cause to be of beauty使美丽”→]vt. make beautiful or more beautiful; embellish美化;装饰 / Flowers beautify a room. 花能美化房间。
▷beautification n. 美化;装饰
classify[class n. 等级,种类;-ify⇒“to cause to be into classes使分成等级或种类”→]vt. arrange in classes or groups把…分等级;把…分类 / Employees in the post office classify mail according to the place where it is to go. 邮局的职员根据邮件的目的地进行分拣工作。
▷classification n. 分级,分类;级别,类别
uglify[ugli(←ugly)a. 丑陋的;-fy→]vt. make ugly; disfigure丑化;使难看 / A scar uglifies his face. 一块伤疤使他的脸变丑了。
▷uglification n. 丑化;难看
solidify[solid a. 坚固的,固体的;-ify→]①vt. make solid; harden使固化;使变硬 / Extreme cold will solidify water into ice. 严寒会使水凝固成冰。②vi. become solid固化;变硬 / Jelly solidifies as it gets cold. 果子冻遇冷就变硬了。
▷solidification n. 凝固;固化;变硬;团结
rarefy[rare a. 稀薄的;-fy⇒“to make rare使稀薄”→]vt. make less dense使稀薄,使稀少 / The air on high mountains is rarefied. 高山上空气变稀薄了。
▷rarefication n. 稀薄;纯化,纯净
下面,我们介绍词根与-fy结合成的4个动词。
fortify[fort=strong强的;-ify⇒“to make strong使变强”→]v. strengthen against attack增强(阵地);设防 / The soldiers fortified their position by building earthworks. 战士们构筑土木工事加强自己的阵地。
▷fortification n. 设防;设防阵地;筑城;筑垒;筑城学
identify[ident=same同一的;-ify→]v. ①cause to be the same; treat as the same使等同于;同等对待 / A good king should identify the well-being of the people with his own. 好国君应将百姓的幸福视同己身的幸福。②prove to be the same鉴定,认出 / He indentified the wallet as his by telling what it contained. 他说出钱包里装的东西,证明它是自己的。
▷identification n. 认出;鉴定;验明;身份证明
petrify[petr=stone石;-ify⇒“to cause to be a stone使变成石”→]v. ①turn into a stone使石化 / There is a petrified forest in Arizona in America. 在美国的亚利桑那州有一片石化林。②paralyze with fear or surprise使(因惊慌等)发呆/ The girl was petrified as the snake came near. 当蛇爬近身边时,那女孩吓呆了。
▷petrification/petrifaction n. 石化作用;发呆
stupefy[stup=amazed受惊的;-efy⇒“to cause to be amazed使受惊”→]v. ①overwhelm with amazement or shock使惊得发呆 / They were stupefied by the calamity. 他们被灾难震惊了。②make stupid or senseless使麻木;使失去感觉 / He was stupefied by the drug. 他被那药物麻醉了。
▷stupefaction n. 麻木状态;昏迷
练习 18
1.[词缀辨识]
指出下列各词构词方式以及-fy含义。
① alkalify vi. 碱化 ( )a. a.+-fy(to make)
② glorify vt. 使增光 ( )b. n.+-fy(to make)
③ humidify vt. 使湿润 ( )c. a.+-fy(to become)
④ purify vi. 纯净 ( )d. n.+-fy(to become)
2.[举一反三]
A 例:solid n. 固体→solidify v.(使)成固体;(使)固化
① fluid n. 流体→fluidify v. _______________
② gas n. 气体→gasify v. _______________
③ liquid n. 液体→liquefy v. _______________
B 例:alkali n. 碱→alkalify v. 使碱化
① acid n. 酸→acidify v. _______________
② ammonia n. 氨→ammonify v. _______________
③ base n. 碱→basify v. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 形容词变形+-ify→派生动词
① electrify (←electric) ( )a. 加强,加剧;剧化
② falsify (←false) ( )b. 使充电;使电气化
③ intensify (←intense) ( )c. 使纯净;使净化
④ purify (←pure) ( )d. 证明…是假的;伪造
⑤ simplify (←simple) ( )e. 简化
B 名词/名词变形+-ify→派生动词
① scarify (←scare) ( )a. 表明,意味
② signify ( )b. 使成层,使分层
③ stratify (←stratum) ( )c. 作为…的典型;代表
④ typify (←type) ( )d. 在…上面镀锌
⑤ zincify ( )e. 划破;伤…的感情
C 形容词词根+-ify→原生动词
① certify [cert=sure] ( )a. 使生动;使活动
② magnify [magn=great] ( )b. 使变软;使平静
③ mollify [moll=soft] ( )c. 使化脓;使腐败
④ putrefy [putre=rotten] ( )d. 放大;扩大
⑤ vivify [viv=alive] ( )e. 证明;担保
D 名词词根+-ify→原生动词
① fructify [fruct=fruit] ( )a. 使恐怖;使震惊
② horrify [horr=fear] ( )b. 使镇静;平定
③ lapidify [lapid=stone] ( )c. 使结果实;使多产
④ pacify [pac=peace] ( )d. 使满足;使满意
⑤ satisfy [satis=enough] ( )e. 使化成石头
4.[心领神会]
① Frenchify v. 使法国化(French a.)
② modify v. 缓和;修饰[mod=measure, mode]
③ nullify v. 使无效;取消(null a.)
④ objectify v. 使客观化,使具体化(object n.)
⑤ qualify v. 使合格;形容[qual=of what sort]
5.[节外生枝]
有时-fy可以跟动词词根结合成为动词。此时,-fy只起表示词类的作用。
① notify v. 通知[not=to know]
② tepefy v. 使变湿热[tep=to be tepid]
③ terrify v. 使恐怖,使惊吓[terr=to frighten]
④ torpify v. 使麻木,使迟钝[torp=to be numb]
⑤ torrefy v. 烘,烤[torr=to parch]
19 -hood n.[OE]=the state or quality of~; the character of~; a group or body of~s; a concrete instance of~
派生后缀-hood来自古英语,它一般加在名词后面(有时也加在形容词后面),构成抽象名词。其主要意思是the state or quality of being~(…的状态或性质)和the character or status of~(…的身份或资格)。此外,还可表示a group or body of~s(…的集体)与a concrete instance of~(…的实例)。
下面各举一代表性词例说明-hood的上述用法。
boyhood[boy n. 男孩;-hood→]n. ①the state or time of being a boy男孩时代,少年时代 / He often told us his boyhood adventures. 他常常把自己少年时代的奇遇告诉我们。②boys as a group男孩们,少年们 / The boyhood of the nation produces the leaders of the future. 国家未来的领导就出自当今的少年之中。
priesthood[priest n. 教士;-hood→]n. ①the character or position of a priest教士的身份;教士的职位 / He was admitted to the priesthood. 他被授予教士的职位。②priests as a group全体教士 / He was regarded as an example of the priesthood of Spain. 他被视为全西班牙教士的楷模。
neighbourhood[neighbour n. 邻居;-hood⇒“a group or body of neighbours全体邻居”→]n. people living near one another; people of a district四邻;街坊 / The whole neighbourhood is stirred at the news. 这消息轰动了整个街坊。
以下是-hood加在形容词后面的两个例子。
falsehood[false a. 假的;-hood⇒“a concrete instance of being false假的实例”→]n. a false statement; lie假话,谎言 / His oral reports to the FBI were laced with falsehoods. 他给中央情报局的口头报告是用谎言编织成的。
likelihood[likeli(←likely)a. 很可能的;-hood→] n. the quality or fact of being likely; probability可能;可能性 / Is there any great likelihood of rain this evening? 今晚下雨的可能性大吗?
练习 19
1.[词缀辨义]
① childhood n. 童年时期 ( )a. the state of~
② knighthood n.[总称]骑士 ( )b. the quality of~
③ livelihood n. 谋生手段;生计 ( )c. the character of~
④ motherhood n. 母性 ( )d. a group of~s
⑤ womanhood n. 女子成年身份 ( )e. an instance of being~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:boy n. 男孩→boyhood n. 少年(时期)
① child n. 儿童→childhood n. _______________
② girl n. 女孩→girlhood n. _______________
③ man n. 成年人→manhood n. _______________
B 例:knight n. 骑士→knighthood n. 骑士身份
① bachelor n. 独身汉→bachelorhood n. _______________
② father n. 父亲→fatherhood n. _______________
③ mother n. 母亲→motherhood n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
① brotherhood ( )a. 姐妹关系
② manhood ( )b. 圣徒身份
③ sainthood ( )c. 守寡,孀居
④ sisterhood ( )d. 男子气概
⑤ widowhood ( )e. 兄弟关系;兄弟会
4.[心领神会]
① knighthood n. 侠义
② fatherhood n. 父性;父权
③ neighbourhood n. 邻近,附近
④ sisterhood n. 姐妹会
⑤ sainthood n. 诸圣
20 -ic[F, L, GK]=Ⅰa. of~; having the nature of~; being~; made up of~; made or caused by~; like~Ⅱn. an art or system of thought; a person connected with~
由法语引进英语的拉丁或希腊后缀-ic有两种属性:1)主要充当派生后缀,加缀在名词后面构成形容词,表示of~(与…有关的),having the nature of~(有…性质的),being~(是…的);made up of~(由…组成的);made or caused by~(由…引起的);like~(像…的)。2)充当原生名词后缀,主要加在希腊词根上,表示an art or system of thought(艺术,学术),或者a person connected with~(与…有关的人)。顺便指出,当-ic充当名词后缀时,对应的形容词往往由-ical结尾。此外,以-ic结尾的派生词,其单词重音总是落在倒数第二个音节上。
下面先看看含有-ic的形容词派生词。
atmospheric[atmospher(←atmosphere)n. 大气;-ic→]a. of or having to do with the atmosphere大气的 / Normal atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface at sea level is 14.7 pounds per square inch. 在地球的海平面上,正常的大气压是每平方英寸14.7磅。
bombastic[bombast n. 夸大之言;-ic→]a. being bombast; using many showy words说大话的;夸夸其谈的 / His bombastic speech annoyed us. 他那言过其实的演讲令人讨厌。
heroic[hero n. 英雄;-ic→]a. having the nature of a hero; very brave; noble英雄的;英勇的;崇高的 / Everyone in the town was moved by the heroic deeds of the firemen. 救火队员的英雄事迹感动了城里的每个人。
alcoholic[alcohol n. 酒精;-ic→]a. of alcohol; made up of or containing alcohol酒精的;含酒精的 / Whiskey and gin are alcoholic liquors. 威士忌与杜松子酒都是含酒精的饮料。
quixotic[quixot(←Don Quixot)n. 堂吉诃德;-ic→]a. like Don Quixot; romantic; very impractical堂吉诃德式的;富于浪漫幻想的;不切实际的 / With quixotic bravado, they declared they would conquer the whole world in a matter of weeks. 他们以堂吉诃德式的虚张声势,宣称要在几周之内征服全世界。
volcanic[volcan(←volcano)n. 火山;-ic→]a. ①of or caused by volcano火山的;由火山作用所引起的 / The Romans used a mixture of volcanic ash and slaked lime to build the Colosseum and the Pantheon. 罗马人用火山灰与消石灰的混合物来建造圆形剧场与万神庙。②like a volcano; liable to break out violently火山似的;暴烈的 / Her husband was a cruel man with a volcanic temper. 她丈夫生性残忍,脾气又暴躁。
下面,我们介绍几个由希腊词根与-ic构成的原生名词。
logic[log=word, idea字,思想;-ic⇒“the art of selecting words or expressing ideas选择字句,表达思想的艺术”→]n. the science of reasoning or proof逻辑学 / Logic is the science of gereral principles of good and bad reasoning. 逻辑学是一门研究推理方法之优劣的基本原理的科学。
▷logical a. 逻辑(上)的;符合逻辑的
music[mus=Muse缪斯(掌管文艺、音乐等的女神之一);-ic⇒“the art by Muse缪斯的艺术之一”→] n. the art of making beautiful and pleasant sounds音乐 / The study of music deals with the principles of melody, harmony, rhythm, tempo and timbre. 音乐研究涉及旋律、和声、节奏、速度与音色等方面的原理。
▷musical a. 音乐的;配乐的;和谐的;悦耳的
rhetoric[rhetor=orator演说家,雄辩家;-ic⇒“the art of an orator演说家的技巧”→]n. the art of using words so as to persuade others修辞学 / Studying rhetoric can improve one's ability of speaking and writing. 学习修辞学能增进一个人的说话与写作的能力。
▷rhetorical a. 修辞学的
critic[crit=to judge判断;-ic→“a person who judges the arts对学术作判断者”→]n. a person who makes judgements of merits and faults(of works of literature and art)(文艺)批评家,评论家 / What did the critics say in the newspaper about the new play? 评论家们在报纸上对这出新戏是怎么说的?
▷critical a. 批评(性)的;苛求的
练习 20
1.[词缀辨义]
① atomic a. 原子的 ( )a. of~
② iambic a.[诗歌]抑扬格的 ( )b. having the nature of~
③ meteoric a. 流星似的 ( )c. caused by~
④ poetic a. 富于诗意的 ( )d. made up of~
⑤ symphonic a. 谐音的,调和的 ( )e. like~
⑥ mechanic n. 技工,机械工 ( )f. a person connected with~
2.[举一反三]
例:atom n. 原子→atomic a. 原子的
① angel n. 天使→angelic a. _______________
② delta n. 三角洲→deltaic a. _______________
③ hygiene n. 卫生学→hygienic a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ic→派生形容词
① algebraic ( )a. 代数的
② electronic ( )b. 器官的;组织的
③ organic ( )c. 周期的;定期的
④ periodic ( )d. 电子的
⑤ despotic ( )e. 暴君的;专横的
B 名词变形+-ic→派生形容词
① academic (←academy) ( )a. 金属的
② cubic (←cube) ( )b. 专科院校的
③ historic (←history) ( )c. 立方体的
④ metallic (←metal) ( )d. 有历史意义的
⑤ scenic (←scene) ( )e. 景色优美的
C 名词词根+-ic→原生名词(技艺)
① topic [top=place] ( )a. 算术
② arithmetic [arithmet=number] ( )b. 斯多葛学派
③ magic [mag=Persian priest] ( )c. 论题;题目
④ stoic [sto=portico] ( )d. 巫术,魔术
⑤ technic [techn=art, skill] ( )e. 技巧;技能
D 名词词根+-ic→原生名词(人)
① classic [class=collection] ( )a. 牧师;教士
② cleric [cler=priest] ( )b. 庄稼人
③ medic [med=healing] ( )c. 文豪
④ rustic [rust=country] ( )d. 技工;机械工
⑤ mechanic [mechan=machine] ( )e. 军医;医生
4.[词缀辨识]
有些名词或词干兼有-ic和-ical两种形容词形式。其中,许多是意思相同的,有些却略有区别。试比较下列几组同根形容词的词义:
① classic a. 第一流的,不朽的[class=collection]
classical a. 古典的
② comic a. 喜剧的[com=comedy]
comical a. 滑稽的
③ economic a. 经济学的(←economy)
economical a. 经济的,节俭的
④ electric a. 电的,导电的[electr=amber n. 琥珀]
electrical a. 电的,电气科学的
⑤ historic a. 有历史意义的,历史上有名的(←history)
historical a. 历史的,历史上的
⑥ politic a. 精明的,得当的[polit=citizen]
political a. 政治的;政治上的
5.[节外生枝]
A -ic最早源于希腊语,所以一部分以-ic结尾的形容词(尤其是医药与化学用语)是与希腊词根结合的。以下是几个例子。
① allergic a. 过敏性的[erg=to work]
② amoebic a. 变形虫的[amoeb=to change]
③ analgestic a. 止痛的[alg=pain]
④ cosmetic a. 整容的;化妆用的[cosm=order]
⑤ endemic a. 地方性的;风土病的[dem=people]
⑥ epidemic a. 流行性的[dem=people]
B 许多表示学科的名词是以-ic的复数形式-ics构成的。以下是几个常用词。
① acoustics n. 声学
② dynamics n. 力学
③ economics n. 经济学
④ electronics n. 电子学
⑤ eugenics n. 优生学
⑥ hygienics n. 卫生学
⑦ magnetics n. 磁学
⑧ optics n. 光学
⑨ phonetics n. 语音学
⑩ physics n. 物理学
C 有些名词与-ic缀合成形容词的过程中,词尾变化较大(一般以-atic,-itic与-etic的形式出现),应特别予以注意。以下是有代表性的例子。
① Asia n. 亚洲→Asiatic a. 亚洲的
② climax n. 顶点→clamatic a. 顶点的
③ diagram n. 图表→diagrammatic a. 图表的
④ grammar n. 语法→grammatic a. 语法的
⑤ science n. 科学→scientific a. 科学的
⑥ sympathy n. 同情→sympathetic a. 有同情心的
⑦ system n. 系统→systematic a. 系统的
21 -ion n.[L]=the act or process of~ing; the result of~ing; the condition of being~ed; a thing or process that~s
在常用词action中,有个英语中最重要的名词后缀-ion,它来自拉丁语,只能加缀在拉丁动词词干或拉丁借词上,构成相应的名词,其意思相当于the act or process of~ing, the result of~ing, the condition of being~ed, a thing that~s等,即表示某一动作的过程、结果与状态,以及与该行为有关的事物。由于受拉丁构词规律的影响,-ion有-ation,-ition,-ution等异体,但它们的用法与意义与-ion并无区别。
先介绍几个具有代表性的含-ion的派生名词。
attraction[attract v. 吸引;-ion→]n. the act or power of attracting吸引;吸引力 / The attraction of the bright headlight made the deer stop in the road. 明亮的汽车前灯光吸引那只鹿停在公路中间。/ Sports have great attraction for most boys. 运动对多数男孩有很大的吸引力。
calculation[calculat(←calculate)v. 计算;-ion→]n. ①the act or process of calculating计算 / We made a careful calculation of what the trip would cost us. 我们仔细计算了这次旅行的费用。②the result found by calculating计算结果 / Our first calculation was wrong, but the second was correct. 我们第一次得数是错误的,第二次是对的。
collection[collect v. 收集;-ion→“the result of collecting收集的结果”→]n. a group of things gathered from many places收集物,收藏品 / Our library has a large collection of books. 我们的图书馆藏书量很大。
fascination[fascinat(←fascinate)v. 迷住;-ion→]n. the condition of being fascinated迷恋,强烈爱好 / The girl's fascination with television programs worried her parents very much. 那小女孩迷上了电视节目,父母大为担忧。
connection[connect v. 连接;-ion→]n. ①the act of connecting连接,联系 / The connection of our telephone took several hours. 我们的电话花了好几个小时才接通。②a thing that connects连接物 / The connection between the radiator and the pipe has become loose. 汽车水箱与管道之间的连接件已经松动。
现在介绍拉丁动词词干与-ion及其异体结合的词例。
admission[admiss=to admit让…进入,接纳;-ion→]n. the act of admitting to enter; entrance允许进入 / His admission into the hospital was delayed for lack of beds. 因为没有床位,他无法早些住进医院。
decision[decis=to decide决定;-ion→]n. the result of deciding; the judgement reached决定,决议;判决 / The jury brought in a decision of not guilt. 陪审团作出了被告无罪的判决。
derivation[deriv=to derive引导出,衍生出;-ation→]n. the act or fact of deriving引出,衍生,由来 / The derivation of many of modern laws from Roman laws is unmistakable. 许多现代法律是从罗马法衍生出来的,这一点是明白无误的。
competition[compet=to compete比赛,竞争;-ition→]n. the act or state of competing; contest; rivalry比赛;竞争 / She won first place in the dancing competition. 她在舞蹈比赛中获得第一名。
falsification[falsif=to falsify篡改,伪造;-ication→]n. the fact of being falsified篡改,伪造 / The falsification of the will was not discovered for three months. 过了三个月才发现遗嘱被篡改。
resolution[resolut=to resolve解决,决心;-ion→]n. the act or result of resolving; thing decided or determined决心;决定;决议 / They made a resolution to carry on the strike. 他们作出继续罢工的决定。
练习 21
1.[词缀辨义]
① abbreviation n. 缩写,缩写词 ( )a. the act of~ing
② adoption n. 采纳 ( )b. the process of~ing
③ identification n. 证明书 ( )c. the result of~ing
④ inflation n. 通货膨胀 ( )d. a thing that~s
⑤ translation n. 翻译 ( )e. the condition of being~ed
2.[举一反三]
注意词干尾字母的变化与-ion的异体情况。
A 例:decide v. 决定→decision n. 决定
① collide v. 碰撞→collision n. _______________
② divide v. 分→division n. _______________
③ extend v. 延伸→extension n. _______________
B 例:admit n. 接纳→admission n. 接纳
① emit v. 发射→emission n. _______________
② permit v. 允许→permission n. _______________
③ transmit v. 传送→transmission n. _______________
C 例:adapt v. 使适应→adaptation n. 适应,适合
① combine v. 结合→combination n. _______________
② examine v. 检查→examination n. _______________
③ observe v. 监视→observation n. _______________
D 例:classify v. 分类→classification n. 分类
① amplify v. 放大→amplification n. _______________
② certify v. 证明→certification n. _______________
③ simplify v. 简化→simplification n. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 动词+-ion→派生名词
① action ( )a. 反射;反映
② correction ( )b. 表达;表情
③ expression ( )c. 改正;修改
④ reflection ( )d. 减掉;减法
⑤ subtraction ( )e. 行为;活动
B 动词+-ation→派生名词
① consideration ( )a. 通知;情报
② exportation ( )b. 考虑;体谅
③ information ( )c. 松弛;缓和
④ relaxation ( )d. 改革;自新
⑤ reformation ( )e. 输出;输出品
C 动词+-ition→派生名词
① addition (←add) ( )a. 定义;限定
② definition (←define) ( )b. 增加;加法
③ deposition (←depose) ( )c. 免职
④ exposition (←expose) ( )d. 重复
⑤ repetition (←repeat) ( )e. 暴露
D 动词变形+-ion→原生名词
① attention (←attend) ( )a. 推论;演绎法
② deduction (←deduce) ( )b. 生产;生产量
③ intention (←intend) ( )c. 注意;注意力
④ production (←produce) ( )d. 减少;还原
⑤ reduction (←reduce) ( )e. 意图;目的
E 动词变形+-ion→原生名词
① conclusion (←conclude) ( )a. 张开;扩张
② expansion (←expand) ( )b. 回复;归还
③ provision (←provide) ( )c. 悬挂;暂停
④ reversion (←revert) ( )d. 结束;结论
⑤ suspension (←suspend) ( )e. 供应;规定
F 动词变形+-ication→派生名词
① beautification (←beautify) ( )a. 净化
② electrification (←electrify) ( )b. 颂扬
③ glorification (←glorify) ( )c. 电气化
④ purification (←purify) ( )d. 纠正
⑤ rectification (←rectify) ( )e. 美化
4.[心领神会]
注意构词中拉丁词干的形态变化。
① contention n. 竞争(←contend)
② conversion n. 转变(←convert)
③ explanation n. 解释(←explain)
④ inhesion n. 内在性(←inhere)
⑤ liquefaction n. 液化(←liquefy)
⑥ occupation n. 占据(←occupy)
⑦ omission n. 省略,漏(←omit)
⑧ proclamation n. 宣布;公告(←proclaim)
⑨ realization n. 实现(←realize)
⑩ revelation n. 展现;揭露(←reveal)
⑪ satisfaction n. 满意(←satisfy)
5.[节外生枝]
由于拉丁词根异体在构词中的影响,有些动词与对应的以-ion结尾的派生词之间,词形相差很大,需要专门予以注意。以下是几个有代表性的例子。
① absorb v. 吸收→absorption n. 吸收
② destroy v. 破坏→destruction n. 破坏
③ impel v. 推动→impulsion n. 推动(力)
④ infringe v. 违犯→infraction n. 违犯
⑤ pronounce v. 发音→pronunciation n. 发音
⑥ propel v. 推进→propulsion n. 推进(力)
⑦ receive v. 接受→reception n. 接受
⑧ recognize v. 认出→recognition n. 认出
⑨ retain v. 保持;记住→retention n. 保持;记忆力
⑩ revolve v. 旋转→revolution n. 旋转;革命
⑪ subscribe v. 订阅→subscription n. 订阅
⑫ redeem v. 赎回→redemption n. 赎回
22 -ish a.[ME]=①like~; of~; tending to~; about or slightly past~ ②somewhat~
在常用词childish中,有个英语本族语的形容词后缀-ish。它可以加在两类单词后面,构成形容词:1)加在名词后面,表示like~(像…的),of~(与…有关的),tending to~(有…倾向的);加在表年龄与时间的数词后,表示about or slightly past~(大约…的)。2)加在形容词后面,其意义相当于程度副词somewhat(稍微,有点)。顺便指出,-ish还是个来自法语的动词后缀,例词请参看本节练习5。
先介绍名词或数词与-ish构成形容词的例子。
childish[child n. 小孩;-ish→]a. like a child; immature; foolish孩子气的;幼稚的;傻气的 / Crying for things you can't have is childish. 东西得不到手就哭闹是很幼稚的。
girlish[girl n. 少女;-ish→]a. ①of a girl少女的 / The old woman liked to remember her girlish youth. 那老太太喜欢回忆自己的少女年华。②like a girl; like that of a girl少女似的 / She had a slim girlish figure even at her fifties. 甚至在50多岁时,她依然有着少女般苗条的身段。
English[Engl(←England)n. 英国;-ish→]a. of or having to do with England, its people or language英国的;英国人的;英语的 / He is now at college studying ancient English history. 他正在大学学习英国古代史。
bookish[book n. 书;-ish→“tending to books倾向于书本的”→]a. ①fond of reading or studying; studious好学的;勤学的 / The bookish boy spends many hours reading every day. 那好学的男孩每天都要看好几小时的书。②knowing books better than real life书生气的 / The scholar was completely a bookish man, lost in the business world. 那位学者是书生气十足的人,在商务场上茫然失措。
seventyish[seventy num. 70;-ish→] a. about seventy years old 70来岁的 / He is seventyish. 他大约70来岁。
eightish[eight num. 8;-ish→] a. about or slightly past eight o'clock 8点钟左右 / Come here for dinner at eightish. 8点左右来这儿吃晚饭吧!
现在再来看看形容词与-ish结合的情况。
coldish[cold a. 冷的;-ish→]a. somewhat cold稍冷的 / That is a dark misty night, and coldish. 那是个雾茫茫的黑夜,而且有些冷。
sweetish[sweet a. 甜的;-ish→]a. somewhat sweet略甜 / She never touched sugar, even sweetish foods would cloy her appetite. 她从不吃糖,就是略带甜味的食物也会使她倒胃口。
reddish[red a. 红色的;-ish→]a. somewhat red微红色的 / She wore a white skirt with reddish stripes. 她穿着一条有浅红色条纹的白裙子。
练习 22
1.[词缀辨义]
① devilish a. 魔鬼似的 ( )a. somewhat~
② fortyish a. 40来岁的 ( )b. like~
③ Polish a. 波兰的(←Pole) ( )c. of~
④ thievish a. 偷窃成性的(←thief) ( )d. tending to~
⑤ warmish a. 稍暖的 ( )e. about~
2.[举一反三]
A 例:devil n. 魔鬼→devilish a. 魔鬼似的
① hog n. 猪→hoggish a. _______________
② monkey n. 猴→monkeyish a. _______________
③ wolf n. 狼→wolfish a. _______________
B 例:brown a. 褐色→brownish a. 带褐色的
① green a. 绿的→greenish a. _______________
② pink a. 粉红的→pinkish a. _______________
③ yellow a. 黄的→yellowish a. _______________
3.[同义相连]
A 名词+-ish→派生形容词
① doggish ( )a. 修道士似的
② foolish ( )b. 自私的
③ monkish ( )c. 女子气的
④ selfish ( )d. 似狗的;爱吵闹的
⑤ womanish ( )e. 愚蠢的,鲁莽的
B 专有名词或词干+-ish→形容词
① Danish ( )a. 丹麦的
② Finnish ( )b. 芬兰的
③ Spanish ( )c. 土耳其的
④ Swedish ( )d. 西班牙的
⑤ Turkish ( )e. 瑞典的
C 形容词+-ish→派生形容词
① bitterish ( )a. 稍迟的
② fattish(←fat) ( )b. 有点古怪的
③ latish(←late) ( )c. 还年轻的
④ queerish ( )d. 带苦味的
⑤ youngish ( )e. 略胖的
D 表颜色的形容词+-ish→派生形容词
① blackish ( )a. 稍黑的
② blu(e)ish ( )b. 带红色的,微红的
③ purplish(←purple) ( )c. 带蓝色的
④ reddish(←red) ( )d. 带白色的;有些苍白的
⑤ whitish(←white) ( )e. 略显紫色的
4.[心领神会]
① boorish a. 像乡下佬的;粗鲁的