Chapter 3 限定词(二):数量限定词与个体限定词
3.4 个体限定词(二):another/other
3.4 个体限定词(二):another/other
一、与名词的搭配关系
从与名词的搭配来看,another不能修饰不可数名词及复数名词,只能与单数可数名词连用,表示不确定的“另一个”,“再一个”。比如:
1 another day 另一天
而不能接复数名词,比如说:
another days*
也不能接不可数名词,比如说:
another water*
可以说:
2 another cup of water 另一杯水
然而,other可与单数名词、复数名词以及不可数名词连用,表示不确定的“另外的”、“其余的”人或物。请看例子:
3 the other boy 另一个男孩
4 other boys 其他男孩
5 other water 其他水
二、与数词的搭配关系
从与数词的搭配来看,二者都可以与数词连用,但在语序和意思上都不相同。
首先,二者在词序上的差别是:数词要置于another的后面,但要放在other的前面。具体来说就是采用下面的结构:
1. another+数词+复数名词
2. 数词+other+复数名词
请看下面的例子:
6 another three days 另外三天
不说:
three another days*
相反,我们要说:
three other days 另外三天
而不说:
other three days*
其次,从语义上来看,两种结构所表达的意思完全不同。“another+数词+名词复数”这一结构的基本意思是“在原有基础上的一个延续”。比如当我们说:
7 We will stay here for another three days.
意思是“我们要在这里再待三天”。言外之意,我们已经在这里待过一段时日了,现在还得再加上三天。
而“数词+other+复数名词”这一结构表达的意思却完全不同。它并不像“another+数词+复数名词”结构那样具有一种“累加延续”的效果,而只是单纯地表示“其他的,另外的”。比如我们说:
8 I am always busy from Monday to Thursday, but I can come on three other days.
意思是“我其他三天(即Friday, Saturday and Sunday)能来”。
综上所述,“another+数词+名词复数”结构强调的是数量概念。比如another three days表示“接下来还有三天”,是一个量的累积。而“数词+other+复数名词”结构强调的是类别概念。比如three other days表示“其他三天”,说明的是特定的某三天,而不是一个数量的概念。
另外,与“another+数词+名词复数”这一结构意思相同的另一种结构是:“数词+more+复数名词”。比如我们可以说:
9 three more days 另外三天
需要注意的是,因为another不能与a连用,因此与a few搭配时,我们要说another few,而不能说another a few*。但如果与more连用,则要说成a few more,表示的意思完全一样。比如:
10 another few weeks/a few more weeks 还有几个星期
11 another few boys/a few more boys 又有几个男孩
再比如下面的对话:
12 A: What do you do when you realize that you are about to die?
B: It's really simple. You get things right with God, and you spend as much time with those you love as you can. Then you settle up with everybody else. You know, really, you ought to live every day like you have only a few more days to live.
顺便需要提及的是,从以上的讨论我们可知,虽然another不能直接与复数名词连用,但其后可以先接数词或few,然后再接复数名词。最后,简单总结如下:
13 1) another three days
2) three more days
3) three other days
其中,1)与2)的意思完全一样,它们与3)的意思不同。
三、other本身的其他用法
现在,我们简单总结一下有关other这个限定词的其他用法。具体如下:
1. other之前可以有其他限定词修饰
常见的置于other前面的限定词包括:some, any, every, enough, one/two/three..., no, many和his/my/their等。例如激励演讲大师金·克拉(Zig Ziglar)有句名言是这么说的:
14 You can have everything in life you want if you'll just help enough other people to get what they want! 如果你能帮助别人梦想成真,你自己也就可以心想事成!
再比如其他例句:
15 Can you give me some other reference books? 你能否给我一些其他参考书?
16 every other day=every two days 每隔一天
17 no other tools 没有其他的工具了
18 Have you got any other colors? 你这里有别的颜色吗?
19 I have many other books for you to read. 我还有许多其他的书供你看。
需要提醒读者注意的是,我们不能因为汉语里可以说“其他许多书”而译成other many books*;不能因为汉语里可以说“其他三本书”而译成other three books*;不能因为汉语里可以说“其他一些书”而译成other some books*等等。也就是说,在这方面,英汉的语序是相反的。
2. other/others
词尾不带-s的other只能作限定词来用,其后面必须接名词,而不能单独使用。比如不能说:other are...*。与此相反,others只能用作代词,后面不能再接名词,而只能单独使用,比如不能说:others people are...*。
3. other/the other
这里是关于other与the other在含义上的区别的问题。“other+名词”表示不确定的“其他的,另外的”。若有了定冠词the限定,“the other+名词”则表示特定范围内的“剩下其余的”。
我们先来看下面这段话:
20
Five Balls in the Air
Imagine life as a game in which you are juggling some five balls in the air. You name them—work, family, health, friends and spirit, and you're keeping all these balls in the air.
You will soon understand that work is a rubber ball. If you drop it, it will bounce back. But the other four balls are made of glass. If you drop one of these, it will be irrevocably scuffed, marked, nicked, damaged or even shattered. They will never be the same. You must understand that and strive for balance in your life.
How?
Don't undermine your worth by comparing yourself with others. It is because we are different that each of us is special. Don't set your goals by what other people deem important. Only you know what is best for you.
妙语点睛 这是在某个大学的毕业典礼上,曾经的可口可乐公司总裁布莱恩·戴森(Brian Dyson)说的一番话。这番话说明了我们应该处理好工作与生活其他方面的关系。当然,不同人有不同的选择。
在这段话中,因为一开始就有five balls这个限定的范围,所以在说完work之后,他用了the other来限定four balls。在下面的other people当中,因为没有特定的范围,所以就用other修饰people。此外,文中的others相当于other people。
空中的五只球
上面这篇短文告诫我们:不能盲目地去与别人比较,我们应该按照自己的价值观来选择自己想要的生活。但在现实中,我们都会情不自禁地与身边的人比较,而且比较的结果往往是“别人永远比自己好”,用汉语的俗话说就是“这山望着那山高”。英语里有一个类似的谚语,是“The grass on the other side of the fence is greener.”,即“篱笆那一边的草总是更绿”。比如下面的句子:
21 The grass on the other side always looks greener. While we are eyeing the grass on the other side, there are others who are eyeing the grass on our side. They would be happy to trade places with us.
妙语点睛 因为篱笆就只有“两边”,所以要说the other side,这是相对于our side来说的。此外,我们也看到了others的后面没有接任何名词,而是单独使用的。
所以,我们世人总是生活在矛盾中,live elsewhere(生活在别处)!
请再比较下面的例句:
22 1) Of all metals, only mercury is liquid and the other metals are solid.
2) Some metals are magnetic and other metals are not.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,由于句首的介词短语of all metals提供了范围,所以要用the other来限定metals。在例句2)中,由于没有像上面那样的限定范围,而只是泛泛地在谈论一个话题,所以只用other来限定metals。这也是为什么我们常见到some...other搭配,而不是some...the other。
简言之,other表示不确定的,the other表示确定的。这一区别同样适用于others/the others。比如例句22中的两个句子可以分别改写成:
23 1) Of all metals, only mercury is liquid and the others are solid.
2) Some metals are magnetic and others are not.
选择最佳答案填空。
1. We have lots of ______ equipment.
A. others
B. the other
C. other
D. another
2. They used ______ machines.
A. other some
B. some other
C. the other
D. some others
3. He provided hope and inspiration to ______ patients.
A. another
B. others
C. other
D. the other
4. I don't care about what ______ people think of me or say about me.
A. another
B. other
C. others
D. the others
5. Not having ______ option at that time, I decided it was best to sit and wait.
A. any others
B. other any
C. any other
D. some other
6. He took her money in one hand and with ______ hand he grasped her mitten(连指手套).
A. other
B. the other
C. the others
D. another
7. Years ago, Zig Ziglar walked away from a record-setting sales career to help ______ people become more successful in their personal and professional lives.
A. other
B. another
C. the other
D. others
8. He has been on the Oprah Winfrey Show, Larry King Live, Good Morning America, Primetime, The Today Show, and ______ programs many times.
A. other many
B. others many
C. many other
D. many others
9. Getting married is very much like going to the restaurant with your friend. You order what you want, and when you see what ______ fellow has, you wish you had ordered that.
A. the other
B. other
C. another
D. others
10. ______ countries of the world celebrate their own Mother's Day at different times throughout the year.
A. Many other
B. Others
C. Many another
D. Other many