语法核心/初级 · 走近语法

Chapter 3 限定词(二):数量限定词与个体限定词

3.8 限定词总结(三):限定词与of短语

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3.8 限定词总结(三):限定词与of短语

在英文中,有很多数量或个体限定词同时还可以用作代词,此时它们的后面可以接of短语连用。此时的结构一般是:

数量或个体词+of+特指限定词+复数名词或不可数名词。

值得提醒大家注意的是,在of的后面必须有一个“特指限定词”,然后才能接名词,否则就是错误的。这里的“特指限定词”主要有下列四类:

一是,指示限定词,如this, that, these和those;

二是,物主限定词,如my, your, his, her, its, their和our;

三是,名词所有格,如Mike's, Mary's和the teacher's等;

四是,定冠词the。

注意,这四类限定词不能没有,也不能同时出现两个或以上。所以,我常常将这种情况简称为“四分之一”,即这四类限定词“有且只能有一个”。

具体用法如下:

一、all/most/some/any of+特指限定词+复数可数或不可数名词

请看例句:

1 Most of my/these/the/John's books are interesting.

如果没有“四分之一”,则是典型的错误。比如不能说:Most of books are interesting. *

如果没有“四分之一”,必须把of去掉才正确,即说成:Most books are interesting.

精品译文 我的/这些/约翰的大多数图书都很有趣。

二、many/a few/few/several/both/two/three of+特指限定词+复数可数名词

请看例句:

2 Many of these students are good at English.

如果没有“四分之一”,则是典型的错误。比如不能说:Many of students are good at English. *

如果没有“四分之一”,必须把of去掉才正确,即说成:Many students are good at English.

精品译文 这些学生中的许多人英语都很好。

三、much/a little/little of+特指限定词+不可数名词

请看例句:

3 Much of the water is wasted.

如果没有“四分之一”,则是典型的错误。比如不能说:Much of water is wasted. *

如果没有“四分之一”,必须把of去掉才正确,即说成:Much water is wasted.

精品译文 大部分的水都浪费了。

注意,其他本身就带有of的数量词如a lot of, lots of, a couple of, plenty of, a number of和a great deal of等,则必须直接与名词连用,名词的前面不需要加特指限定词修饰。如:

4 a lot of books

不说:a lot of the books*

精品译文 许多书

5 a great deal of water

不说:a great deal of the water*

精品译文 许多水

6 a couple of days

不说:a couple of the days*

精品译文 一两天

四、特别关注:all和both

在上述数量限定词中,all(指“三个或三个以上都”)与both(指“两个都”)的用法较为特殊。请读者认真研究下列句子。

正确:

7 1) All students are smart.

2) All of my students are smart.

3) All my students are smart.(all的独特用法)

不正确:

All of students are smart. *

both具有同样的用法。比如:

正确:

8 1) Both students are smart.

2) Both of my students are smart.

3) Both my students are smart.(both的独特用法)

不正确:

Both of students are smart. *

但其他数量词不能像all和both第3)种句子这样用。比如我们不能说:

1) most my students*

2) most the students*

3) many these students*

五、特别关注:不定代词与of短语

不定代词none, someone, anyone以及everyone,都是两个词合起来写成的一个词。它们还分别有分开写的形式:no one, some one, any one以及every one,都是两个词构成的不定代词。它们与of短语的搭配关系不同。首先,请读者研究下列表格:

从以上表格中,我们得出结论:

一是,合起来写的someone, anyone和everyone的后面不能接of短语。分开写的no one不能接of短语。

二是,分开写的some one, any one和every one的后面必须接of短语。合起来写的none要接of短语。

因此,我们不能说:

1) No one of us has a gift. *

2) Everyone of us has a gift. *

3) Someone of us has a gift. *

4) Anyone of us has a gift. *

而都要分别改写成:

9 1) None of us has a gift.

2) Every one of us has a gift.

3) Some one of us has a gift.

4) Any one of us has a gift.

精品译文 1) 我们当中没有人有礼物。

2) 我们当中每个人都有礼物。

3) 我们当中有些人有礼物。

4) 我们当中任何人都有礼物。

思维训练3.8

一、在必要的地方加上of。

1. Some ______ students are lazy and some ______ students are hard-working.

2. Some ______ my students are a little lazy.

3. I bought a few ______ books yesterday.

4. I read a few ______ those books yesterday.

5. Most ______ people need six to eight hours of sleep every night.

6. Most ______ the people in this class like English.

7. Jack asked me many ______ questions. Most ______ his questions are about grammar.

8. I'm new here. I don't know many ______ people.

9. I'm new in this class. I don't know many ______ my classmates.

二、all和both的独特用法:判断下列空格哪些不能加of,哪些可加可不加。

10. Almost all ______ children like stories.

11. All ______ my children are clever.

12. Both ______ those books are mine.

13. Not all ______ people are friendly, but most ______ people have kind hearts.

14. Not all ______ the people in my class are smart, but most ______ the people in my class are smart.

15. All ______ birds have wings, but not all ______ birds can fly.