分词综述
1 有关分词的一些问题
1 有关分词的一些问题
不少读者都问到有关分词的问题,现将我们的意见写出来以供参考。
问一: 过去分词(当然指及物动词)和现在分词被动式都有被动意义,那么它们有无区别呢?在选用这两种表达方式时应以什么为依据呢?
这个问题比较复杂一些,因为它们之间有时显然不同,有时则区别不大。试比较下面两句:
(1)I saw the net being hauled in .
(2)I saw the net hauled in .
例(1)中的现在分词被动式 being hauled in 显然会有“拉网的动作正在进行”亦即动作未完成的含义,而例(2)中的过去分词 hauled in 则显然会有动作已完成的含义。
但这并不是说,现在分词被动式总是会有未完成的含义,事实并非如此,如:
(3)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(being written 在此显然没有未完成的含义)
同样,过去分词也并不总是具有完成的含义,如:
(4)I perceived him led through the outward walls as a prisoner. (过去分词 led 显然没有已完成的含义)
既然现在分词被动式亦可表已完成的动作,那么,它必然有时就会和过去分词起同样的作用 ,具有同样的意义,事实也是如此,如:
(5)This (being)done , I set about cleaning the windows.
(6)(Being)seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.
(7)(Being)asked to sing a song for them, she couldn't very well refuse.
既然过去分词亦可表未完成的动作,所以例(4)中的 led 亦可改为 being led 而意义不变。
这么说来,现在分词被动式与过去分词岂不是完全可以相互通用毫无区别了吗?不,它们只是有时可以相互通用,绝非完全如此。如例(1)与例(2)的那种区别,还是常见的。此外,二者还有一些区别如下:
1. 过去分词可以用作前置定语(即可置于所修饰的名词之前),现在分词被动式则不可, 如可说 a moved audience,不可说 a being moved audience; 可说 the exploited classes, 不可说 the being exploited classes。
2. 强调条件时,一般只可用过去分词,不可用现在分词被动式,如:
(8)Certain poisons, used as medicines in small quantities, prove not only innocuous, but beneficial.
(9)Broadly judged , the good outweighs by far the evil of the change.
3. 强调原因时,在状语短语中常用现在分词被动式,例(3)即是一例,再如:
(10)Not being seen by any one, he escaped.
(11)The very farm-dogs bark less frequently, being less disturbed by passing travellers.
4. have, get 等动词后的复合宾语只用过去分词,不用现在分词被动式,如:
(12)I must have my hair cut . (不可用 being cut)
(13)I had my arm broken in the accident.(不可用 being broken)
5. 在一些比较固定的独立主格结构中,过去分词似乎比较常见,如 all told , all things considered 等。
另外,还有几点值得我们注意:
1. “being + 过去分词”并不都是现在分词被动式,如:
(14)The question being settled , he went home.
句中的 settled 不表动态,只表静态,相当于形容词,故不应把 being settled 看作现在分词被动式。
2. 注意现在分词被动语态一般式有歧义时,应用其完成式,如:
(15)She rebuked herself for forgetting what she really knew quite well, having been told it often.
如用一般式 being told 除等于 having been told 之意外,还可能具有“经常被告诉”的意思。
最后,我们还愿提醒读者一点:过去分词短语也好,现在分词(包括其被动式)短语也好,它们都比较文气。在口语以及非正式文体中,除去已成为习语者外,还以多用从句结构为好。
问二: 现在分词完成式与过去分词在作状语时有何不同?
首先须有两点假定:一是你所谓的现在分词完成式想是指被动语态而言;二是你所说的过去分词想是皆指及物动词而言。因为这样比较才更有必要。
现在分词完成被动式与过去分词(指及物动词,下同此)的确有相同之处,如:
(16)Defeated , he slunk from the room.
句中的过去分词相当于having been defeated,二者无甚区别,充其量后者的完成含义更加明显而已。再如:
(17)Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (weakened = having been weakened)
但有时过去分词有歧义,如:
(18)Asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave.
这里的过去分词 asked 可能意味着 having been asked,也可能意味着 since 或 when I was asked。在这种情况下,如属前一种含义,必要时用现在分词完成被动式较为清楚,例(18)即可变为:
(19)Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave.
例(16)、(17)、(18)中的过去分词所表示的动作都发生在全句谓语动词之前,故皆可变换为现在分词完成被动式。但如果过去分词与谓语动词没有先后关系,过去分词则不可变换作现在分词完成被动式,如:
(20)Covered with confusion, I left the room. (covered 与 left 同时,故不可变换为 having been covered)
(21)Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. (convinced 与谓语动词 refused 同时,故不可变换为 having been convinced)
问三: 《英语语法手册》(修订第三版第223页)讲述了现在分词作状语时与谓语动词的时间关系(有先、后、同时三种),但未见过去分词用作状语时与谓语动词的时间关系,不知是何原因?
该书在过去分词用作状语方面,举例显然太少了。过去分词用作状语时,其与谓语动词的时间关系一般只有两种:
1. 过去分词的动作先于谓语动词,如:
(22)Defeated , he slunk from the room.
(23)United we stand, divided we fall.
(24)Gone from home so long, the brothers joyously embraced some of their mates of boyhood.
2. 过去分词的动作与谓语动词同时,如:
(25)The lichens came borne by storms.
(26)What harm can he do locked up ?
(27)He returned home yesterday, utterly exhausted .
问四: 现在分词短语用作后置定语时,应与谓语动词具有同时性 ,这是一般语法书都讲到的。但有人说二者亦可有不同时性,如:
(28)The man speaking to us yesterday is my uncle.
不知对不对?
是的,二者亦可有不同时性或异时性,如:
(29)Do you know the number of people coming to the party? (coming = who will come, 与谓语动词 know 不同时)
(30)The boys running the fastest are the winners. (running = who have run, 与 are 不同时)
(31)A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday. (writing = who writes, 与谓语动词 came 也不同时)
但不论用作后置定语的现在分词短语是否与谓语动词同时,现在分词短语并不是在任何情况下皆可用作后置定语。例如《英语用法指南》的作者曾指出可以泛指说:
(32)Women looking after small children generally get paid about £1.50 an hour.
但不可特指说:
(33)The woman looking after my small children gets paid £1.50 an hour.
所以,在使用作为后置定语的现在分词短语表特指情况时,如无把握,最好代之以定语从句,尤其在口语中,更应多用从句。那么问题四中所引的例(28)算不算对呢?我们觉得它并不错,但还是将 speaking 改为 who spoke 较好。
2 分词后置与前置的区别
有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
(1)We couldn't agree on any of the _____.
A. problems discussed B. problems discussing
C. discussed problems D. discussing problems
答案是A,理由是后置过去分词的动作意义明显,请问“动作意义明显”是什么意思? 是否也适用于现在分词?
首先试比较:
(2)He wants fried eggs.
(3)He wants his eggs fried .
句(2)的fried eggs意指“煎好的鸡蛋”,fried 具有相对的永久性,动词性质(或动作意义)不强,表静态,几乎像是一形容词;句(3)中的eggs fried意指“煎鸡蛋”或“被煎过的鸡蛋”,fried 具有暂时性或较强的动态(或动作意义)。
同样,上述句(1)中的选项discussed problems 意指“所讨论的问题”,无时间性,故不能入选。而选项problems discussed 则意指“刚才所讨论的问题”,相当于problems that had been discussed, 显然具有暂时性,其动态较强,故应入选。
这种区别一般也可适用于后置的单词现在分词,试比较:
(4)In slave society the slaves were just speaking animals.
(5)This is Mr. Smith speaking .
句(4)中的speaking animals 意谓“会说话的动物”,可见这里的现在分词 speaking 具有永久性;句(5)中的speaking是一后置现在分词,其意相当于who is speaking now,显然具有暂时性。
3 关于变为形容词的分词
有读者问一道选择题:
The mother whose son was lost had a_________look on her face.
A. worrying B. worried C. inspired D. satisfied
为什么用B? 像这样的过去分词还有哪些?
B最合句意。worried虽是一过去分词,但它已变成一个形容词了。再如interested, excited等。现在分词也是一样,有的也已变成了形容词。如interesting, exciting等。这样的分词为数不少,一般皆可在英语词典中查到。
4 怎能辨别出分词已变成了形容词?
有一读者问: 怎能看出分词已变成形容词了呢?
一般说来,分词如已变成形容词,词典即会把它单独列为一个词目,如interesting, disappointed等。
5 如何分析这里的过去分词短语和现在分词短语?
有一读者问这样一句话:
The Liannan Yao Autonomous County is located south of the Nanling mountain, connected with Hunan at the north, neighbouring upon Guangxi at the west.
如何分析此句中的两个分词短语? 它们是否是the Nanling mountain的定语?
从上下文看,这里的两个分词短语不像是修饰the Nanling mountain的定语,而是全句主语the Liannan Yao Autonomous County的补足语,亦可说是它的非限制性定语,不过由于句子结构的需要,被置于句子末尾了。