Chapter 3 限定词（二）：数量限定词与个体限定词
3.3 个体限定词（一）：each/every
3.3 个体限定词（一）：each/every
一、与名词的搭配关系
从与名词的搭配来看，each和every的后面都只能接单数可数名词，这就是要称它们为“个体”限定词的原因。它们不能修饰不可数名词和复数名词。比如我们说：every/each boy，而不说：every/each boys*。此时若作主语，句子的谓语动词显然要用单数。例如：
1 Every boy has a gift. 每个男孩都有礼物。
2 Each boy has a gift. 每个男孩都有礼物。
3 Every man is the master of his own fortune. 每个人都是自己命运的主宰。
二、二者用法上的差异
这两个限定词都是只能与单数名词连用，这是二者的共同点。但二者的差异重点在于其用法上。具体阐述如下。
1. 二者在词性上的差别
二者最重大的区别是：each不仅可用作限定词，也可用作代词；而every只能用作限定词。因此，each用作代词可以单独使用，而every只能与名词连用，不能单独使用。如上面的例句2可改为：
4 Each has a gift.
却不能说：
Every has a gift. *
注意下面句子的结构和用法：
5 Every boy/Each boy has a gift.
妙语点睛 这里的each和every都用作限定词，后面只能接单数名词，如这里的boy。
6 Each has a gift.
妙语点睛 each用作代词，后面的谓语要用单数，如这里的has。
7 Each of the boys has a gift.
妙语点睛 each用作代词，后面加of短语。此时of的后面须加限定词，然后再接复数名词。不能说：each of boys*，而要说：each of these/the/my boys。但谓语依然用单数，因为each是主语核心词。
例句7若要用every来表达，则只能这么说：
8 Every one of the boys has a gift.
妙语点睛 every不能单独使用，而且在与of短语连用时，只能是分开写的every one of，而不能说everyone of。关于这一点，详见3. 8节。
9 The boys each have a gift.
妙语点睛 each用作代词，可跟在主语后面，作主语的同位语，但此时的谓语动词用复数，因为复数名词（如这里的boys）是主语核心词。
10 The boys have a gift each.
妙语点睛 each用作代词时也可放在句末。
11 I give the boys each a gift.
妙语点睛 each用作代词时也可放在间接宾语的后面。
2. 二者在意思上有两点区别
首先，each可以用来指两个或两个以上的事物，而every却总是指三个或三个以上的事物，不能指两个。例如：
12 Each sex has its own physical and psychological characteristics.
妙语点睛 性别就“男”和“女”两种，故不能说：Every sex...*。
13 There are a lot of trees on each side of the street.
妙语点睛 街道只有两旁，故不能说：...every side...*。
关于哪些限定词表示“二”的概念，哪些是表示“三”以上的概念，详见3.6节。
其次，尽管each和every都可作“每一个”讲，但两者的意思并不完全一样。every强调整体，相当于all的意思；而each则表示个别的概念。当我们用each时，我们强调的是一个一个不同的人或事物。例如：
14 We want every student to succeed in the exam.
妙语点睛 这里用every是强调整体，即表示希望“所有的学生”都能通过考试。
15 Each student has his own personal dream in his mind.
妙语点睛 这里用each是强调个体差别，因为每个人的梦想必然是不同的。
16 Different fields create various No. 1s. Each profession produces its own best. 三百六十行，行行出状元。
正是因为each和every强调的重点不一样，所以，我们可以将两者并列起来使用，说成each and every，既强调个体差别，同时又强调整体。比如下面这个句子：
17 I want to welcome each and every balloon enthusiast in Philadelphia. Thank you for coming here this morning to commemorate the first balloon voyage in the United States.
3. 与数词的搭配关系
一般来说，each不与数词连用，而every可与数词连用，然后再加复数名词。例如：
18 every two days
妙语点睛 “每隔一天”还可以说成every other day。
再比如：
19 every four years 每隔三年/每四年
20 In the United States, presidential elections are held once every four years. 在美国，总统大选是每四年举行一次。
另外，我们也可以用“every+序数词+单数名词”这个结构，来表示同样的意思。比如：
21 every fourth year 每隔三年/每四年
用each或every填空。
1. You should prepare a list of topics and write a short speech on ______ one.
2. Please write your suggestions ______ other line.
3. We should be ready to help ______ other in learning English.
4. Don't be afraid to admit that you are less than perfect. It is this fragile thread that binds us to ______ together.
5. Chinese also have a hard time learning the European languages such as English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German, because ______ of these languages is filled with many idioms.
6. Despite their differences in their educational background, they work very well along with ______ other.
7. Then she told them to think of the nicest thing they could say about ______ of their classmates and write it down.
8. She had listed all the good things ______ of Mark's classmates had said about him.
9. Don't undermine your worth by comparing yourself to others. It is because we are different that ______ of us is special.
10. The Olympic Games, first celebrated in Athens in 1896, has been held ______ four years so far this century, except during the two world wars.
11. Tonight, I'd suggest that you try to have as many short conversations with as many foreigners as possible. But make sure you talk about something different with ______ one.