初级 · 走近语法
附录 参考答案
附录
参考答案
绪论
The American flag: 限定词+形容词+名词
13 horizontal stripes: 限定词+形容词+名词
seven red ones: 限定词+形容词+代词
six white ones: 限定词+形容词+代词
50 stars arranged in nine rows: 限定词+名词+分词短语
13 stars arranged in a circle: 限定词+名词+分词短语
the unity and equality of the 13 colonies: 限定词+名词+介词短语
the American national flag: 限定词+形容词+名词
Chapter 1 名词
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. B
23. B
1. stars magazines sheep children deer
2. classes boxes matches stomachs
3. countries families babies plays boys monkeys keys
4. tomatoes radios heroes pianos photos studios potatoes bamboos
5. halves chiefs leaves lives thieves wives beliefs knives roofs
6. men teachers men servants women pilots passers-by lookers-on mothers-in-law
7. The trade pact would reduce average Chinese tariffs, abolish Chinese import quotas and licenses and allow foreign businesses to invest in Chinese banking, telecommunications and other companies.
8. Whether they get a Golden Palm or not, Asian directors are the clear winners of this year's Cannes Film Festival, serving up a feast of films that combine originality and a particular brand of sensitivity that is all their own.
9. The organization is like a tree full of monkeys, all on different limbs at different levels, some climbing up. The monkeys on top look down and see a tree full of smiling faces. The monkeys on the bottom look up and see nothing but assholes.
1. One student asked me a question after class. I answered the student's question.
2. Many students asked me questions after class. I answered the students' questions.
3. Is this John's dictionary?
4. My brother's paintings are interesting.
5. John's job was more difficult than Dick's.
6. John and Mike's school is the same as Tom's.
7. My best friend's father's job is very interesting.
8. My brother-in-law's sister's house is near mine.
9. Are you going to Dave's party?
10. We thought all of the teacher's/teachers' speeches were brilliant.
11. The Browns' house is bigger than the Greens'.
12. The thief stole both John's mother-in-law's and his sister-in-law's handbags.
13. They were all tired after five hours' walk in the woods.
14. She told me of her father's illness the other day.
15. He is very tired. He needs a night's rest.
16. The earth's surface is about seventy per cent water.
17. The whale（鲸） is the world's largest mammal（哺乳动物）.
18. my sister's
19. her husband's
20. Mary's
21. Thackeray's
22. the cyclist's
23. his uncle's
24. my brother's
25. children's stories
26. this afternoon's concert
27. President George W. Bush's arriving at the Tsinghua University in Beijing on February 22, 2002 was reported in yesterday's newspaper.
1. 动宾关系，相当于说“Someone imprisoned the murderer.”。
2. 动宾关系
3. 动宾关系
4. 动宾关系
5. 同位关系
6. 同位关系
7. 三个of都表示动宾关系。
8. 三个of都表示动宾关系。
9. 两个of都表示同位关系，补充说明chance。
10. 该句of表示动宾关系。
11.
12.
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. B
18. B
19. A
20. A
21. B
22. A
23. A
24. B
25. A
26. B
27. B
28. A
29. B
30. A
31. B
32. B
33. A
34. A
35. B
36. B
37. A
38. D
39. D
40. A
41. B
42. A
43. B
44. B
45. D
46. B
47. A
48. C
49. C
50. B
51. C
52. C
53. B
54. D
55. A
56. B
57. C
58. D
59. D
60. B
61. C
62. B
63. B
64. B
65. B
66. A
67. B
68. C
69. A
70. D
71. A
72. B
73. A
74. A
75. B
76. A
77. C
78. A，改为legs
79. A，改为Many
80. A，改为comets
81. B，改为means
82. D，改为a prizefighter
83. C，改为areas
84. D，改为neighborhoods
85. D，改为cities
86. D，改为books
87. B，改为buildings
88. A，改为waters
89. B，an去掉
90. B，改为authorities
91. A，改为authority
92. D，改为equipment
93. D，改为communications
94. C，改为monarchs
95. B，改为are
96. A，改为As much as
97. B，改为nurses
98. D，改为years
99. B，改为an area
100. D，改为densities
101. A，改为poetry
102. B，改为as an art
103. B，改为skills
104. B，改为expeditions
105. A，改为bison
106. D，改为operators
107. B，改为spacecraft
108. D，改为Dick's
109. A，改为Man
110. B，改为breathe
111. B，改为many
112. D，改为loss
113. D，改为newspapers
114. B，改为teeth
115. D，改为scenery
116. B，改为collections
Chapter 2 限定词（一）：冠词
Telling lies is a fault in a boy, an art in a lover, an accomplishment in a bachelor, and second-nature in a married man.
1. The
2. ×
3. ×
4. The
5. ×
6. the
7. ×
8. The
9. ×
10. The
1. the, a
2. the, a
3. the
4. the, 不填冠词，the，不填冠词
5. Yesterday I saw a dog and a cat. The dog was chasing the cat. The cat was chasing a mouse. The mouse ran into a hole, but the hole was very small. The cat couldn't get into the hole, so it ran up a tree. The dog tried to climb the tree too, but it couldn't.
6. Yesterday I saw a man and a woman. They were having an argument. The man was yelling at the woman, and the woman was shouting at the man. I don't know what the argument was about.
7. He owned a huge estate. The land and the building were worth millions.
8. What did you think of that restaurant? I thought the atmosphere was good, but the service was slow.
9. I think for me, when it comes to choosing a job, the conditions and the prospects are more important than the salary.
10. I don't think I'll ever use that recipe; the ingredients are impossible to get hold of and the instructions are too complicated anyway.
11. What did you think of his latest novel? I thought the plot was tedious and the characters were unrealistic.
12. It was a most dreadful accident; the survivors had to spend the night on a cold mountainside.
13. I think ordinary people in Vietnam must have suffered terribly during the years of their war with America.
14. I feel very sorry for ______ people who have to live in ______ cities which they absolutely hate because they have no choice.
15. The role of ______ computers in ______ society will only be truly understood when ______ historians look back on the end of the twentieth century.
16. ______ humans can never really understand what ______ animals think and feel, or whether they experience ______ pain and ______ suffering in the same way that ______ people do.
17. Children of ______ single-parent families often suffer ______ discrimination in ______ countries where ______ marriage is still considered essential.
18. 不填冠词
“All ______ good books are alike in that they are truer than if they had really happened.”
19. “A worker is the slave of the capitalist society; a female worker is the slave of a slave.”
20. “The happiest women, like the happiest nations, have no history.”
21. “______ non-violence is the first article of my faith.”
22. 不填冠词
“______ success is counted sweetest by those who never succeed.”
1. 可以表示不定指，说话者意指任何邮票都可以。此时，要用one指代stamp，比如接下来说“So I took one.”。
也可以表示对说话者来说是定指的，即说话者心里知道自己想要的是哪张邮票，这对听话者来说是不定指。此时，要用it来指代stamp，比如接下来说“So I took it.”。
2. 比如说话者在找自己家里的宠物狗，所以这里的a dog对于说话者来说是定指，但对于听话者来说是不定指（speaker specific, listener nonspecific）。如果对于说话者与听话者双方来说都是定指，则必须用the来特指了。比如：Did you see the dog in the garden?
3. 对说话者与听话者都是定指（listener and speaker specific）。
4. 对说话者与听话者都是定指（listener and speaker specific）。
5. 说话者定指；听话者不定指（speaker specific, listener nonspecific）。
6. 对说话者与听话者都是不定指（listener and speaker nonspecific）。
7. 这里a pen对于说话者来说是定指，但对于听话者来说则是不定指（speaker specific, listener nonspecific）。这里a new pen对于说话者和听话者来说，都是不定指。
8. 说话者定指；听话者不定指（speaker specific, listener nonspecific）。
9. 对说话者与听话者都是不定指（listener and speaker nonspecific），即泛指概念。
10. 说话者定指；听话者不定指（speaker specific, listener nonspecific）。
11. 对说话者与听话者都是不定指（listener and speaker nonspecific），即泛指概念。任何一个香蕉any banana, all bananas, bananas in general。
1. 这里paper表示“纸”，泛指，不需要冠词。
2. 这里paper表示“报纸”，需要填入a：When you're in town, can you get a paper?
3. 这里cloth表示“一块抹布”，作可数名词，需要填入a：I've spilt some wine; get a cloth.
4. 这里cloth表示“布”，作不可数名词，不需要填冠词。
5. 这里wood表示“一片树林”，作可数名词，需要填入a：After walking for about an hour we came to a wood.
6. 这里wood表示“木材”，作不可数名词，不需要填冠词。
7. 这里chicken表示“鸡肉”，是不可数名词，不需要填冠词。
8. 这里chicken表示“活鸡”，是可数名词，需要填入a：I ran over a chicken near a farm today.
1. Every term parents are invited to the school to meet the teachers.
2. Why aren't your children at school today? Are they ill?
3. When he was younger, Ted hated school.
4. What time does school start in the mornings in your country?
5. A: How do your children get home from school? By bus? B: No, they walk. The school isn't very far.
6. What sort of job does Jenny want to do when she leaves school?
7. There were some people waiting outside the school to meet their children.
8. She works as a cleaner at the hospital.
9. When Ann was ill, we all went to the hospital to visit her.
10. My brother has always been very healthy. He's never been in hospital.
11. Peter was injured in an accident and was kept in hospital for a few days.
12. He was taken to hospital. He's still in hospital now.
13. John's mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to church every Sunday.
14. John himself doesn't go to church.
15. John went to the church to take some photographs of the buildings.
16. The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.
17. In many places people are in prison because of their political opinions.
18. The other day the fire brigade were called to the prison to put out a fire.
19. The judge decided to fine the man $500 instead of sending him to prison.
20. Ken went to the prison to visit his brother because he was in prison for bribery.
21. There's a nice view from the window. You can see the sea.
22. It was a long voyage. We were at sea for four weeks.
23. I love swimming in the sea.
24. Jack is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea.
25. A: It is a nice day, isn't it? B: Yes, let's go for a walk by the sea.
见P88-P90页解释
1. 错误。应改为：Life is hard sometimes.
2. 错误。应改为：I love music, poetry and art.
3. 错误。应改为：I don't like the film, but I like the music.
4. 错误。应改为：Air is a colorless and tasteless gas.
5. 错误。应改为：The air in this room is stuffy. Please open the windows.
6. 错误。应改为：History may repeat itself.
7. 错误。应改为：Pencils contain lead.
8. 错误。应改为：Diamond is the hardest substance in nature.
9. 错误。应改为：Man has just taken his first steps into space.
10. 错误。应改为：A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life, as Marx put it.
11. 这里的coffee是一个不可数名词，表示泛指概念，说明的是“咖啡”这种物质。
12. 这里的coffee作为可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”这种饮品，而不是其他的饮品（drinks）。
13. 这里用the表示特指，强调的是某一个特定地方的“咖啡”，以与其他地方的“咖啡”作对比。
14. 这里强调“咖啡的不同种类（different types of coffee）”。
15. 这里的coffee是不可数名词，我们就不能说：
She has a coffee on her dress. *
因为在这个句子所表达的语境中，我们能体会到，这里是表示她的衣服上有咖啡污渍，所以这里的coffee应该是用作一个物质名词（mass noun），不可数，所以不能加a。这个句子若有冠词a则理解成“她的衣服上挂着一杯咖啡”，这在现实中不太可能。
16. I have an idea. Let's go on a picnic Saturday.
17. Did you have fun at the picnic yesterday?
18. It's in the washing machine. You'll have to wear a different shirt.
19. I hope I have a washing machine.
20. Everyone has problems in life.
21. My grandfather had a long life.
22. That book is about the life of Helen Keller.
23. I'll meet you at the university at three o'clock, outside room 26.
24. The dog needs to go to the vet. Can you take him?
25. When I got up, I noticed the car windscreen was covered in ice.
26. Customer: I'm looking for a book by Charles Handy, Schools as Organizations.
Assistant: Schools as Organizations, it might be in Educational.
店员：《组织学派》，也许在教育类的书里面。
Customer: You don't have it? You never have the books I need.
27. Mother: No, no, that's horrible! You don't do that to books!
28. Arnold Schwarzenegger grew up in Austria. His father was a policeman and his mother a housewife. Home didn't have a flush toilet or refrigerator until Arnie was 14. He arrived in the U.S. a penniless 21-year-old. His wife, Maria Shiver, is an anchor woman on U.S. TV news and niece of assassinated President John F. Kennedy. Andy Warhol and Grace Jones were among the 500 guests at their wedding. Others invited who were unable to attend included the Pope and the Reagans. His hobbies include reading, collecting art and attending classical music festivals.
29. A long time ago, there was a huge apple tree.
A little boy loved to come and play around it everyday. He climbed to the tree top, ate the apples, took a nap under the shadow... He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.
Time went by... The little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree everyday.
One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked unhappy. “Come and play with me,” the tree asked the boy.
“I am no longer a kid, I don't play around trees anymore.” The boy replied, “I want toys. I need money to buy them.” “Sorry, but I don't have money... but you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you will have money.” The boy was so excited. He grabbed all the apples on the tree and left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples. The tree was sad.
One day, the boy returned and the tree was so excited. “Come and play with me.” the tree said. “I don't have time to play. I have to work for my family. We need a house for shelter. Can you help me?” “Sorry, but I don't have a house. But you can chop off my branches to build your house.” So the boy cut all the branches of the tree and left happily.
The tree was glad to see him happy but the boy never came back since then. The tree was again lonely and sad.
One hot summer day, the boy returned and the tree was delighted. “Come and play with me!” the tree said.
“I am sad and getting old. I want to go sailing to relax myself. Can you give me a boat?” “Use my trunk to build your boat. You can sail far away and be happy.” So the boy cut the tree trunk to make a boat.
He went sailing and never showed up for a long time.
Finally, the boy returned after he left for so many years.
“Sorry, my boy. But I don't have anything for you anymore. No more apples for you...” the tree said.
“I don't have teeth to bite.” the boy replied.
“No more trunk for you to climb on...” the tree said. “I am too old for that now.” the boy said.
“I really can't give you anything... The only thing left is my dying roots.” the tree said with tears.
“I don't need much now, just a place to rest. I am tired after all these years.” The boy replied.
“Good! Old tree roots is the best place to lean on and rest. Come. Come sit down with me and rest.”
...
30. D
31. C
32. D
33. B
34. A
35. B
36. B
37. B
38. A
39. C
40. C
41. C
42. C
Chapter 3 限定词（二）：数量限定词与个体限定词
1. a few a little
2. a few a few a little
3. few
4. a little
5. few
6. little
7. few
8. a few
9. a little
10. a few
1. some, any
2. some
3. some
4. any
5. Some
6. Some
7. any
8. Some, some, some
1. each
2. every
3. each
4. each
5. each
6. each
7. each
8. each
9. each
10. every
11. each
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. A
10. A
1. (1) A B C D E G I
(2) C D F H I
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. B
1. 不填of，不填of
2. of
3. 不填of
4. of
5. 不填of
6. of
7. 不填of，of
8. 不填of
9. of
10. 不填of
11. of或不填of
12. of或不填of
13. 不填of，不填of
14. of或不填of，of
15. 不填of，不填of
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. C
21. C
22. A
23. D
24. D
25. A
26. B。the three of us表示“我们三人”，of表示同位关系，此时表明仅有三个人；three of us表示“我们当中的三个人”，of表示部分和整体关系，此时不只三个人。
27. D，改为much。被修饰的名词是music，不可数。
28. C，改为other。被修饰的名词是复数ships，而another只能接单数名词。
29. B，改为these。
30. B，改为many。
31. D，改为other。被修饰的名词是复数materials，而another只能接单数名词。
32. C，改为other。被修饰的名词是复数milks，而another只能接单数名词。
33. A，改为all。被修饰的名词是复数fruits，而every只能接单数名词。
34. C，改为no。
35. C，改为fewer。被修饰的名词是复数effects，而less只能接不可数名词。
36. C，改为any other。
37. D，改为any，即把of去掉。
38. A，改为of the planets。在of后边需要接一个限定词，然后才能接名词。
39. B，改为many。species是一个单复数同形的名词，而不是不可数名词，因而不用much修饰。
40. D，改为both。被修饰的名词是复数types，而either只能接单数名词。
41. A，改为neither。这里是固定搭配：neither...nor...。
42. D，改为many other。
43. A，改为No。
44. D，改为other。
45. B，改为most，即把the去掉。
46. C，把the去掉。不可数名词泛指，不用the。这里cash是相对于check来说的，是一个泛指概念。
Chapter 4 形容词
1. C。这里的形容词排序是：观点形容词+尺寸长短+颜色+材质（opinion, length, color, material）。
2. A。这里的形容词排序是：观点形容词+颜色+材质+用途（opinion, color, material, purpose）。
3. B。这里的形容词排序是：观点形容词+尺寸高矮+国籍产地+材质+用途（opinion, height, origin, material, purpose）。
4. C。这里的形容词排序是：观点形容词+形状+产地+材质（opinion, shape, origin, material）。
5. D。这里的形容词排序是：观点形容词+形状图案+材质+用途（opinion, pattern, material, purpose）。
6. C。这里有副词mouth-wateringly，它要修饰形容词，所以这里的词序是：副词+观点形容词+形状+材质（adv., opinion, shape, material）。
1. I know an actor suitable for the part. 这里形容词短语suitable for the part后置修饰actor。该形容词短语由形容词suitable接介词短语for the part构成。
2. They have a house larger than yours. 这里形容词短语larger than yours后置修饰house。该形容词短语由形容词larger接介词短语than yours构成。
3. many brave soldiers willing to volunteer 这里形容词短语willing to volunteer后置修饰soldiers。该形容词短语由形容词willing接不定式短语to volunteer构成。
4. The boys easiest to teach were in my class. 这里形容词短语easiest to teach后置修饰boys。该形容词短语由形容词easiest接不定式短语to teach构成。
5. Now there is movement, short and long, in every direction. 并列的形容词短语short and long，后置修饰movement。
6. We can easily point to inequalities, social and economic... 并列的形容词短语social and economic，后置修饰inequalities。
7. John was a ranchman, big, quiet, unlettered and strong as a horse. He had begun with fifty head of sheep. Ambitious and frugal, in ten years he owned two thousand ewes and ample pasture for them. 并列的形容词短语big, quiet, unlettered and strong as a horse，后置修饰ranchman。并列的形容词短语ambitious and frugal则是作状语，表示原因。
8. 该句中形容词短语radically different from why education is universally required by law后置修饰reasons。这个形容词短语由形容词different后接介词短语from why education is universally required by law构成。介词from后接一个why引导的宾语从句。
9. 这里形容词短语ignorant of evolution作定语，后置修饰those。该形容词短语由形容词ignorant后接介词短语of evolution构成。此外，这里as a savage looks at a ship是作状语，表示方式，修饰主句谓语部分look at an organic being。
10. 该句中有两个形容词短语作后置定语，且它们结构不同。形容词短语necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose后置修饰genes。这个形容词短语由形容词necessary后接不定式短语to generate particular smell receptors in the nose构成。另一个形容词短语insensitive to a certain smell at first后置修饰people。这个形容词短语由形容词insensitive后接介词短语to a certain smell构成。
1. tinier, tiniest
2. simpler/more simple, simplest/most simple
3. angrier, angriest
4. more convenient, most convenient
5. colder，coldest
6. wider，widest
7. fatter，fattest
8. thinner，thinnest
9. slenderer/more slender，slenderest/most slender
10. more friendly，most friendly
11. more gentle，most gentle
12. more expensive，most expensive
13. warmer，warmest
14. smaller，smallest
15. better，best
16. worse，worst
17. farther/further, farthest/furthest
18. better，best
19. The biggest, richest and most successful Internet company in the world has been hit by hackers, BBC News reported on June 17. The company said hackers had gained access to a number of member accounts through a virus attached to e-mails.
The attack was similar to the ILOVEYOU virus that temporarily paralyzed millions of computers last month, though on a far smaller scale.
This latest security breach highlights the vulnerability of even the world's largest Internet services provider to the threat of hacker attacks.
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. C
5. A
1. 短语a的意思是他自己很疲惫了（he was tired），所以从他说话的声音里别人都能够听出他的疲惫。短语b的意思是他自己不一定感到疲惫，但是他说话的声音懒洋洋的，让听者感到疲惫（His voice makes other people feel tired.）。
2. If a person is boring, this means that he makes other people bored.
3. The interesting children can make other people feel interested in them.
4. The interested children will show an interest in something interesting.
5. Don't bother to read that book. It's boring and you will feel bored to read it.
6. The students are interested in learning grammar because grammar is interesting.
7. The students are confused, not because Mr. Zhang doesn't explain things well, but because these things are confusing.
8. I am bored.
9. I think he is a boring person.
10. I heard some surprising news on the radio.
11. I read an interesting article in the newspaper this morning.
12. It was a shocking scandal. The shocked nation soon replaced the leader.
13. It was exhausting work and the exhausted men sat down to rest under the shade of a tree.
14. It was a frightening sound. The frightened child cried.
15. The bored student fell asleep during the boring lecture.
16. Seeing a frightening movie, the frightened child began to cry.
1. an attractive little old yellowed
2. large round wooden
3. small black plastic
4. ugly old blue china
5. huge red American
6. nice small brown paper
7. big square metal
8. big round blue
9. handsome tall young
10. valuable ancient Egyptian
11. D
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. B
20. B
21. A
22. B
23. C
24. A
Chapter 5 动词分类（一）：实义动词与（情态）助动词
1. takes 实义动词
2. is 系动词
3. was 助动词；built 实义动词
4. can't 情态动词；stand 实义动词
5. can 情态动词；leave 实义动词
6. speaks 实义动词
7. can 情态动词；save 实义动词
8. will 情态动词；find 实义动词
9. find 实义动词
10. will 情态动词；make 实义动词
11. do 实义动词；did 实义动词；doesn't 助动词；do 实义动词；likes 实义动词
12. have 实义动词；has 助动词；is 助动词；is 实义动词；has 实义动词；is 系动词；hasn't 助动词；has 实义动词；have 助动词
1. She lives there.
否定句式 She doesn't live there. 一般疑问句式 Does she live there?
肯定回答 Yes, she does. 否定回答 No, she doesn't.
特殊疑问句 Where does she live?
2. Kennex lived there.
否定句式 Kennex didn't live there. 一般疑问句式 Did Kennex live there?
肯定回答 Yes, he did. 否定回答 No, he didn't.
特殊疑问句 Where did Kennex live?
3. I'm living here.
否定句式 I'm not living here.
一般疑问句式 Are you living here?
肯定回答 Yes, I am.
否定回答 No, I am not.
特殊疑问句 Where are you living?
4. I often get up at 7: 00 in the morning.
否定句式 I don't often get up at 7: 00 in the morning.
一般疑问句式 Do you often get up at 7: 00 in the morning?
肯定回答 Yes, I do.
否定回答 No, I don't.
特殊疑问句 When do you often get up?
5. He likes swimming.
否定句式 He does not like swimming.
一般疑问句式 Does he like swimming?
肯定回答 Yes, he does.
否定回答 No, he doesn't.
特殊疑问句 Who likes swimming?
6. He is reading English.
否定句式 He isn't reading English.
一般疑问句式 Is he reading English?
肯定回答 Yes, he is.
否定回答 No, he isn't.
特殊疑问句 What is he reading？
7. I will graduate next year.
否定句式 I will not graduate next year.
一般疑问句式 Will you graduate next year?
肯定回答 Yes, I will.
否定回答 No, I will not.
特殊疑问句 When will you graduate?
8. I saw Jack at the party last night.
否定句式 I didn't see Jack at the party last night.
一般疑问句式 Did you see Jack at the party last night?
肯定回答 Yes, I did.
否定回答 No, I didn't.
特殊疑问句 Who saw Jack at the party last night?
Who did you see at the party last night?
Where did you see Jack last night?
When did you see Jack at the party?
9. George is going to study at his dormitory tonight.
否定句式 George isn't going to study at his dormitory tonight.
一般疑问句式 Is George going to study at his dormitory tonight?
肯定回答 Yes, he is.
否定回答 No, he is not.
特殊疑问句 What is George going to do at his dormitory tonight?
Where is George going to study tonight?
10. I am going to visit my grandmother this summer vacation.
否定句式 I'm not going to visit my grandmother this summer vacation.
一般疑问句式 Are you going to visit your grandmother this summer vacation?
肯定回答 Yes, I am.
否定回答 No, I'm not.
特殊疑问句 What are you going to do this summer vacation?
When are you going to visit your grandmother?
11. What; Which
12. Which
13. Why are you going to the bank after class?
14. Why do you need to go to the drugstore?
15. Why did you take a taxi to school this morning?
16. Why were you absent from class yesterday?
17. Why do you like going to the net café?
18. Why aren't you coming to class tomorrow?
19. Why can't you come to my party this weekend?
20. Why didn't you eat breakfast this morning?
21. Why don't you like the weather in this city?
22. Why didn't you do your homework last night?
23. How often do you go to a movie?
24. How often do you go shopping?
25. How often do you go to a net café?
26. How often do you play cards?
27. How often do you write a letter to your parents?
28. How often do you get your hair cut?
29. How often do you cook your own dinner?
30. How often do you dine out?
Chapter 6 动词分类（二）：英语的五种基本句型
1. Studying English【主语】 takes time【谓语】.
2. The first step【主语】 is always the hardest【谓语】.
3. Chatting on the Internet【主语】 brings me a lot of fun【谓语】.
4. A friend in need【主语】 is a friend indeed【谓语】.
5. A poor man【主语】 is not necessarily unhappy【谓语】.
6. A good knowledge of grammar【主语】 is important to good writing【谓语】.
7. Living without an aim（目标）【主语】 is like sailing（航行） without a compass（罗盘）【谓语】.
8. Confidence（信心） in yourself【主语】 is the first step on the road to success【谓语】.
9. The early bird【主语】 catches the worm（虫子）【谓语】.
10. The novel【主语】 won the author a Nobel Prize【谓语】.
11. We ate a fish.
12. Mary gave the book to her father.
13. Simon sells newspapers for the money.
14. They found the dead boy.//They found the boy dead.
15. The boy loves the black dog.//The black dog loves the boy.//The black boy loves the dog.//The dog loves the black boy.
1. Time【主】 flies by【谓】.
2. It【主】 slipped【谓】 my mind【宾】.
3. I【主】 can't stand【谓】 the heat【宾】.
4. Fools【主】 seldom differ【谓】.
5. I【主】 sent【谓】 you【间宾】 an E-mail【直宾】.
6. It【主】 cost【谓】 me【间宾】 three dollars【直宾】.
7. Old habits【主】 die hard【谓】.
8. You【主】 can leave【谓】 the door【宾】 open【宾补】.
9. He speaks English well.
主 谓 宾
10. Teachers【主】 will make【谓】 your English【宾】 better【宾补】.
11. They【主】 elected【谓】 George W. Bush【宾】 U.S. President【宾补】.
12. The novel【主】 won【谓】 the author【间宾】 a Nobel Prize【直宾】.
13. That will【主】 save【谓】 you【间宾】 a lot of time【直宾】.
14. They【主】 found【谓】 the dead boy【宾】.
15. They【主】 found【谓】 the boy【宾】 dead【宾补】.
16. I【主】 found【谓】 the book【宾】 easily.
17. I【主】 found【谓】 the book【宾】 easy【宾补】.
18. Tom【主】 found【谓】 Jim【间宾】 an apartment【直宾】.
19. We【主】 found【谓】 John【宾】 a loyal（忠心的） friend【宾补】.
20. I【主】 will find【谓】 you【间宾】 a good teacher【直宾】.
21. I【主】 find【谓】 you【宾】 a good teacher【宾补】.
22. She【主】 will make【谓】 him【宾】 a good wife【主补】.
23. She【主】 will make【谓】 him【宾】 a good husband【宾补】.
24. A sentence【主语】 normally has【谓语】 a subject（主语） and a predicate（谓语）【宾语】.
The subject【主语】 identifies【谓语】 a person, place or thing.【宾语】 The predicate【主语】 tells【谓语】 what the subject does or is【宾语】.
The predicate【主语】 always includes【谓语】 a verb【宾语】, and a verb【主语】 is【系】 one of three types—linking, intransitive, or transitive verbs【表语】.
The most widely used linking verb【主语】 is【系】 a form of be, such as am, is, are, was, or were【表语】. Other linking verbs【主语】 include【谓语】:
seem, become, feel, sound, taste, smell【宾语】. The word or phrase that follows a linking verb【主语】 is called【谓语】 a subject complement【宾语】.
25. Two men【主】 were standing【谓】 at a bar（酒吧）【状】.
I【主】 will bet【谓】 you【间宾】 $100【直宾】.
The wager（赌注）【主】 was accepted【谓】, ...
I【主】’ll give【谓】 you【间宾】 a chance【直宾】...
I【主】’ ll bet【谓】 you【间宾】 another $100【直宾】...
He【主】 can't have【谓】 two glass eyes【宾】...
...the first man【主】 took out【谓】 his false teeth【宾】 and bit【谓】 his right eye【宾】.
26. The easy way【主】 may be【系】 to run a lawnmower【表】...
...the yard【主】 looks【系】 fine【表】 for a while【状】, ...
...that【主】 is【系】 a temporary answer【表】.
...the weeds【主】 are【系】 back【表】.
...the not-so-easy way【主】 may mean【谓】 getting down on your hands and knees and pulling【宾】...
...the weeds【主】 will stay away【谓】 for a longer time【状】.
The first solution【主】 appeared【系】 easy【表】, ...
...the problem【主】 remained【谓】.
...they【主】 want【谓】 instant answer【宾】.
They【主】 are looking for【谓】 one-minute solutions to everything【宾】.
...they【主】 want【谓】 instant happiness【宾】.
This attitude【主】 leads to【谓】 disappointment or even failure【宾】.
除掉院子里的杂草有两种方法：简便方法和不简便方法。简便方法可以是开动锄草机，然后院子里的草就没了。这可以管一阵子，但只是权宜之计。不久后杂草又能长出来。不简便方法就意味着你自己得四肢着地，然后亲自用双手把杂草连根拔除。这得费时间、力气，但是杂草能够很长时间不再长出来。第一个除草方案似乎简单易行，但只能治标不能治本，问题并没有真正解决。第二个方案比较费力，但是能根除问题。关键是要解决根本问题。
我们面对人生的态度也是如此。现代人的问题在于，他们想投机取巧，对一切事情都想快速解决。这就像“速溶咖啡”一样，他们想要的只是“幸福快餐”，而这样的幸福只是暂时的。生活中没有捷径，想找捷径最终会导致失望甚至失败。
27. 这里是对介词短语with one hand所作的成分有不同的解释。在说话者A的话语中，with one hand作状语，修饰谓语lift，表示“用一只手就能够把一头猪举起来”。但在B的话语中，with one hand是作定语，修饰pig，表示“只有一条腿的猪”。
28. 这里是对介词短语with a wooden leg所作的成分有不同的解释。在顾客的话语中，with a wooden leg作定语，修饰man，表示“装有一支木头假腿的男子”。但理发师把with a wooden leg曲解成是作状语，修饰shaved，表示“用一支木头腿来给一个男子刮脸”。于是，他立即否定说道“不是，我总是用剃刀来刮脸”。
Chapter 7 动文时态（一）：一般时态
1. do not eat
2. does not believe
3. wears
4. go
5. ’ve been going
6. ’ve been running, seems
7. ’ve been sticking, going
8. rises, falls
9. doesn't always go, sometimes attends, is generally, is always
10. get
11. ’ve been getting
12. often goes
13. have been going
14. rains
15. contains
16. often takes, goes
17. pick, dial, want, drop
18. originates, differs
19. comes
20. is snowing, doesn't snow
21. do...often get, usually wake, stay, put, eat, Do...always eat, I do, do...often have
1. wrote
2. went
3. Did...go, went, didn't enjoy
4. was, went
5. Did...go
6. began
7. wanted
8. lived, moved
9. didn't realize, were
10. thought, dialed
11. thought, were
12. thought, wasn't
13. thought, were
14. thought, would be
15. thought, were
16. A: I thought you said you couldn't come to the meeting.
B: Oh, no, I can.
17. A: I thought you said you were going to call me last week about the job.
B: Oh, I'm so sorry. It completely slipped my mind.
18. I almost thought you were someone else with that short haircut.
19. Oh, I almost forgot. Just one more thing. I forgot to ask you if you could give me a ride to school tomorrow.
20. I thought I was here first.
1. 我们用will表示预测未来可能发生的变化，在这篇文章里非常典型地体现了出来。
2. 我们用will表示预测未来可能发生的变化，在这篇文章里非常典型地体现了出来。
3. 我们用will表示预测未来可能发生的变化，在这篇文章里非常典型地体现了出来。
1. B。这里用be going to更适合，因为它用于即将发生的、主体所无法控制的行为或事件，故B正确。
2. B。这里will更合适，因为它更为正式，且有if引导的条件状语从句，故B正确。
3. A。这里will用于请求或邀请，故A正确。
4. A。这里是根据目前明显的迹象所做出的推断，所以用be going to更合适，故A正确。
5. A。这里是根据目前明显的迹象所做出的推断，所以用be going to更合适，故A正确。
6. A。这里是根据目前明显的迹象所做出的推断，并且也是表示即将发生的、主体所无法控制的行为或事件，所以用be going to更合适，故A正确。
1. A: Have you made any vacation plans?
B: Well, I've decided on one thing—I'm going to go camping.
A: That's great! For how long?
B: I'm going to be away for a week. I only have five days of vacation.
A: So, when are you leaving?
B: I'm not sure. I'll probably leave around the end of May.
A: And where are you going to go?
B: I haven't thought about that yet. I guess I'll go to one of the national parks.
A: That sounds like fun.
B: Yeah. Maybe I'll go hiking and do some fishing.
A: Are you going to rent a camper?
B: I'm not sure. Actually, I probably won't rent a camper—it's too expensive.
A: Are you going to go with anyone?
B: No. I need some time alone. I'm going to travel by myself.
2. 用will send，表示B尚不知道A所陈述的情况，这里will表示一个当机立断的决定。
用am sending，表示B早已经知道A所陈述的情况，并且已经做好安排，定于下周去send。
用am going to，表示B已经知道A所陈述的情况，并且已经打算下周send，但其确定程度不及am sending。
1. 这里will表示意愿。
2. 这里will表示意愿。
3. 这里will表示很肯定的预测。
4. 这里will表示预测。
5. 这里be going to表示计划打算。
6. 这里be having表示确定的将来安排。
7. 这里be going to表示很大的决心。
8. 这里一般现在时leaves表示将来的动作。
9. A: What are you going to do during the summer break?（这里are...going to表示将来计划打算）
B: I'm not sure what I'll do. I hope to watch TV and enjoy myself. That's what I want to do, but I think my parents will make me study. What do you intend to do?（这里两个will表示预测）
A: I'm going to visit my grandparents in Beijing. I'm going to stay with them for about 4 weeks.（这里两个be going to表示将来计划打算）
B: I love the summer break, but I think it's too short!
10. A: Today is the sports meet. I'll be in a relay. I'm so nervous!（这里will表示肯定的预测）
B: Why are you nervous?
A: I don't want to do badly and let my teammates down.
B: Oh, I think you'll do a great job.（这里will表示预测）Don't worry. You've practiced hard for the race, and I think you can win. I'll be there to cheer you on.（这里will表示意愿）
11. 这里will表示预测。
12. 这里be going to表示预测；will表示当机立断的决定。
13. 这里will表示当机立断的决定。
14. 这里be going to表示将来计划打算。
15. 这里will表示当机立断的决定。
16. 这里will表示当机立断的决定。
17. 这里be going to表示计划打算。
18. 这里be going to表示计划打算。
19. 这里will表示意愿。
20. 这里be going to表示打算。
21. 这里will表示预测；be going to表示打算。
22. 这里will表示预测。
23. 这里will表示预测。
24. 这里will表示预测。
25. 这里will表示预测。
26. ’ll translate
27. ’ll turn
28. ’ll go, am going to visit
29. am going to make
30. am going to erase
31. is going to fall
32. ’ll do
33. am going to buy
34. am going to wash
35. ’ll get
36. ’ll take, ’ll leave, is going to take
37. Dave: So, Stella, do you have any vacation plans?
Stella: Well, I'm going to paint my apartment. The walls are a really ugly color. What about you? Are you going to do anything special?
Dave: I'm going to rent a car and take a long drive.
Stella: Where are you going to go?
Dave: I'm not sure. I'll probably visit my sister Joanne. I haven't seen her in a long time.
Stella: That sounds nice. I always like to visit my family.
Dave: Yes, and maybe I'll go to the mountains for a few days. I haven't been hiking in months. How about you? Are you going to do anything else on your vacation?
Stella: I'll probably catch up on my studying. I have a lot of work to do before school starts.
Dave: That doesn't sound like much fun.
Stella: Oh, I am planning to have some fun. I'm going to relax on the beach. I love to swim.
1. meant, found, slipped
2. was
3. slipped
4. forgot
5. thought, were
6. didn't realize
7. ’ll get
8. was, got
9. have been jogging
10. am going to take, am going to take
11. am going
12. ’ll lend
13. are...going to paint
14. wasn't
15. ’ll take
16. do...prefer, like, prefer, are, value, means, is, loves, sounds
17. hit, sank, remained, know, do...know, discovered
18. I knew you'd get the job. Congratulations!
19. I knew you'd ace your test. Well done!
20. It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late.
21. I was going to take a Japanese lesson next semester.
22. A: I thought Sam was sick. B: I thought so.
23. My brother surfs the Internet every day. He spends a lot of time looking at many different websites.
Chapter 8 动文时态（二）：进行时态
1. is chilling
2. is keeping
3. is sleeping
4. am not teaching, am working
5. are booming, opens
6. doesn't have, takes
7. is taking
8. is staying
9. is studying
10. is burning
11. are muttering
12. Is anyone using the telephone?
13. Is anyone watching the TV? Or I'll turn it off.
14. She isn't sleeping now.
15. I feel like I'm melting.
16. Why are you shivering?
17. Because our factory is losing money, ...
1. 这里的现在进行时态表示强烈的感情色彩，常常与always等词连用。详见8. 2. 6小节。
2. 这里的现在进行时态表示强烈的感情色彩，常常与always等词连用。详见8. 2. 6小节。
3. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。详见8. 2. 5小节。
4. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。详见8. 2. 5小节。
5. 这里的现在进行时态表示强烈的感情色彩，这种生动的情感表达在口语交谈中使用非常频繁。详见8. 2. 4小节。
6. 这里的两处现在进行时态都是表示将来确定的安排。详见8. 2. 5小节。
7. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。详见8. 2. 5小节。
8. 这里的are coming表示将来确定的安排；is giving表示现在正在进行；am hitting表示感情色彩；are coming表示强烈的感情色彩——惊讶。
1. What a mystery! It was around 12: 00 last night. I was watching TV when someone rang the doorbell. I answered the door, but found nobody outside...
2. The doorbell rang while I was taking a shower/watching the TV play/having dinner/speaking on the phone/quarreling with my wife/working on my thesis/surfing the Internet/reading an interesting novel.
3. were working, discovered, contained, were filming, found
4. was flying, encountered, dropped, was carrying
5. was sailing, were crossing, hit, sank
6. 这里的was still cleaning表示过去的背景动作，往往用来提供故事背景。
1. was walking, heard, was following
2. was walking, saw
3. were watching, came
4. was demonstrating, tripped
5. was working, was cooking
6. was raining
7. fell...was reading
8. were...doing, was watching
9. saw, were sitting...talking
10. The television was on but nobody was watching it.
11. I cut my finger while I was cooking dinner last week. Now I have a scar on my finger.
12. was walking, saw; was coming, were talking; were not talking, were complaining; were waiting; didn't promise; were waiting; was standing; left
1. a句表示委婉地、客观地询问事实。译文：你会不会把钢琴搬到这里来？
b句表示发出请求。译文：请你把钢琴搬进这里来，好吗？
2. a句表示委婉地、客观地询问事实。译文：你会不会来和我们一起吃晚餐？
b句表示发出请求。译文：你来跟我们一起吃晚餐吧，好吗？
3. 用将来进行时态Will...be living，表示委婉询问。这是一道TOEFL听力题的原文。
4. 用将来进行时态will be wanting，表示委婉询问，因为这是女仆(maid)对主人的询问，所以要有礼貌。
1. a句表示说话人的猜测，而不是主语的意图，这句话相当于说“I guess he will not come to the party.”。译文：（我想）他可能不会来参加聚会了。
b句表示主语he的意图，这句话相当于说“He is not willing to come to the party.”。译文：他不愿参加这个聚会。
2. a句表示客观将来安排。译文：我明天要给珍妮辅导英文。
b句表示主观意愿。译文：别担心，我会帮你辅导英文的。
3. a句表示猜测，译文：我想今晚碰不到他了。
b句表示意愿，译文：今晚我不想见他。
4. a句will be flying用在这里表示例行公事，这一高度是这次飞行正常的、预期的高度。译文：飞机预计飞行的高度在三万英尺。
b句表示主观意图。译文：我们会飞到三万英尺。
1. will be having
2. will you be doing
3. will be doing
4. will be attending
5. won't be staying, will be staying
6. will be waiting
7. won't be sitting
8. will be studying
9. will be flying
10. He is not going to resign.
11. He won't resign.
12. He won't be resigning.
1. 在a句中，进行时态表示计划好的活动，这里是针对一个具体的春节来说的，即将来临的这个春节。
在b句中，一般时态则不是具体所指，而只是询问对方的习惯，这里是问每年春节对方要做什么。
2. 在a句中，用过去进行时表示“打扫房间”先于“我到家”，即在我到家之前，我太太就已经开始打扫房间，并且在我回来之后，扫房间的活动还未结束，依然在持续。
在b句中，用一般过去时表示“打扫房间”后于“我到家”，即我到家了之后，我太太才开始打扫房间。
3. 在a句中，动态形容词careful用于进行时态is being careful，表示的是这个小男孩在说话时刻的行为表现，意思是“这小男孩现在表现出小心翼翼的样子”，相当于说“The little boy is acting in a careful way.”。这里主语the little boy是一个施动者。
在b句中，一般时态is careful则表示主语the little boy惯有的性格特点是“仔细认真的”，而不是说话时刻的行为表现。这里主语the little boy并不是一个施动者。
4. 错误。因为six times表明动作已被分割，这违背了进行时态的核心意义——持续性。这句只能用一般过去时态说成：I knocked your door six times last night.
5. 错误。这里understand表示“理解”，用作一个静态动词，此时不能用于进行时态。这句只能用一般过去时态说成：Yes, I understood him.
6. 正确。这里understand表示“渐渐理解（越多或越少）”，尤其此时把understand用于进行时态，表示的是一个理解程度的变化状态。该句意思是“我年龄越大，对生活越发不能理解了”。
7. 这句话往往表示一个人为了顾及对方的面子或是出于礼貌，而装出很欣赏对方拥有的某件东西，或趋炎附势地赞同对方的观点。相当于汉语说“他当时（那么做）只是客套而已”，但并不是真心的喜欢或是赞赏。
8. was feeling
9. feel
10. is weighing
11. weighs
12. am seeing
13. see
14. smell
15. am smelling, doesn't smell
16. smell
17. was being
18. 这里的动态形容词都采用了现在进行时态，表示强调，以达到一种讽刺或幽默的效果。
1. Clint and Jane are getting married? I didn't even know they were going together.
2. The students who are taking the test right now are being very careful not to make any errors.
3. I'm begging you to give me another chance, ...
4. My parents are coming to see our apartment this weekend.
5. A: My company is flying me out to Hawaii on business next week. B: That't great. Where are they putting you up?
6. You must be thinking of someone else. I'm still waiting to hear.
7. I'm still checking the papers.
8. I am waiting for a phone call.
9. 这里是动态形容词用于现在进行时态，表示在说话时刻的行为表现。
10. 这里的现在进行时态表示现阶段在持续的活动。
11. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。
12. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。
13. 这里的现在进行时态表示在说话时刻正在进行的动作。
14. 这里的现在进行时态表示渐渐变化的过程。
15. 这里的现在进行时态表示在说话时刻正在进行的动作。
16. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。
17. 这里的现在进行时态表示将来确定的安排。
18. 这里的将来进行时态表示将来一直在持续的活动。
19. 这里的将来进行时态表示将来一直在持续的活动。
20. 这里的将来进行时态表示将来确定的安排，已经是一个惯例。
21. 时态正确。
22. 第二句时态错误，应把am thinking改为think。
23. 时态正确。
24. 时态正确。
25. 时态错误。把's tasting改为tastes。
26. 时态正确。
27. 时态错误。把Are you believing改为Do you believe。
28. 时态错误。把are you thinking of改为do you think of。
29. 时态错误。把was seeing改为saw。
30. 时态错误。把are bearing改为bear。这里bear表示“拥有”。
31. 时态正确。
32. 时态错误。把was weighing改为weighed。
33. 时态正确。
34. 时态错误。把is boiling改为boils。
35. 时态错误。把come改为am coming。
36. 时态错误。把do you get on改为are you getting on。
37. 时态错误。把is going改为goes。
38. B
39. C
40. D
41. A
42. B
43. A
44. B
45. C
46. C
47. D
48. A
49. is being
50. don't remember
51. doesn't believe
52. never thinks, is
53. is being
54. is being
55. were...driving
56. was driving, walked, was going, didn't hit
57. didn't know
58. is being
59. are...being
60. are...staring
61. want, am not eating
62. is having, doesn't want
63. are always watching
64. is, will probably be raining
65. ’ll be having, will have finished
66. is always complaining
67. finish, am working
68. arrived, were waiting, were waiting, were keeping, opened
69. ’ve left, are always leaving
70. Are...listening
71. Do...listen
72. is waiting
73. is boiling
74. boils
75. always leaves
76. is always leaving
77. is shining
78. shines, wakes
79. goes
80. realize, is coming, was
81. don't want, is drowning, didn't know, bothered, ’ll turn
82. was walking, saw, was going, came, are...running, ’m trying, don't do