分词之比较
1 浅谈现在分词与过去分词的异同
1 浅谈现在分词与过去分词的异同
有一读者问： 可否将 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 改为 Shown the lab, we were taken to see library.?
现在分词完成被动式与及物动词的过去分词用作状语时，确有相同之处，如 Having been weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe 中 的 having been weakened 即可改为weakened 而意义不变。但有时二者并不完全等值，如 Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave 中的 having been asked 则不完全等于 asked，因为 asked to stay 的意义不够明确，还可能有 when I was asked to stay 的含义。问题中 shown the lab 与 having been shown the lab 当然同义，但前者似乎给人一种急促之感，不及后者那样不紧不迫。顺便提一下，上述一类分词短语结构一般都用在书面语中，在口语中应教学生多用相应的从句结构。
2 两个分词短语可并列用作伴随状语
有一读者问： 有这样一句话：
(1)...chicken brand Tender Coriander stalk is made of central leaves of mustard plant, well and carefully prepared with salt and other spices, being widely appreciated as the garnishes for its excellent match of sweet and sour taste.
如何分析well and carefully prepared with salt and other spices与being widely appreciated as the garnishes for its excellent match of sweet and sour taste?
这两个短语都是分词短语，前者是过去分词短语，后者是现在分词短语。它们在此并列皆用作伴随状语（即伴随谓语动词is made）。分词短语并列皆用作伴随状语的情况并不罕见，再如：
(2)Catalogues become more ambitious and comprehensive, lavishly illustrated in colour and supplying copious instructions along with simple lists and prices. （lavishly illustrated in colour是过去分词短语，supplying copious instructions...是现在分词短语，二者并列皆用作伴随状语）
3 arriving, having arrived, arrived 之比较
有一读者问：有这样三个句子：
(1)Arriving at the station, he found his train gone.
(2)Having arrived at the station, he found his train gone.
(3)Arrived at the station, he found his train gone.
arriving, having arrived, arrived 在此有什么区别？
三者的意义基本相同，只有些细微的差别。 arriving 强调其所表示的动作与 found 没时隔，具有“一到（火车站）”的含义。 having arrived 强调它与 found 有时隔，具有“到了（火车站）以后”的含义。 arrived 在语法上叫“不及物过去分词”或“主动过去分词”，强调状态，是 being arrived 或 having been arrived 的省略，具有“已经到了（火车站）”的含义。
顺便提一下， arrived 亦可用作形容词（有的词典已明确标出），实例如 the newly arrived students （但不可说 the arrived students）。
最后，请注意上述例（1）、（2）、（3）中 arrived的用法都是书面语。口语多用从句，如 when he （had）arrived at the station。
4 用being与不用being之不同
有一读者问到：
Being properly marked and catalogued, the books can be easily found.
句中的being不要行吗？
句中用being是为了强调其所引导的分词短语，表示原因。如不需强调原因，自可不用。
5 boiled water 与 boiling water 之比较
有一读者问：有这样一道选择题：
(1)Water,when _____, always steam.
A. boiled, gives out B. boiling, gives off
答案为A，我认为B也对，您以为呢？
答案不完全对，应选B。 boiling water （正在煮沸的水）肯定会冒气； boiled water 如是“刚煮开的水”才会冒气，但如果是已冷却的开水，就不会冒气了。试比较：
(2)Fill the teapot with boiling water.
（正在煮沸的水，在冒气）
(3)I'd like to have a drink of boiled water.
（煮开的水，可能在冒气，也可能不在冒气）
6 disappointed与disappointing之区别
有一读者问： 有这样一道选择题：
(1)_____ the result of the test, he stood still at the door, _____.
A. To learn; disappointed B. Learning; disappointing
C. Learning; disappointed D. Having learned; disappointing
答案为C，但disappointed与disappointing有何区别？ 若将D中的disappointing改为disappointed，是否可入选？
总的说来，现在分词表主动的意义，过去分词表被动的意义。故此，请看：
(2)disappointing （主动）令人失望的
disappointed （被弄得）失望的（或感到失望的）
再如：
(3)exciting （主动）令人激动的（或激动人心的）
excited （被弄得）激动的（或感到激动的）
(4)interesting （主动）令人有兴趣的（或有趣的）
interested （被弄得）有兴趣的（或感到兴趣的）
所以，上述选择题应选C。D若用disappointed，亦可入选，因为having learned与learning区别不大，只是前者强调有时隔而已。
7 judged短语与judging短语之不同
有一读者问：有一本书谈到动词 judge的用法时，说其分词可用来引导独立成分，表示“从……来看”，并举了下面的几个例句：
(1)Judged by ordinary standards, their quality is good.
(2)Judged by immediate results, they failed completely.
(3)Judging by the response of the audience, the performance was quite a success.
(4)Judging by his accent, he must be from Hunan.
上述句子中的现在分词 judging 与过去分词 judged 有什么区别？
首先应该指出，上述句子中的分词短语并不都是独立成分。其中的现在分词（语法上唤作垂悬分词或非依附分词）judging 所引导的短语倒是独立成分，因为其逻辑主语是“人们”（people in general）， 不是其所在句子的主语（即不是句[3]的 the performance 或句[4] 的he）。但句（1）与句（2）中的过去分词 judged 所引导的短语就不能说是独立成分，因为其逻辑主语同时也是其所在句中的主语。 judged 所引导这种分词短语应该说是条件状语或时间状语，虽然这里的 judged和 judging 一样，亦可译作“从……来看”。
上述的过去分词 judged 和现在分词 judging 二者的意义显然不同。前者表被动，其义是“被判断”，后者表主动，其义是“判断”，正如过去分词 exploited 表被动其义是“被剥削”；而现在分词 exploiting 表主动其义是“剥削”一样。
8 marked 与 having been marked之比较
有一读者问：有这样一个句子：
(1)The books can be easily found because they are marked with numbers.
我将其中的从句改为分词短语如下：
(2)Having been marked with numbers, the books can be easily found.
可我们老师说用 Marked...就行了。请问 marked 与 having been marked 在此有什么区别？
你的老师是对的。这里应用 Marked with numbers...表静态。如用 Having been marked with numbers, 则表动态，有时间性，强调动作的完成过程，在此显然没有必要。
9 paid和paying的区别
有一读者问： paid与paying作为形容词有何区别？
paid常意为“已付的”或“有报酬的”，如：
(1)a paid cheque 已付的支票
(2)a paid job 有报酬的工作（与non-paid相对）
paying常意为“付款的”或“有利的”，如：
(3)a paying telephone 收费电话
(4)a paying investment 有利的投资
应该指出，paid已作为形容词被各种词典收入，但paying则尚未作为形容词为多数词典所接受。
10 reduced 与 being reduced 之区别
有一读者问：有这样两道选择题：
(1)All things _____，her paper is of greater value than mine.
A. being considered B. considered
(2)With the temperature_________to 4℃ above absolute zero, the electric current would continue to flow forever.
A. being reduced B. reduced
我都选了A，但答案都是B，请问这是为什么？
由“名词+过去分词”构成的独立结构在现代英语中已经不大为人所用了。但有些已成为习语的“名词+过去分词”结构则属例外。all things considered 即是一例，其他还有 all told, the signal given等。all things considered 既然已是习语，自然不可用 all things being considered 了。
句（2）亦应选B， 强调一种客观状态，不强调人为因素。如用 being reduced, 则强调人为因素，意为“被人降低”，如下面一句中 being greatly reduced:
(3)With air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is a good place to live in now.