指示代词
1 这里的 this 何意？
1 这里的 this 何意？
有读者问： 有这样一句话：
(1)“There's this house down in Worcester, Vinnie,” Barney said. “The guy that owns it is Andy the Fruit Man. ...”
上文并未提到过这幢房子，但这里却用了 this， 不知是何原故？
这里的 this 原是美语，常用于口语叙述体中，相当于 a certain （某一个）的强调形式，但较不定冠词 a 生动。 There's 之后常可用此 this ，再如：
(2)I was just reading this morning's Wall Street Journal and there's this California firm...
(3)Anyway, there's this guy, away back then, and they call him Chevalier-Rider—because he handles a horse so good...
当然，它也可用在其他许多句型中，如：
(4)I have a cousin who married this Puerto Rican fellow.
(5)I ran into this fish-and-chips joint, and...
(6)This man came up to me in the street and started making rude suggestions.
(7)Why, last night I went to the picture show, and I was sitting there next to this girl and she got up and moved...
(8)Next thing I knew I was in this big office...
有时 this 可与 certain 连用，如：
(9)She would begin in the way that all story tellers began: “At this certain time, in this certain village, lived this certain person.”
this 与 day, night 等时间词连用时，可相当 one 或 on a，如：
(10)This Septemper day, he was particularly choleric.
有时还可用 this 加强 one 的语气，如：
(11)This one night I started drinking at a bar in Boston and I got plastered.
同样，其复形 these 也可相当于“某”，如：
(12)There were these two Irishmen called Pat and Mike.
2 关于those who
有读者问： 有这样一个句子：
(1)Don't trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty!
those是否即those men?those换成these行吗？
those在此相当于those people,但一般不在those who之间加上people。those who等于people who，已经固定，故不可将those代之以these。再如：
(2)Those who would like to go on the trip should put their names on the list.
(3)Those who expect the worst are less likely to be disappointed.
(4)There are those who say she should never have been appointed.
3 如何分析such?
有读者问： 有这样一个句子：
(1)Such would be our home in the future.
在这里such是主语还是表语？
关于这里的指示代词such，有的语法家认为是主语，有的语法家认为是表语（或补语）。我们的看法是，为了学习上的方便，最好将这里的such看作主语。指示代词such肯定是可以用作主语的，如：
(2)Such often occurred in feudal society.
有时such则似乎既可看作主语，亦可看作表语，如：
(3)Such was her fright that she closed her eyes. （=Her fright was such that she closed her eyes.）
4 such little与so little
有读者问： 有这样一道选择题：
(1)John doesn't understand you because he knows_________Chinese.
A. such few B. so few C. such little D. so little
C和D应选哪一个？
应选D。“such little+名词”则常后接that从句，如：
(2)Tom showed such little interest in his lessons that he almost failed.
5 应改为many such books
有读者问： 下面三个短语哪个正确：
such many books (a)
so many books (b)
so many a book (c)
只有(b)是正确的。(a)不对，应改为many such books; (c)亦误，应改为many a book。
6 为何选用such that?
有读者问： 有一道选择题：
(1)Working conditions in that factory are_________few workers stay longer than three hours.
A. that B. such that C. so that D. so as
请问为什么选B?
只有such that是正确的，它不但符合语法也符合题意。be such that...并不乏例，再如：
(2)His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
(3)Their diet was such that they weren't getting the necessary vitamins.
7 这里应用 such， 不应用 so
有人问： 我遇到这么两道填空题：
(1)It was_________fine weather that they went out to have a swim.
(2)It was_________fine weather that all the bird came out to sing.
但第一题的答案是 such，第二题的答案却是 so，我百思不得其解，为什么第二题的答案不是 such?
答： 上述两题的答案都应是 such，而不可用 so。 fine weather 是名词短语，相当于一个名词，而指示代词 such 可相当于一个形容词，意谓“如此的”，作定语用。所以这里应用相当于形容词的 such 来修饰相当于名词的 fine weather。注意在 such...that 结构中， such 之后除可接“形容词 + 抽象名词 （如上述的fine weather）”外，还有一些其他说法，如：
(3)He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. （such 后接 “ a + 形容词 + 单数可数名词”）
(4)There are such great differences that close parallels cannot be drawn. （such 后接“形容词 + 复数可数名词”）
so 一般用作副词，意谓“如此地”。它不可用以修饰名词，只可作为状语修饰形容词等。所以在此它不可用来修饰名词短语 fine weather。同样，上述例（3）中的 such 也不可代之以 so，而须将整个主句结构改为“He told us so funny a story...”；例（4）中的 such 也不可代之以 so，而须将整个主句结构改为“The differences are so great...”。
8 为何用such而不用so?
有读者问： 有这样一道填空题：
(1)It was_________bad weather that they had to stay at home.
为什么用such而不用so呢？
首先应记住，相当于形容词的such后接名词或“形容词+名词”，如：
(2)We all enjoyed such food （或such stories）.
(3)We all enjoyed such good food （或such thrilling stories）.
上面两句中的such皆不可代之以副词so。so作为副词，其后不可接名词或“形容词+名词”，但可后接“many, few, much+名词”，如：
(4)There were so many mistakes in that essay.
(5)Don't make so much noise.
另外，such可后接“a+（形容词）+名词”，so则不可，如：
(6)She had such a fright that she fainted.
(7)The camel had such a long neck.
但so可后接“形容词+a+名词”，上述句（7）中的such a long neck即可改作so long a neck。试比较：
(8)He is such a nice man.
(9)He is so nice a man.（比较正式）
9 no such 后一般不用 a
有读者问： 有这样一道选择题：
(1)There is no such_________foolish person.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
该选那一个？ 选 A 对吗？
应选 C ，不宜选 A。 不定冠词 a 可用在“such+a+单数名词”结构中，如：
(2)She said she would never again make such a mistake.
(3)He is such a nice man.
但 such 之前如有 no, any, some 等不定代词，在规范英语中， such 之后则一般不再用不定冠词 a，如：
(4)There's no such thing as ghosts.
(5)She had no right to do any such thing.
(6)Some such measure will certainly be tried.
此外， such 之前如有数词 one ，其后自然也不应有不定冠词，如：
(7)We came upon more than one such family.
但在实际情况中，间或也有用不定冠词的现象，如：
(8)There is no such a thing at all.
(9)If any one asserted that there was no such a thing as the soul, what should you answer?
但我们认为 no such a... 这种用法不宜我国学生去仿效。
10 such亦可看作副词及其他
浙江一读者对我们在《英语学习》杂志的某期《语法通信》中讲到的关于such在such funny stories中相当于形容词而不相当于副词的看法提出了异议。他说在《新英汉词典》中却将such tall buildings中的such看作是副词，不知是否可以两说并存。
我们同意他的意见，可以两说并存。如果不强调形容词funny或tall，只将funny stories或tall buildings看作一个单位的话，就可以将such看作是相当于形容词的定语。
反之，如强调形容词funny或tall，就可以将such看作是相当于副词的状语。这样分析，比较持平稳当。有一位权威的语法家说：这种such在功能上虽不是状语，但实质上却是。我们觉得这种看法值得参考。
甘肃一读者来信说，既然such之后可接形容词和复数名词，为什么不可以说such many books而只可说so many books呢？
many本身并不是一个形容词，虽然它可以用作形容词。many和all, some, no, any, every, a few等一样，都是不定代词。这些不定代词与用作形容词的such连用时，皆须置于such之前。根据这一规则，我们就不能说such many books，而必须说many such books。同样，也必须说all such books, a few such books等，而不可将all, a few等置于such之后。
11 如何分析这里的such？
有一读者问： 下面句中的such是什么词类，起何作用？
(1)Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.
such像这样用在句首，曾遭到各种各样的批评，但现在已被公认为是规范英语了。这样的such一般皆被认为是指示代词，用以指代前面的句子，其句子功用是主语，如：
(2)The explosion blew out all the windows, such was its force.
句（1）之前未道出such所指代的句子，与句（1）同样的句子再举一些如下：
(3)Such is life!
(4)Such was the result.
(5)Such were her words.
(6)Such often occurred in feudal society.
但置于句首的指示代词such并不总是起着主语的作用，如：
(7)Such was her fright that she closed her eyes.
这个句子实际上相当于：
(8)Her fright was such that she closed her eyes.
只是为了强调such而将它移至句首了。因此，such在此并非用作主语，而是用作表语。最后还应指出，上述句（1）—（6）的指示代词such比较文气，多用在书面语中，而在口语中则常代之以this, that, it, one等。
12 如何解释that same day?
有读者问： 有这样一个句子：
(1)I arrived home on April 2, and that same day I broke my leg.
这里为什么用that same day而不用the same day?
这里的that same与the same同义。但前者较为古旧，并具有轻蔑或诅咒的语气。再如：
(2)A man asked me the time, and later I saw that same man catching a bus.
(3)The older man recognized, no doubt, in the younger that same ardent longing to achieve distinction which dominated himself.
(4)He said that his government would not react with that same hysteria peculiar to rightist forces in America.
除that外，还有this, those等亦可与same连用，如：
(5)Her grandmother had once defended a log cabin in this same state against an Indian attack.
(6)This same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(7)Those same people who support lower taxes complain when the Government cut services.（亦可说these same people）
13 这里 the same 应后接 that
有读者问： 有这样一道选择题：
(1)Is this the same tool_________you used yesterday?
A. as B. that C. which D. what
我选 A，因为 the same...as 是固定搭配。可答案是B。请释疑。
简略地说：句（1）既可用 that， 亦可用 as。但对初学者来说，还是用 that （表示“同一个”）较好。再如：
(2)This is the same tune that I heard yesterday.
14 the same后不仅可接that
有读者问： 有一本语法书说the same不但可后接as和that，还可后接which, who, when, where等，但未给例句，而我未见过，请举几例说明好吗？
the same后接which的情况并不罕见，因为which常可与that互换，例如：
(1)The king allowed to her the same liberty which he claimed for himself.
(2)They started out last Tuesday on the same journey which 600 years ago led to The Canterbury Tales .
和that, which相比较，who, when, where似乎用得较少。先看who (whom):
(3)He is the same man who was here yesterday.
(4)He is the same man whom we met yesterday.
以上两句中的who和whom，有人认为不及that好。再看when和where：
(5)He was born at the same time when I was.
(6)I put it back to the same place where I had found it.
15 为什么 the same 之后通常不用 which？
有读者问： 有这样一道选择题：
(1)I'd like to read the same book_________was read by Tom.
A. which B. as C. what D. /
答案是B，可为什么不可以选A呢？
像上述句（1）这样的结构，一般应用关系代词 as 或 that。关于是否可用关系代词 which ，有的语法家不赞成用，说它是“不自然的英语”。但有的语法家则承认它，有如：
(2)He attested this to be the same which had been taken from him.
我们也不止一次地遇到过用 which 的情况，如：
(3)A group of enthusiasts started out last Tuesday on the same journey which 600 years ago led to The Canterbury Tales ...
不过，对中国学生来说，我们认为最好不要模仿 which 的这种用法。
16 这里 same 之前为何不用 the？
有人问：下面对话中 same 之前不用 the 对吗：
(1)— Happy new year!
— Same to you.
对的，在口语或套语中， same 之前常可省去定冠词 the ，再如：
(2)— I'm just waiting until I move to the country.
— Same with me.
(3)— Does he love you?
— Who knows?
— Do you love him?
— Same answer. Who knows?
在英语口语中，一句中的首词定冠词 the 常可省略，再如：
(4)Time is up.
(5)Line is busy.
(6)Class is dismissed.
不定冠词 a 位于句首时，也常被省去，如：
(7)Good idea!
(8)Stranger to me.