语法核心/综合 · 薄冰语法指南

介词

1 关于几个介词的用法问题

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1 关于几个介词的用法问题

这里就一些读者来信提出的一些关于介词的问题,谈几点意见。

有一读者举了下面两个例子:

(1)He turned on the light.

(2)He turned on the boastful man and stuck on.

然后写道:书上说例(1)中的 on 是副词,例(2)中的 on 是介词,请问应如何判断 on 是介词还是副词呢?

关于短语动词中的 on 一类的小品词是介词抑或副词的问题,一般语法书所给的答案是:副词的位置可以移至宾语之后,介词的位置则不可移动。如上述例(1)即可将 on 移至宾语 light 之后,变为:

(3)He turned the light on.

可见 on 在此是一个副词。而例(2)中的 on 则不可移动,可见 on 在此是一介词。

其实,除上述方法外,还可以从动词本身的性质来分析这个问题。你只要查一下词典,比如说英国牛津大学出版社出版的《现代高级英语学习词典》(The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English ),你就会发现例(1)中的 turn 是一及物动词,意谓 cause to move round a point (转动)。由此即可反证例(1)中的 on 不可能是介词。

再看例(2)中的 turn,其意是 move so as to face in a different direction (转身),显然是一不及物动词,由此可以证明 on 是一介词。

通过上述分析,亦可看出,介词 on 的原义(即表方向,往往有敌意)仍很明显,而副词 on 的原义就不甚明显了。

还有一种辨别的方法,即试将句中的宾语变为人称代词宾格。小品词 on 如是副词,则必须放在代词之后,反之, on 如是介词,则仍不可移动,即须放在代词之前。这样,例(1)即可变为:

(4)He turned it on.

例(2)即可变为:

(5)He turned on him and stuck on.

顺便提及,上述例(1)与例(3)虽然可以互换,但如细加揣摩,二者并不完全同义。至少其着重点有所不同:例(1)的重点是 the light,而例(3)则强调副词 on。又,例(1)与例(2)的句子重音亦不相同:例(1)可重读副词 on,例(2)则不可重读介词 on,而应重读谓语动词 turned。

一位读者在信中提到 turn on (副词)是短语动词, turn on (介词)是介词动词。

是的,现在有的语法家不把它们统统称之为短语动词,而是将它们区分为短语动词与介词动词。但在我国似乎仍多按照传统语法,将介词动词包括在短语动词之中。

有一位读者问:

(6)_____the weather will become cold.

这一道题应填 after a month,还是应填 in a month?

一般语法书和词典都认为,在过去某一时间或在将来某一时间之后,才能用 after,如:

(7)The game began at ten o'clock and after ten minutes I overwhelmed him. (after 短语表在过去某一时间之后)

(8)I think you'd better go to the technical school, and after a few years you'll be able to work as a technician in our factory. (after 短语表在将来某一时间之后)

但如以现在时间为起点,则须用 in,如:

(9)I'll see you again in three days.

照此规则,这一填空题就须用 in a month,不可用 after a month,因为该题显然是以现在时间(即说话人的说话时间)为起点。这条规则,对初学者来说,无疑是很重要的。但对已具有一定英语水平的同志来说,它就有点绝对化了。我们知道,上述例(9)中的 in three days 可意谓“三天之后”,亦可意谓“三天之内”或“三天左右”,其含义并不明确。如需明确指出“三天之内”或“三天之后”,我们就不能用 in 了。这时,我们就须分别用 within 和 after (要重读),例(9)即可变为:

(10)I'll see you again within three days.

(11)I'll see you again after three days.

在这种情况下,介词 after 也可以现在为起点。这样的例子并不罕见,再如:

(12)I may come after a day or two.

(13)“We get burned all the time,” Pierre said. “After about two weeks, you'll have a blister and it'll take about two weeks more to clear up.”(摘自《居里夫人的故事》)

反过来说,介词 in 如意谓“在……之内”,亦可用于过去或将来,如:

(14)In two days he came back.

(15)I'll tell him I'll come back in two days.

有一读者问:

(16)On hearing the news, he turned pale.

一句中的 on 从何而来?它与 as soon as 有何区别?

只要查一下词典,即可知道介词 on 本身即可表时间。其本义是 at the time of, 在所引的例(16)中,则引申为 immediately after。从此引申之义可以看出,它强调次序的先后,而 as soon as 则强调“立即”,表两个时间相接得很快(这正是 soon 的本义)。另外,很明显, on 只能引导一个介词短语,多用在较正式的文体中;as soon as 只能引导一个从句,常可用在日常口语之中。

有一读者来信问及下面两句中介词 by 的含义及其所引导的介词短语的句子功用:

(17)By irritability we mean the ability of a living thing to respond to stimuli.

(18)By stimuli are meant changes in the environment.

介词 by 在这两句中皆表示手段(means),相当于汉语的“通过”,其所引导的短语都用作状语。例(18)是一倒装被动句,如变为主动句,则相当于:

(19)By stimuli we mean changes in the environment.

由此更可清楚地看出 by 短语的状语功用。

一位读者还问到下面两句中 by 与 with 的区别:

(20)The window was covered with boards.

(21)The window was covered by boards.

这两句话的含义相近但不相同。例(20)强调状态, was covered 是系表结构, with 表用料;例(21)强调动作, was covered 是被动结构。所以有时不可能用 by 而只能用 with,如:

(22)The basin is filled with water.

(23)The ground was covered with snow.

有时 with 与 by 皆可用在被动句中,这时 by 往往表人, with 往往表物或抽象概念,如:

(24)He was killed by the enemy. (by 表人)

(25)He was killed with an arrow. (with 表物)

再比较:

(26)The child was seized by the kidnappers. (by 表人)

(27)The child was seized with a fever. (with 表抽象事物)

但如表抽象的手段,则常用 by,如:

(28)It was sold by retail.

(29)Languages can be learned by imitation.

一位读者在信中问到 at the top of 与 on the top of 的区别。

at the top of 意谓“某一事物的上部”,与 at the bottom of 相对。如以山为例, at the top of the hill,即指在山的上部(包括山的顶部),如:

(30)At the top of the hill I was invited to admire the panorama of the city.

再如:

(31)He wrote a note at the top of the page.

这个短语介词也可用作比喻,如:

(32)He is at the top of the class.

(33)He shouted at the top of his voice.

on the top of (或 on top of)的意思是“(一物)在另一物的上面”,让我们再以山为例:

(34)There is a temple on the top of the hill.

再如:

(35)On top of the dictionary is a grammar book.

(36)There is cream on the top of the milk.

这个短语亦可用于比喻,如:

(37)When Ruth won first prize in the contest, she felt as though she was sitting on top of the world. (on top of the world 意谓乐不可支)

(38)Mary worked at the store all day and on top of that she had to baby-sit with her brother. (on top of that = 除此以外)

最后,让我们谈谈又一位读者提出的下面两句的 knock at 与 knock on 的区别:

(39)He knocked at the door.

(40)He knocked on the door.

knock at the door 与 knock on the door 在意义上并没有什么不同,皆意谓“敲门”。二者常可互换。但 knock at 多用于“门”,knock on 则不限于“门”,亦可用于其他事物,如:

(41)I'm sure I heard someone knocking on the window just now.

又,在固定词组 knock on wood 中亦须用 on,不可用 at,如:

(42)Let's knock on wood. (knock on wood 是一固定词组,迷信以为〈夸说好运后〉用手碰碰木头可以保住好运)

2 再谈一些介词的用法问题

又有读者来信提出几个有关介词的问题,现让我们一一讨论如下:

有一读者提出一个例句:

(1)He climbed up the steep cliff.

问到动词 climb 是否是不及物动词?如是,the steep cliff 就是介词 up 的宾语?

是的, climb 在此确是不及物动词, up 也确是介词,故而 the steep cliff 只能是 up 的宾语。但例(1)如不强调方向,即可不用介词 up,变成:

(2)He climbed the steep cliff.

这样, climb 就变成了及物动词。由此可见,英语里有许多动词既可用作不及物动词,亦可用作及物动词。而且有些动词有时用作及物动词与不及物动词的意义也没有什么不同, climb 即是一例,再如:

(3)We walked (through)the streets.

(4)The horse jumped (over)the fence.

(5)He passed (by)me in his car.

有一读者来信问及一道选择题:

(6)Now we can receive TV programmes_________manmade satellites.

A. over B. through C. between D. from

为什么答案是B而不是A?

应该用through,不可用over,因为电视节目是“通过”而不是“越过”人造卫星而到达地面的。此题亦可填 from,表示电视节目“来自”人造卫星。

这位读者还问到在这句话中:

(7)I was learning English on the radio.

为什么可以用介词 on 表示“通过”?又,on与by有什么区别?

介词 on 在此表示手段,所以可译为“通过”,但其本义还是“在……之上”。同样的用法还有 on the air, on the telephone 等。介词 by 亦表手段,但它后接的名词比较抽象,且不可用冠词 the,只可说 by radio, by air, by telephone,正如须说 by bus, by train 一样。

一位读者在信中问到:

(8)Great changes have taken place the last two years.

一句中 the last two years 之前为什么没有介词 in? 是否省去了?什么情况下可以省去?

是的,这里是省去了介词 in。一般说来,介词的省略多见于非正式文体之中,常见的情况有如:

(9)I have been there a week. (a week 前省去 for)

(10)What colour is it? (what colour 前省去 of)

(11)We are the same age. (the same age 前省去 of)

(12)You may come any time of the day. (any time 前省去 at)

(13)The factory has recruited many new workers the past three years. (the past three years 前省去 in)

(14)He had difficulty breathing. (breathing 前省去 in)

(15)I could have told it him. (him 前省去 to)

(16)I sent the letter airmail. (airmail 前省去 by)

(17)I'll see you Monday morning. (Monday morning 前省去 on)

(18)Are you through your work yet? (your work 前省去 with)

(19)What stopped him coming? (coming 前省去 from)

(20)They came in the front door. (the front door 前省去 through)

但省略介词必须合乎英语习惯,比如在否定句中一般不可省去介词 for:

(21)I haven't seen you for ages.

一位读者来信问到下面两个句子哪一个正确:

(22)He is the tallest of the class.

(23)He is the tallest in the class.

从纯语法观点来看,上述两句可能都正确,但实际上,人们常用例(23),恐怕很少会用例(22)。如用例(22)的句子结构,可以说:

(24)He is the tallest of them all.

(25)He is the tallest of the three.

也可以说:

(26)He is the tallest of the lot.

(27)He is the tallest of the group.

但必须说:

(28)He is the tallest in the family.

(29)He is the tallest in the school.

看来应该用 in 还是应该用 of, 勿宁说是一个习惯用法的问题。他又问例(23)中的介词短语 in the class 是状语还是定语?我们看in the class是定语,修饰 the tallest (student)。如将例(23)改写为:

(30)He is the tallest of all the students in the class.

更可看出 in the class 的定语作用了。

这位读者还问到“儿童书籍”应译作 a)books for children,还是 b)books of children,还是 c)children's books?

最常用的译文是 c)。译文 a)意味着“为儿童写作的书籍”或“赠送给儿童的书籍”等(具体何义由特定情景而定)。 b)则一般指“为儿童们所有的书籍”。

又一位读者来信问下列成对的句子中介词的区别:

(31)The shop is situated at the corner. (a)

The shop is situated on the corner. (b)

(32)The window niches were free of dust. (a)

The table is kept free from dirt. (b)

(33)The same is true of my wife. (a)

The same is true with my wife. (b)

上述三对句子中,每对句子中的两个介词皆可相互通用,在意义上也都没有什么不同。但例(31)的(a)句似乎多用于英国,(b)句似乎多用于美国,虽然也用于英国。如强调地点的一点,则应用 at,如:

(34)He wiped at the corner of his mouth with the napkin.

请注意例(31)与例(34)中的 corner 皆指大角度(大于180°)而言,如指小的角度,则应用介词 in,如:

(35)I am a bed in the corner of the room.

例(32)中的 free of 与 free from 作“没有”或“免于”解时,常可通用,但说“免税”、“免费”等时则须用 free of,如 free of charge。如有“摆脱”之义,似乎也多用 free of,如:

(36)She knew she was still not free of him.

(37)In a short while I'll be free of all my worries.

(38)With the introduction of electrical equipment into each household, the Chinese find themselves able to enjoy more time free of household chores.

例(33)中(a)句用 of,似乎合乎常规,但当代英语用 with 甚至 for 的情况也并不罕见。

这位读者还问 on the road 与 in the road 有何不同?短语动词 agree with 为什么还可以后接非人的事物?

介词短语 on the road 有两个意思:一是表静态,意谓“在路面上”,如:

(39)There is ice on the road .

二是表动态,意谓“走在路上”,相当于 on a journey (在去某地的旅程之中),如:

(40)We were on the road for two days.

我们在路上走了两天。

这个短语也常用作比喻,如:

(41)He is well on the road to recovery.

它如用于剧团等文艺团体,则又可意谓“在进行巡回演出”了。

介词短语 in the road 则只表静态, in 意谓“在……范围之内”。如将此短语直译成汉语,应是“在路之中”(当然一般皆译为“在路上”)。如说:

(42)There is ice in the road .

则意谓“在路之中有冰”。再如:

(43)She was walking in the road .

(44)Do you see that lady there in the road ?

(45)She sat down in the snowy road .

关于短语动词 agree with,一般教科书和词典说它只可用于人,如:

(46)I don't agree with you.

其实这句话的意思是:

(47)I don't agree with what you say.

这不正说明 agree with 之后为什么也可以跟非人的概念吗?但正如例(47)所表明的那样, agree with 后所接的非人的概念一般皆指话语、意见、建议、立场等,如:

(48)I agree with everything you say about the case.

(49)I fully agree with the statement.

(50)They all agreed with my stand.

3 两个介词可连用吗?

有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:

(1)A big bear ran from behind a tree.

怎能将两个介词from和behind连用?

英语里两个介词连用是一常见现象。语法上唤作二重介词(double preposition),再如:

(2)The bad boy pulled his chair from under him.

(3)She does not eat much at meal times but eats a lot in between times.

(4)It allows of no freedom except in the hands of the great masters.

(5)Are you on for a row on the river?

(6)My house is over against the Beijing Hotel.

(7)Women did not gain the vote until after the First World War.

(8)The work isn't up to the standard I require.

4 这里的介词短语是什么成分?

有一读者问: 有这样两个句子:

(1)I put my hand in my pocket.

(2)She put her pen through the mis-spelt word.

这两个句子中的介词短语 in my pocket 与 through the mis-spelt word 是状语还是宾语补足语?

按照传统语法,上述两句中的介词短语都被笼统地看作是状语,这显然是不大讲得通的,因为它们如是状语,那么它们势必用以修饰谓语动词 put, 而那样两个句子岂不得分别译为“我在我的口袋里将手放”和“她穿过那个拼写错了的词用钢笔”了吗?

那么,这两个介词短语是不是宾语补足语呢?我们的回答是“是”,也“不是”。说它们是宾语补足语是因为它们和其前的宾语 my hand 和 her pen 的关系较为密切,尤其是句(1)中的介词短语 in my pocket 与 my hand 简直像是一个复合宾语(二者在逻辑上有主谓关系)。说它们不是宾语补足语是由于谓语动词 put 本身不可能有复合宾语。我们知道, find 等动词是可以有复合宾语的,如:

(3)I found him in his room.

这句话从结构上可以转换为:

(4)I found that he was in his room.

由此可见 him in his room 是一逻辑上具有主谓关系的复合宾语。可是句(1)与句(2)显然不能转换为 I (或 she)put that...结构。所以我们不能将句(1)与句(2)中的“宾语+介词宾语”看作是谓语动词 put 的复合宾语。这样说来,句(1)与句(2)中介词短语既不是状语,也不是宾语补足语,那它们的句子功用到底是什么呢?英人夸克 (R. Quirk )等人所著的《英语语法大全》(A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language )将这种介词短语唤作“与宾语相关的状语”(object-related adverbial), 并说它与宾语补足语相类似(parallel)。这显然是一种折中观点。我们则认为,对初学英语者来说,最好将句(1)和句(2)等句子看作一种有用的句型去掌握就行了。

5 这个句子错在哪里?

有一读者问: 请问下面一句有什么错?

(1)Nixon has stated that he has always had a great interest and admiration for the work of the British economist Keynes.

英语的名词之后往往用比较固定的介词,而不同的名词之后所用的介词又往往不同。在上述试题中,名词 interest 与名词 admiration 之后就应用不同的介词。后者应后接的介词 for,试题已提供了;前者应后接的介词 in, 试题未予提供,这就是这个句子的错误所在。这种不同名词后应接不同介词的情况,在英语里是比较常见的,再如:

(2)The women have a strong dedication for and love of teaching. (dedication 后接 for, love 后接 of)

(3)A future literature in this country must be more or less founded upon a sympathy with and a love for the common people, the great mass of the national humanity. (sympathy 后接 with, love 后接 for)

6 这里应加上介词 to 吗?

有一读者问:高二英语课本有这样一句话:

(1)Some are put into cans and shipped all over the world.

依我看,shipped 后面应加上 to,译作“被运送到”才对,是不是?

这里的 shipped 之后不可加上 to,因为 all over the world 中的介词 over 已有“遍及”的意思。应当记住, over, under, behind, in, on, between, inside 等介词不但可表示静态,指位置,而且也可表示动态,指方向。好的词典在所给的释义中也往往指出这一点,如有一本英英词典给介词 under 的第一个释义就是 in or to a lower place than (在或向较低的位置)。现再举一些例证如下:

(2)The news soon spread all over the city. (over 意指“传遍”)

(3)The insect crept under the door. (under 意指“到……下面”)

(4)The dog ran behind his master. (behind 意指“到……的背后”)

(5)Throw it in the fire. (in=into)

(6)He jumped on the horse. (on=onto)

(7)John let nothing come between himself and his work. (come between 意指“插到……的中间来”)

(8)Don't let the dog inside the house. (inside 意指“到……里面来”)

7 after eight years of fighting 如何解释?

有一读者问: 我发现《学英语》某期中的“正误辨析”的第二题似乎有点不妥,该题如下:

Wrong: After two days of my arrival I went to see him.

Right: Two days after my arrival I went to see him.

但在高二英语课本中却有:

After eight years of fighting, the Chinese people finally defeated the Japanese invaders.

如何解释呢?

上述“正误辨析”并无不妥之处。说“我到了两天之后”应该用 two days after my arrival。 after two days of my arrival 是讲不通的,因为 arrival 不可能持续两天。但可说 after eight years of fighting, 因为 eight years of fighting 的意思是“八年的抗战”, 亦即 fighting (抗战)持续了八年。

8 如何分析这里的as?

有一读者问: 我在《疯狂英语》一篇介绍好莱坞女星玛莉莲·梦露的文章中读到:

(1)She began life as plain or not so plain Norma Jean Baker.

问如何分析这里的as? 第二个plain之后是否省掉了连词as?

as在此是一介词,意为“作为”,再如:

(2)He began life as a clerk in a bank.

plain or not so plain是Norma Jean Baker的描写性定语,其前用零冠词(即不用a/an或the),再如:

(3)young Shakespeare

(4)old Mrs. Reilly

(5)feeble old Blotnik

所以第二个plain之后并未省掉as。全句意为“她刚出道时名叫Norma Jean Baker,这名字勉勉强强”。

9 as在此可看作介词

有一读者问:

(1)There he taught them their first important lesson on students of chemistry.

这一句中的as students of chemistry是介词短语还是them的同位语?下面一句是否相仿?

(2)I wrote him a letter as a teacher of English.

上述两句的结构相似,不能算错,只是as短语离它所指的代词稍远了些。这种as似乎已被很多人认作介词,所以上述两句中的as短语皆可看作介词短语,分别用作间接宾语them和him的补足语,看作同位语亦可。

10 by me何意?

有一读者问: 在同一书中有这样一句话:

(1)That's okay by me.

by me是什么意思?

by在此意为“根据……标准”,by me即相当于“在我看来”。再如:

(2)It's seven o'clock by my watch.

(3)Don't judge a person by his looks.

11 due to 用错了吗?

有一读者问:在某年国际货币基金组织的招考试题中有一道题是指出下面一句中的错处:

(1)Due to the failure of the air cooling system, many in the audience had left the meeting before the principal speaker arrived.

这句话错在何处?

按照规范英语, due to 中的 due 是形容词,须用作表语,后接介词 to, 合在一起构成一固定词组,意谓“由于,起因于”,必须置于系动词之后,如:

(2)The postponement of the game was due to the rain.

英语里还有一个与 due to 同义的说法,即相当于介词的 owing to。 owing to 的用法与 due to 不同,它常用以引导一个原因状语短语,如:

(3)Owing to the rain , the game was put off.

所以,按照规范英语,句(1)中的 due to 是错误的,应改为 owing to。 但在当代英语中, owing to 被代之以 due to 的情况并不罕见。然而,如果说将 due to 短语用作原因状语不是规范英语的话, owing to 短语却可在规范英语中用作表语,如:

(4)The extraordinary beauty of Japanese cherry trees in blossom is chiefly owing to the fact that, in the majority of species, the blossoms appear before the leaves—so that the whole tree becomes like one great blossom, or white and pink clouds of blossoms.

12 关于 except that 的用法

有一读者问:有这样一句话:

(1)He shared most of her ideas, except that his were angrier, more radical.

我知道 except that 意谓“除……外”,但在这里似乎讲不通,不知其意为何?

except 在此是一介词,与 that 构成一短语连词,用以引导一个从句,常用在口语中,that 常可省去。except (that)的确常意指“除……之外”,如:

(2)She knew nothing except that he was there. (可译作“她只知道……”)

(3)I can scarcely remember what we ate, except that it was plentiful and simple.

但 except (that)也可意指 only (只是),上述句(1)中的except that 即具有此意,另如:

(4)The two brothers look exactly the same except that one has a birth mark on his left arm.

(5)Your essay is good, except it's too long. (except 在此可译为“只可惜”)

此外,except (that)还可意指“除非”,如:

(6)Except (that) when everyone is standing on tiptoes, no one can see any better. (这里的 that 常省去)

(7)He won't go except I tell him to.

有时,except (that)则意谓“但是”,如:

(8)It couldn't have happened except that it did.

(9)It even felt like apologizing to them except that they wouldn't know what I was talking about.

except (that)还常与含有虚拟语气的主句连用,如:

(10)I would go, except it's too far.

另外,还值得提一下,except 除可后接 that 从句外,还可后接由 what, when, where 等引导的从句,实例如(其后接 when 从句的例证见上述句[6]):

(11)You've done everything except what I asked you.

(12)These rules apply except where one of the following additional changes applies...

13 关于 for all

有一读者问到:有一本英汉词典上说 for all 的意思是“尽管”,但却又把 for all I know 译为“亦未可知”,不知什么缘故。

你将两个不同的 for all 混同起来了。实际上,它们并不是一回事,而是意义全然不同的两种说法。

for all 本身确是意谓“尽管”或“虽然”,相当于 in spite of。这里的 all 仍有其“全部,一切”的本义,如:

(1)They could not open the door for all their efforts.

有时还可以后接一个 that 从句,如:

(2)They are good people for all that their ways are not the same as ours.

在口语中连词 that 自然可以省去,如:

(3)I'm really very healthy for all I'm so thin.

for all one knows 或 for all one cares 就不同了。首先,这里的 for all 只是整个词组的一部分,必须与 one knows (或 cares)连用,断不可像上面所说的 for all 单独灵活运用。其次, all 在这里相当于 aught 或 anything, 并没有“全部、一切”等含义。 所以也可以说 for aught one knows,或 for anything one knows。

for all one knows 的确切意思是什么呢? for 在此表示“限度”。有的词典说 for all one knows 的意思就等于 as far as one knows,只不过不是很正式的英语罢了。那么你那本词典为什么又把它译作“亦未可知”呢?我们认为这样译还是很可取的。这正说明了 for all one knows 与 as far as one knows 的区别所在。这两种说法虽然皆表一种限度,但前者除表“限度”之外,还有一种“并不确知”或“没有把握”的含义。现让我们看几个例子:

(4)It is true for all I know . (这句话的意思是: 就我所知,此事属实,但是否真的如此,那就难说了。)

(5)For aught we know , the winter may be very long and severe. (这句话的意思是:今年冬天可能又长又冷,也可能不是这样,谁知道呢!)

(6)He may be rich now, for aught I know . (这句话的意思是:他现在可能已经致富了,虽然我不敢打保票。)

(7)He may be dead for all I know . (这句话的意思是:他已经死了,也未可知。)

for all one knows 这一固定说法也可以用第二人称和第三人称,如:

(8)Oh, mother, let me go for the picnic. Think of the ice cream! For anything you know I may never have a chance to taste ice cream again. (这里 for anything you know 的意思是:根据“我”的判断,你很可能知道,当然我的判断也许是错的。)

(9)For all anybody knew we were still in the old country where, at least according to some of our neighbours, we belonged. (For all anybody knew...的意思是:人们可能都知道我们仍在故国……,至少根据作者的判断是如此,但人们是否真的知道,作者是没有绝对把握的。)

(10)For all he knows we might be in the office. (for all he knows 是 for all I know 的间接说法,所以其意是:根据他的判断,我们也许在办公室。但他并不确知这一点。)

你可能要问如何将 for all one knows 译成汉语为好。从上面所举各例的说明可以看出, 恐怕没有一成不变的译法,一切应由上下文而定。但不管怎样,首先需要理解正确。像下面一句的译文是应引起我们警惕的:

(11)For all we knew the man was as good as dead a long while ago. (摘自美国一短篇小说)

有人却将它译作:因为我们只知道他肯定是早已死了。”译者显然把 for all we knew 误解了,同时也将 as good as dead 译得太“肯定”了。

最后再看看 for all one cares 的含义。这个词组也表“限度”,但它却含有“与本人无关”的意思,如:

(12)He may leave at once for all I care . (这句话的真正意思是:他尽可马上走掉,我才不在乎哩。)

14 这个for短语是定语还是状语?

有一读者问: 下面两个句子中的 for 短语是定语还是状语?有的书说是定语,有的书说是状语:

(1)I have bought some books for children.

(2)He wanted some medicine for his cough.

我们倾向于定语。例(1)的 for children 乃修饰 some books, 整个宾语部分意谓“几本或一些儿童读物”。例(2)的 for his cough 修饰 some medicine, 整个宾语部分意谓“一些可以治其咳嗽的药”。但例(1)如改写为:

(3)I have bought some books for my children.

介词短语 for my children 就是状语了,因为也可以说:

(4)For my children I have bought some books.

当然,你如果愿意的话,也可以将例(3)的 for my children 看作“介词+间接宾语”,因为整个句子相当于:

(5)I have bought my children some books.

15 from 在此是多余的吗?

有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:

(1)Where does the food come from to support the extra three billion?

从语法上看,这里的 from 似乎是多余的,不知先生的看法如何?

“多余”一词在此用得欠妥,似应改为“可不用”,与其相对的是“非用不可”。关于 where 与介词 from 连用的问题,在语法家们的著作中,是有不少讨论的,而且是有争议的。关于这个问题我们可从 where 的词性谈起。 where 一词有三种词性:

1. 疑问副词:当疑问副词 where 引导一个问句时不用 from, 如:

(2)Where did you get the book?

2. 疑问代词(准确地说应是“代词性疑问副词”, 因为它本是副词): 上述一例在口语中常可变为:

(3)Where did you get the book from ?

这时, where 就变为疑问代词,用作 from 的宾语。这里的 from是“可不用”的,但请注意,这里如不用 from, where 就不是疑问代词而是疑问副词了。

疑问代词 where 引导的问句是否皆“可不用” from 呢?不,有的情况下是“非用不可”的,如我们常说的:

(4)Where do you come from ?

这个句子显然与上面的句(3)不同,绝不能去掉 from 而使疑问代词 where 变作疑问副词。这里的 where 是from (或短语动词 come from )的宾语。如去掉了 from, where 就无着落从而全句就成为无意义的了。因此,你所引用的句(1)中的 from 同样也是不可去掉“非用不可”的。

3. 关系代词(准确地说应为“关系副代词”): where 作为关系代词时可引导一个定语从句。它和疑问代词 where 一样,其后可用或可不用from,如:

(5)The school library is the place where he got the book (from ).

但也可以是去不掉非用不可的,如:

(6)Beijing is the place where he comes from .

当from置于where之前时, 也不可去掉,如:

(7)The annual flooding is caused by the melting snow on the high plateau from where the Nile originates.

关系代词 where 亦可引导一个表语从句,是否要用 from 也有两种情况。一是可不用 from, 如:

(8)This is where he got the book (from ).

二是必须用 from ,如:

(9)That's where he comes from .

综上所述,非用 from 不可者有例(1)例(4)例(6)例(7)例(9)等。可不用 from 者有例(3)例(5)例(8)等。关于非用 from 不可的情况,语法家们似乎没有什么不同意见,但对可不用 from 的情况他们就有争议了。有的人说这种from 是多余的,是错误的; 或是方言,不能算是正规英语。有人则说 where 之后加上 from 虽非正式英语,但它富有表现力,已在口语中广泛使用,所以不能说是错误。

我们倾向于后者。实际上, where 与可不用的介词连用的情况并不限于 where...from, where 之后也可用 to, at 等,如:

(10)Where are you going to ?

(11)Where are you staying at ?

以上说法多用在美国。但据一位语法家说,现在这种说法也出现在英国口语中了。

16 in between应如何分析?

有一读者问:《许国璋英语》第二册第103页的with the Yellow Sea in between中,in between何意?做什么成分? 它与副词between有何不同?

in between是一介词短语,由介词in和介副词between构成;它常用作状语,其意为“在二者之间”,再如:

(1)He left school at three, but didn't arrive home until six, so where was he in between ?

(2)There were two houses, with a narrow path in between .

(3)We have two lessons this morning, but there's some free time in between .

in between有时亦可用作定语和表语,如:

(4)The room was either extremely cold or hot, never anything in between . (在此用作定语)

(5)In between is a lake. (在此倒装句中用作表语)

介副词between的用法与in between相似,如:

(6)One town ends where the next begins and there's a road that runs between .

二者在意义上也几乎无甚区别,一般皆可互换使用。如细加揣摩,也许in between更加强调“二者之间或二者相隔的时间或空间”。

17 in two days在此何意?

有一读者问: 有这样两句对话:

— Can this lock be repaired here?

— Yes, it can be repaired in two days.

in two days 的意思是“两天之后”还是“两天之内”?

一般说来,如指现在的将来(即说话人说话时的将来), in two days 之类中的介词 in 皆指“在……之后”。但在一定的上下文中, in two days 也可能意指“两天之内”。在有歧义的情况下,表“在两天之内”最好用 within two days ,表“在两天以后”最好用 in two days' time。

18 including是什么词类?

有一读者问: 高中课本第一册上有这样一句话:

(1)He rang up all his friends in the pop world including all the most famous pop stars.

在此句中,including是介词还是动名词或现在分词?

这种including是介词或是现在分词,但绝非动名词。不少人仍将它看作现在分词,如有些词典并不将它单独列为一个词条。但当今已有不少学者认为它是一个介词。具有权威性的《英语语法大全》(A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language )则将including唤作“边缘介词”。《牛津现代高级英语学习词典》(Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English )不但单独将including列作介词,而且举了一个很有趣的富有说服力的例子如下:

(2)Sales up to and including last month amounted to £10,000.

这里的including正是和up to并列,同是介词。

19 like在此可看作介词

有一读者问:

(1)It was like him to do such a thing.

在这一句中的like为什么是形容词而不是介词?

句中的like可以说是形容词,也可以说是介词。从历史上看(非指远古),它的确是一个形容词。它后面的名词并非accusative(宾格或对格),而是dative(与格)。这就是说,like之后本不应直接跟一名词,其间应有一个介词(通常用to),正与现今的similar to一样。可是在所问句中的like之后却没有介词to,这是怎么回事呢? 英语史学家告诉我们: 介词to被省去了。的确如此。因为在19世纪的诗歌里还出现过like to,如诗人雪莱的名句:

(2)Sweet sleep, were death like to thee.

现代英语里的形容词和副词后省去介词to的现象并不罕见,再如:

(3)He sat opposite me. (形容词opposite后省去to,但也可以不省去)

(4)He sat near me. (副词near后常省去to)

但在当代英语里,人们已不都从纵向观察问题,而是从横向出发,这样就把like以及near看作介词了。

20 如何理解 a long gray ribbon of a road中的of?

有一读者问:有这样一句话:

(1)Joyce had walked a long way on a long gray ribbon of a road before she began to realize where her steps were turning.

a long gray ribbon of a road 是什么意思?如何理解这里的介词 of?它表示“属于”吗?好像讲不通。

a long gray ribbon of a road 是一种特殊结构,意思是“一条像一条很长的灰色带子一样的路”。再如:

(2)an angel of a child 一个像天使般的孩子

(3)a little rat of a fellow 一个像小老鼠的家伙

有时 of 前的名词并不意味着“像是”,而意味着“就是”或“是属某一类”,如:

(4)a rascal of a landlord 一个地主恶棍

(5)a stripling of a page 一个小伙子书童

但如在 of 前加上 sort,其后则不可再用 a,如:

(6)a pretty butterfly sort of girl 一个像蝴蝶般美丽的姑娘

这种特殊结构也可以是“the/ this/ that+ 名词 + of + a + 名词”,如:

(7)the specter of a man 这个像是幽灵的人

(8)this huge lunatic warren of a London 这座像是一个庞大的疯人院的伦敦城

(9)that fool of a Beatrice 那个傻瓜比阿特丽斯

这种结构的开头也可以用不定代词 some,如:

(10)some damned old lunkhead of a general 一个该死的老而傻的将军

从语法关系来讲,a long gray ribbon of表部分关系,因为它相当于a...sort of,但如将这里的of看作表同位关系,似乎未尝不可。

21 times 在此应归入介词类

有一读者问: 下面两句中的 times 是什么词类:

(1)Three times three is nine.

(2)This house is three times as large as that one.

曾经,辞典学家们都认为 times 是一复形名词,都将上面两句中 three times 看做名词短语用作状语,分别修饰其后的 three 和 as large。 现在仍有不少词典抱有这样的观点。但当今有的词典学家已提出一种新的观点。它们认为上述例(2)中的 times 确实是一复形名词, three times 在此用作状语,如同 much as large as...中的 much 用作状语一样。但如将例(1)中的 times 也看作名词从而把 three times 看作状语就有点牵强了。状语怎能修饰相当于名词的 three 呢?再说 times 还可以后接名词,如:

(3)Force equals mass times work.

它还可以用在这样的句子里:

(4)One times one is one.

这里的 times 显然都不可能归入名词一类。那么它是什么词类呢?答案是:它应归入介词一类。和它相似的还有 double, twice, less, minus, plus 等,其在下面句子中皆应看作介词:

(5)The boy was double the size of his sister.

(6)He is twice her size.

(7)Five minus (或 less )three is two.

(8)Two plus two is four.

22 这里是否可以不用 to?

有一读者问: Where will the bus take us to? 和 Where are you going to? 两句中的末尾为什么用 to? 可以省去不用吗?

这两个句子中的介词 to 可以用,也可以不用。两者意义相同,并都合乎语法。如用介词 to, where 就是疑问代词(或代词性疑问副词),作 to 的宾语。如不用 to, where 就是疑问副词,用作地点状语。

上述两个句子虽然意义相同,但其语体却不一样。以前的语法家们还认为用 to 是错误的,不用 to 才是规范的英语。现在恐怕没有人或很少人认为用 to 是错误的了。但用 to 似乎仍属于非正式语体,正式语体中最好还是不用 to (但也有人认为正式文体中亦可用 to)。

23 without可以=即使没有

有一读者问: 在一本英国小说中遇到这样一个句子:

(1)It's bad enough being a blacksmith's wife without having to be a second mother to you.

所给译文是:嫁给一个铁匠做老婆已经够倒霉的了,还要当你的后妈!我认为without having to be a second mother to应译为:好在没有做你的后妈。不知对否?

所给译文是对的。当“某些形容词+enough”后接without短语时,without的意思应是“即使没有”,再如:

(2)It's bad enough doing this without you giving me orders all the time. (without you giving me orders all the time=即使你不老是向我发号施令,可意译作:而你还不断向我发号施令!)

24 这样用worth是否正确?

有一读者问到“It is worth doing such a test.”是否正确?

现在有人这样说,但似乎尚未完全为语法家和词典学家所认可。所以较保险较规范的说法是“It is worthwhile doing such a test.”或“Such a test is worth doing.”。

25 angry 后可接 with, about, at

有一读者问: 有这样三个句子:

(1)She was angry about his laughing at her.

(2)He is very angry with her.

(3)The teacher is angry at his rough behavior.

be angry about, be angry with, be angry at 三者有何区别?

be angry with 仅对人而言,如:

(4)Are you angry with me?

(5)She was very angry with him for keeping her waiting.

be angry about 仅对事而言,常可与 be angry at 互换,但上述例(1)中的 about 不宜代之以 at ,以免与其后的 at 重复。再如:

(6)What are you angry about ?

(7)He was angry about the delay.

be angry at 多针对人的言行而言,再如:

(8)I was angry at his slipshod work.

(9)Anybody will be angry at being kept waiting so long.

但如果表示十分气恼,亦可用 at 指人,如:

(10)We were angry at the boys for their tardiness. (at 强调情绪,如用 with 则强调对象,即 the boys)

26 关于 born 后几个介词的区别

有一读者问:born in a poor family 与 born of a poor family 有何区别?

请看下面三个句子的不同含义:

(1)He was born in a poor family. (强调地点,意思是他生在一个贫苦的家庭之中;亦可用 into)

(2)He was born of a poor family. (of=from, 全句意谓他出身贫苦)

(3)He was born to a poor family. (意谓他生到一个贫苦人家,有命中注定的含义)

27 climb up, climb to, climb up to

有一读者问: A Junior English-Chinese Dictionary (商务印书馆出版)中, climb 词条有例: to climb (up)a mountain / tree。可是人教社出版的 Senior English Book I 第13课中则有两句:

(1)Every day he climbed to a high rock near his cave to keep watch.

(2)Early one morning, before starting work, he climbed up to his lookout.

这两句 climb 后均有介词 “to”,不知 to 可否省略? climb (up)加上 to 再带宾语,与不带 to 直接带上宾语,二者有无区别?

climb up a tree 的意思是“沿着树向上爬”, climb to a high rock 是意谓“爬到一块很高的石头上”, climb up to a high rock 则意谓“向上爬到一块很高的石头上”。

28 congratulations 后用什么介词?

有一读者问: 如何做这一道题:

(1)We offered him our congratulations_________his passing the college entrance exams.

A. at B. of C. for D. on

应选D,即 on。 介词在此表示方向,意味着“对”或“向”。除理解其意义外,更重要的是要牢记复数名词 congratulations 之后常接介词 on (有“因……”的含义),再如:

(2)Please accept my congratulations on your success.

(3)Congratulations on your marriage!

你可能要问:还有什么名词其后常接表方向的介词 on 呢?其后常可接表方向的 on 的名词还有不少,最常见的有 attack, claim, demand, improvement, influence, march, start, tax, war 等。

又,congratulations 之后偶尔亦有用 for, about 等代替 on (或 upon)的情况,但似乎不多见,故而恕不举例说明了。

29 这里应选用in the eyes, by the hand

有一读者问:如何做这一道选择题:

Struck blind by a flying stone _____, he is now led _____.

A. in the eyes, by the hand to cross the street

B. in the eyes, by his hand to cross the street

C. on the eyes, by the hand to cross the street

D. on the eyes, by his hand to cross the street

应选A。英语里说“被打着了眼睛”应译作somebody is struck in the eye(或eyes),习惯上用in而不用on(后者仅指表面)。又,这里应用表典型的by the hand,一般不用指出具体人的by his hand。

30 何时可用 “feed + 宾语 + with”结构?

有一读者问:《学英语》报说:

误:People fed the cows with grass.

正:People fed the cows on grass.

可是另一期中却出现了这样的句子:

(1)Being fed with cow milk, the baby lion suddenly roared to give the tamer a start.

请解释。

“feed + 名(代)词”之后一般皆应用介词 on ,但在特定场合中亦可用介词 with ,上述句(1)即是一例,再如:

(2)The child was feeding the monkey with a banana.

(3)She was feeding the baby with porridge.

又,feed 作“提供,供给”解时,亦可与 with 连用,如:

(4)Education does not mean merely feeding the students with facts.

31 不要说 feed with something

有读者问这样一道选择题:

(1)Cows feed_________grass, and yet they supply _____.

A. up; us milk B. on; us with milk

C. with; milk to us D. on; milk to us

答案是B,为什么不可选C和D?

选B或D皆可,因为既可说:

(2)Cows supply us with milk.

亦可说:

(3)Cows supply milk to (或 for)us.

但句(2)侧重 milk ,而句(3)则侧重 us ,所以上述句(1)选用B较好。C之不妥在于这里选用 milk to us 不及 us with milk 好,而且在于 feed 之后一般不可直接用 with。 feed 倒可后接“宾语 + with + 宾语”,但那是另一码事了。

32 equal之后可用to,也可用with

有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:

They want to be equal_________men in this way.

A. in B. to C. with D. like

所给答案是B,但我认为也可以选C,不知对否?

一般用to的情况较多,用C也不错,当代确有人用with,虽然似乎有点古旧。

33 here之前为何用in?

有一读者问: 有这样一句话:

You don't have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you.

我实在不能理解here前为何用介词in。

in here表示所指的“此处”的空间较小,单说here则不强调空间的大小。

34 只能说 in ink 吗?

有一读者问:有的书上说:“用墨水写只能说 in ink。而有的则说,用with把ink看作用来写字的工具;用 in 则把 ink 看作一种材料。请问究竟哪一种说法正确?

英语中物质名词 ink 之前既可用 in,亦可用 with,如:

(1)The picture is painted in ink.

(2)The picture is painted with ink.

这两句中的 in ink 和 with ink 皆可译作“用墨水(或墨汁)”,似乎没有什么不同。但从英语本身来看,二者还是有区别的: 二者皆表材料,但in ink 表示一种客观存在,强调状态,意味着这是一张墨水画(a picture in ink); with ink 则强调作画者有意特将 ink 而不用其他材料作为绘画手段,是一种有意识的活动。

像 ink 其前既可用 in 又可用 with 的物质名词,还有 pencil, gold, silver, stone, water, blood, sweat 等,恕不一一举例了。

35 of itself 是什么意思?

有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:

(1)The door opens_________itself. It _____.

A. by; will be colsed B. for; will open

C. of; won't shut D. on; won't open

为何答案是C? itself 之前为何用 of?

选C是因为只有它符合题意。 of itself 是一习惯说法,其义是“自动地”,再如:

(2)The fire went out of itself .

(3)Inertia means that a body cannot of itself change its state of rest or motion.

won't shut 是“关不上”的意思。 won't 表示“拒绝,就是不”。

(4)The car won't start . 这车发动不了。

(5)This mark won't come off .这个污点去不掉。

(6)There are none so deaf as those who won't hear .

最聋的人是那些充耳不闻的人。

36 installments 之前可用 in 或 by

有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:

If you can't pay the full amount of money, you can pay_________installments.

A. in B. with C. for D. over

标准答案是 in, 但为什么不用 by 呢?

表“分期付款”可用 pay in installments, 也可用 pay by installments。in 表“以……的划分形式”,by 则表“按照”。

37 put somebody to trouble 何意?

有一读者问: 请问如何做这道选择题:

(1)I'm sorry to put you_________so much trouble.

A. to B. with C. for D. by

to put somebody to trouble 是一种固定说法,故而应选A。 put somebody to...在此有“使某人遭受……”的意思,与此类似的还有 put somebody to shame, death, inconvenience 等,实例如:

(2)His bad behaviour put his parents to shame .

(3)They put to death anyone appearing in the streets after curfew. (anyone appearing...curfew 较长,故置于 to death 之后)

(4)It put me to inconvenience .

38 range from... to... 是一常见表达法

有一读者问: 有这样一句话:

(1)For reasons that range from simply making ends meet to putting money away for luxuries or for retirement, millions are taking on second or third jobs for added cash.

这里to putting money away...是作from的宾语用,还是作状语用?

to putting money away...既非from的宾语,亦非状语,而是与from simply making ends meet相关连的一介词短语。range from...to...是一常见用法,其意为“变化或变动于……与……之间”,实例再如:

(2)The temperature ranges from ten to thirty degrees.

(3)Prices range from $3 to $19.

For reasons that range from simply making ends meet to putting money away for...的意思是“由于为了收支平衡以及为了享乐或退休而储存钱等诸原因”。

39 It is the same with...是一有用句型

有一读者问: 有这样一道题:

(1)People in Fujian live on rice. It is the same_________people in Guangdong.

A. as B. like C. with D. of

为何选C,而不选A?

应选C。It is the same with...是一很有用的句型,应学会使用,再如:

(2)Butterflies come from caterpillars. It's the same with moths.

(3)I'm hopeless at physics, and it's the same with chemistry — I get it all wrong.

介词with在此表示一种关系,相当于in the case of (在……的情况下;对……来说),再如:

(4)How are things with you?

(5)He was a giant, and warm-hearted and good-natured, which is the way with giants.

(6)With such people anything will happen.

40 in search of, in search for

有一读者问:高中英语第二册教参中有这样一句话: They set out in search for the lost child. 有人认为 in search for 是编者一时疏忽所造成的错误,应改为 in search of。我对此不敢苟同,我认为这里 in search of 和 in search for 都可以用,其含义无甚区别。请您告诉我孰是孰非?

是的,这里既可用 in search of,亦可用 in search for。 in search of 无疑是规范的英语,但 in search for,根据我们所看到的资料,却是有争议的(disputable)。

41 on Sunday, on Sundays, on a Sunday

有一读者问:on Sunday, on Sundays 和 on a Sunday 有何不同?

on Sunday 和 on Sundays 可谓同义,皆意谓“每逢星期日”,如:

(1)They go to church on Sunday (或 on Sundays ).

但 on Sunday 有时并不=on Sundays, 而是意味着“说话时的前一个星期日或说话时的后一个星期日”,如:

(2)He arrived on Sunday . (指说话时的前一个星期天)

(3)He'll arrive on Sunday . (指说话时的后一个星期天)

在美国英语中,还可以用 Sundays 代替 on Sundays, 如上面的句(1)亦可代之以:

(4)They go to church Sundays .

on a Sunday 的意思是“在任何一个星期日”或“在某一个星期日”,如:

(5)Such a revelry is not seemly on a Sunday . (on a Sunday 在此意谓“在任何一个星期天”)

(6)She left on a Sunday . (on a Sunday 在此意谓“在一个星期天”)

此外,还可以说 of a Sunday,这是一种稍古的口语体,其意是“常在星期天”(at sometime on Sundays),实例如:

(7)He calls on me of a Sunday .

这句话的意思就是:他常在星期天来拜访我。

顺便提一下,上述关于 Sunday 的一些用法,也都适用于表工作日的 Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday 等。

42 talk English与talk in English

有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:

(1)The teacher said, “Let's_________English. ”

A. talk B. say C. speak D. tell

所给答案是A,是否也可说talk in English?

talk English与talk in English都可说,但会意不同。试比较:

(2)Let's talk in English. (意在不让在场的无关的人听懂。这些人显然不懂英语)

(3)Let's talk English. (在场的人都会讲英语)

再试比较:

(4)He speaks in English. (其含义是他懂好几种语言,现在他在用英语讲话)

(5)He speaks English. (=他会讲英语)

43 如何理解in terms of?

有一读者问: 下面一句话中的in terms of作何解:

(1)We must plan our work in terms of the new situation and its needs.

in terms of是一短语介词,通常有两种不同的含义:一是“以……的言辞、用语、术语、口吻等”,实例如:

(2)They spoke of him in terms of the highest praise. (terms=言辞)

(3)The teacher avoids explaining in terms of grammar. (terms=用语或术语)

(4)They speak of their teacher in terms of respect. (terms=口吻)

二是“从……观点、角度、方面”,上述句(1)即是一例,再如:

(5)It has been a terrible year in terms of business.

(6)A 200-year-old building is very old in terms of American history.

(7)The book has been well received, but in terms of sales it hasn't been successful.

但请注意,in terms of在翻译时可以灵活处理,实例如:

(8)A computer is powerful in terms of capacity and speed. (可译作“在……上”)

(9)In terms of money, his loss was small. (可译作“以……来计算”)

(10)He expressed an idea in terms of action. (可译作“通过”)

(11)These events are not to be explained in terms of what happened last week. (可译作“根据,按照”)

动词think常与in terms of连用,实例如:

(12)I'm thinking in terms of retiring next year and travelling overseas. (am thinking in terms of可译作“在考虑”)

(13)He thinks of everything in terms of money. (全句可译作“他以金钱度量一切”)

(14)In extending “aid” to India, they were thinking in terms of exploitation and plunder. (were thinking in terms of可译作“意在”)

(15)I'm thinking in terms of weekly payments. (此句意思同My idea is that the payments should be made each week)

44 in time, at one time, at the same time, on time

有一读者问: 如何做这道题:

(1)If you keep on, you'll succeed.

A. in time B. at one time C. at the same time D. on time

首先我们应弄清上述四种选择的意义。第一种选择是 in time,通常有两个意义。一是“及时”,如:

(2)I got there just in time .

二是“终将,到时候”如:

(3)That boy will learn that in time .

第二种选择是 at one time 通常也有两层意思。一是“曾经,一度”,如:

(4)You worked for them, didn't you, at one time ?

二是“同时”,如:

(5)Let's start the dance again, at one time .

第三种选择是 at the same time ,通常意谓“同时”,如:

(6)The two runners reached the finish line at the same time .

第四种选择是 on time ,常意谓“按时”或“准时”,如:

(7)The train arrived at the station on time .

(8)He's always on time .

基于上述分析,这一道题的答案自然应选A,即 in time (作“终将”解)。

45 useful 之后应用什么介词?

有一读者问:有一道选择题:

(1)Records are very_________learning English.

A. use for B. useful to C. useful for D. uses for

答案是C,可为什么不用B呢?

请记住 useful 与动名词之间常用 for, 再如:

(2)It is useful for travelling.

(3)Those old dusters will come in useful for polishing the car.

(4)A low-power microscope will be found useful for examining material such as the larger insect larvae.

顺便提一下,如表“在……方面”,亦可用 in, 如上述句(1)即可改作:

(5)It is useful in travelling.

再如:

(6)The book is useful in recording the details of several rare editions.

如指“对人而言”,则可用to,

(7)It will be most useful to me. (强调“我主观认为有用”)

但下面一句中又须用 for:

(8)It is a useful book for students. (for 在此强调“说话人客观上认为对学生有用”)

46 应怎样理解这里的 in a way?

有一读者问: 马克·吐温著的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中有这样一句话:

(1)Sometimes the widow would take me to one side and talk about Providence in a way to make a body's mouth water...

中文译文是:有时候,寡妇把我领到一旁,谈些关于上帝的事,说得真是叫人馋得要命。原文中的 in a way 是一习语,其义应是“从某种意义上说”,所以译文“真是叫人”是否译错了?

译文没有错。 in a way 在此并非意谓“从某种意义上说”,而是相当于 in a manner (以某种方式),再如:

(2)He cracked a joke in a way to make you hold your sides.

(3)He spoke in a way that made her think of her father.

in a way 有时也确有“在某种程度上”(常可译作“多少,有几分”)或“从某种意义上说”的意思,如:

(4)In a way he is right.

(5)—Do you think he has made a mistake?

—Yes, in a way .

由此可以看出, in a way 具有两种不同的含义和用法,二者不可混淆。

47 如何理解in the window?

有一读者问: 有这样一句话:

(1)She stood in the window, looking out on the traffic on the street.

如何解释这里的in呢?

window有二义:一是窗户(the opening in a building, car, etc.),具此意义的window之前用in时,乃指窗户或窗框本身内,例:

(2)A windowpane is a piece of glass in a window .

另一义是窗口(the space inside a window),指窗下一空间。上述句(1)中的in the window即意指“在窗口”,再如:

(3)There was an arrangement of books in the window .

(4)Suddenly I saw a light burning in a window .

(5)She's got some wonderful plants in the window .

window所指的空间可以很大,如商店里的橱窗,例:

(6)How much is that suit in the window ?