连系动词
1 am I not? aren't I? ain't I?
1 am I not? aren't I? ain't I?
有读者问:请问 I am a teacher 的反意问句是 am I not? 还是 aren't I 或 ain't I?
关于这个问题,有一本英国出版的词典《朗文当代英语词典》(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English )讲得很清楚。它以 I am your friend 为例,分别比较如下:
(1)正式英语是: I am your friend, am I not?
(2)非正式英语是: I'm your friend, aren't I?
(3)非标准英语是: I'm your friend, ain't I?
但请注意:所谓“非标准英语”,并不只意谓未受过教育的人所讲的英语。实际上不少受过教育的人在无拘无束的场合中也爱讲这种不太规范的英语; aren't 一般是 are not 的缩略式,只是有时相当于am not,如例(2); ain't 除相当于am not 外,还可是are not, is not, has not 和 have not。
2 这里为何用is而不用's?
有读者问: 为什么只说:
(1)What is it?
(2)Who is it?
而不说:
(3)What's it?
(4)Who's it?
上述句(1)与句(2)已成为固定的套语(formulas),不可对之加以任何更动,包括其is亦不可改换为's。这些成语或套语皆有固定的意义,如句(1)意谓“出什么事啦?”(相当于京剧中的“何事惊慌?”);句(2)则意谓“是谁?”;上述(3)也可以说,但其意谓“那是什么?”;句(4)不可变为“Who's it?”,虽可说“Who's he?”。之所以句(1)与句(2)必须用is而不可用缩略式's,可能还有两个原因: 一是由于这些套语都是多年流传下来的正式英语,二是由于这里需要强调is(缩略式's不可用以强调)。再如“Why is it that...”, “How is it that...”句型一般也只可用is,似乎也是由于同样的原因。
3 有些连系动词之后不可用“to be+形容词”
有读者问一道选择题:
(1)The story sounds _____.
A. to be true B. as true
C. being true D. true
答案是D,为何不选A?
连系动词sound, smell, taste等皆不后接“to be +形容词”,而只后接形容词,再如:
(2)It smells sweet.
(3)It tastes nice.
只有少数连系动词,如seem, appear, prove等,为了强调其语气,始可后接“to be+形容词”,如:
(4)It seems to be right.
(5)He appears to be rich.
(6)It proves to be true.
4 seemed not to hear错了吗?
有读者问:有一本英文正错句手册说:
(1)Wrong: He seemed not to hear me.
(2)Right: He didn't seem to hear me.
但我们在高中英语教材中既遇到:
(3)Pierre seemed not to have heard the news.
也遇到过:
(4)She didn't seem to like the idea.
孰对孰错,请回答。
上面所举的4个句子,用seemed not to也好,用didn't seem也好,都是正确的,意思也完全一样,只是前者多用在正式文体中,后者多用在非正式文体中而已。