人称代词
1 这里的 he 指代什么？
1 这里的 he 指代什么？
有读者问： 下面一句中的 he 指的是谁？
(1)His son had become a teacher, which he wanted to be.
英语中用人称代词第三人称 he, she, it 及其复形 they 的情况远远多于汉语，所以它们之所指常给中国学生造成一定的困难，但一般皆可在一定的上下文中得到解决。在这个具体句子中，即使孤立地看，he 也应是指代 his son ，不会是指代父亲的。但如说：
(2)His son had become a teacher, which he wanted him to be.
那么，he 自然指父亲，him 自然指儿子了。
关于第三人称代词的指代问题，可参阅拙编《高级英语语法》4.5中11。
2 这里只可用代词宾格吗？
有读者问： 有人说当自身代词用以反射主语或宾语时，句中只有表方位的介词之后才可用人称代词宾格而不用自身代词，请问你的看法如何？
在下述情况下，句中表方位的介词之后确应跟人称代词宾格，如：
(1)I haven't got any money on me . （不用myself）
(2)He stood up and looked around him . （不用himself）
(3)She closed the door behind her . （不用herself）
(4)Crabbe could find literary material all about him . （不用himself）
(5)He kept his feet drawn up under him . （不用himself）
(6)Nolan leaned back in his chair, hooking the jug towards him .
（不用himself）
但如说只有在表方位的介词之后才可用人称代词宾格而不用自身代词，就未免武断了些。实际上，除表方位的介词后应跟代词宾格外，还有介词with亦应后接代词宾格，如：
(7)Did you bring any money with you ?
有些介词则既可后接人称代词宾格，亦可后接自身代词，如like与besides:
(8)I think this new magazine is aimed at people like us （或ourselves）.
(9)Who's prepared to work overtime besides me （或myself）?
那么，表方位的介词之后是不是只可跟人称代词宾格而不可跟自身代词呢？ 事实也并非完全如此，有些固定说法（多用作比喻）中的方位介词之后即须用自身代词，如：
(10)She's got a bit above herself since she went to live in that district.
(11)She was beside herself with excitement as the day of her holiday approached.
(12)Just between ourselves , he's a thief.
3 如何用“of+人称代词宾格”?
有读者问： 我遇到不少含有“人称代词宾格”的句子，如：
(1)Her eyes were the saddest part of her .
(2)She strolled along with one of them on each side of her .
(3)At first she played for the fun of it and never thought that she would stay with the game.
(4)I couldn't, for the life of me , make head or tail of this barbaric lingo.
应在什么情况下用“of+人称代词宾格”呢？ 它和物主代词有什么区别？
上述句中的“of+人称代词宾格”也是一种属格（genitive，亦可译作生格）。这种属格比较文气，以前常用在诗文中，如著名英国诗人布朗宁（Robert Browning, 1812—1889）有一诗句：
(5)The man had something in the look of him .
但在实际运用中，总的说来，用物主代词的情况要比上述属格多得多，人们多半会将（5）改作：
(6)The man had something in his look .
然而，在现代的平易散文中，上述of属格也不时出现。这是什么缘故呢？ 简略言之，有下列几个原因：
1. 物主代词强调“所有”概念，如上述例（6）；of属格则强调“部分”概念，换言之，用of属格的目的在于强调它所修饰的名（代）词（即所谓中心词），如上述例（5）。
2. 有些含of属格的词组已经固定，其中有不少词组根本不可以用物主代词代替of属格，如上述（3）中的for the fun of it和例（4）中的for the life of me。再如on the face of it, on the top of it, in the middle of it, at the bottom of it, at the back of it, at the end of it, in face of it, in stead of it等，都是如此。
3. of属格往往具有感情色彩，如：
(7)I will break the neck of you .
(8)I have never seen the like of it .
(9)I don't like the taste of it .
(10)He will be the death of me .
(11)That will be the ruin of him .
4. 有时不宜用或不能用物主代词，只得用of属格，如上述例（1）即不宜用物主代词，例（2）即不能用物主代词。再如：
(12)I don't see very much of it but only a part of it . （不可能用物主代词its）
(13)What do you think of his biography of you ? （不可能用物主代词your）
(14)That was the house which was to have been the home of him and her ... （of him and her不可能改用物主代词）
(15)By no means easy were the emotions of him who sat there watching. （him后有定语从句，故亦不可能用物主代词）
5. 有时of属格和物主代词意义不同，不能相互代替，如：
(16)his thought 他具有的思想（或想法）
the thought of him 对他的想法（或想念）
(17)at his back 支持他
at the back of him 在他身后
(18)his death 他之死
the death of him 致他于死
(19)her cheek 她的面颊
the cheek of her 她的厚颜
最后应该指出，据一些语法家们所说，常用of属格的名词只有body, death, face, end, heart, cover, favour, front, life, like, look, back, centre, close, midst, memory, original, object, partner, history, ruin, rear, reach, sight, shape, size, surface, spite, stead, top, gaiety, owner, ransom, soul, teeth等。所以使用of属格的范围是比较有限的。
此外，使用of属格有时显然与诗文的韵律和节奏有关，但限于篇幅，这里就不说它了。
4 为何用me too?
有读者问： 有这样一道题：
(1)—I'm tired.
—_____.
A. Me too B. You too C. My too D. I too
答案为A，D为何不行？
Me too是习惯用法，虽然这里的me相当于I。这种习惯用法有其历史渊源。大约从16世纪开始，英语中的as, than和be之后就出现用me代替I的情况了。如：
(2)He is as tall as me .
(3)He is older than me .
(4)It's me .
这显然是由于其位置与介词和及物动词后的me的位置相似所致。后来，me亦可独立使用，以示强调，上述句（1）中的me too即是常用的一例。再如：
(5)Who, me ?
(6)—Hey, you!—Me ?
(7)—Who wants some more tea?—Me .
(8)Me , I am in transition from one college to another.
现今me亦可用在句子中代替I，如：
(9)Me get caught!
(10)Danner and me were not involved in it.
(11)Me and Eleanor are living in the woods in Connecticut.
在当代英语中，不仅me可代替I，同样，us, him, her, them亦可相应地用以代替we, he, she, they。但似应指出，在非常正式的英语中，仍应用I等人称代词主格。