1 两种不同的倒装

1　两种不同的倒装

有一读者问： 有这样两个句子：

(1)Only once did the gentleman mention his view of life.

(2)Before George stood the policeman who had arrested him before for drug-taking.

为什么上述句（1）加did，而句（2）却不加？

倒装一般有两种：句子结构的需要和强调部分词语的需要。上述句（1）的倒装乃属于强调部分词语的需要，即强调状语only once。强调状语时，状语须置于句首，后接倒装结构，即be, have，助动词（包括情态动词）等须置于主语之前，再如：

(3)Not once did he talk to me.

(4)Only in this way can we learn English.

上述句（2）的倒装则属于句子结构的需要，具体而言，是由于主语部分（the policeman who...）较长的缘故。在这种倒装结构中，主语之前可用完全动词，再如：

(5)Then began a bitter war between the two countries.

(6)Now follows a description of how nature appeared to man.

(7)In a cage about five metres high in the Kunming Zoo live two black monkeys with long hair, beautiful faces and pink lips that make them look as if they have been using lipstick.

2　由于主语部分较长而倒装

有一读者问： 有这样一道辨错题：

(1)Limitless , we an way to make use of it .

A显然错了。答案是将之改为as is the energy of the sun，而我则认为应改为as the energy of the sun is, 不知对否？

我们知道，主语部分如较长，为了避免头重脚轻，英语常用倒装结构，将主语部分置于动词或助动词等之后，如：

(2)They erect a bronze tablet on which is carved “The Yellow River Source”. （主语The Yellow River Source置于is carved之后）

(3)Facing the rostrum are the huge portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. （主语the huge portraits...置于are之后）

你所引的句（1）中的主语部分the energy of the sun显然也比较长，所以答案没有错，应将它置于as is之后。这种“as+助动词或be或have+主语”倒装结构在英语里并不罕见，再如：

(4)The present owner is a keen at collector, as were several of her ancestors.

(5)She did not sway from side to side as do some people who lose themselves in the intoxication of music.

与“as+倒装结构”相类似的还有“than+倒装结构”，如：

(6)No more than can a woman forget her suckling child can he forget the tribulations of the people.

3　Adding to it are...是一倒装句

有一读者问： 我在一本小册子里见到这样一段英文：

(1)The Forest of Steles in Guangzhou, embodying the full technique of southern gardening, presents the cream created by China's poets and calligraphers. Adding to it are marvellous spectacles on the Baiyun Mountain and along the Pearl River, also the new look of the South.

如何分析最后一句？ Adding to it起什么作用？

上述例（1）中的最后一句是一倒装句，但这种倒装句大都已成一固定句型，故不可还原为Marvellous spectacles...are adding to it。再如：

(2)Facing the gate is a screen wall.

(3)Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water.

(4)Heading the procession was the military band.

(5)Attending the evening party were 700 students from 15 Beijing universities and colleges.

这种固定句型中常用的现在分词除上述各句中的adding, facing, covering, heading, attending外，还有standing, sitting, lying等。但在当代英语中，有不少人在活用这种句型，尤其在新闻体裁中，几乎可以用任何现在分词，如：

(6)Pioneering the reform are some enterprises in Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Qingdao.

(7)Throwing the hammer is champion Willion Anderson, a shepherd from the Highlands of Scotland.

在这种倒装结构中，一般主语较长，故须置于句末。现在分词须置于句首，它与其他的助动词be构成动词短语，作谓语用。

4　So does Bob.不对

有一读者问： 有下面一对话：

— Tom is a worker, and he works hard.

— So it is with Bob.

用So does Bob.对不对？

不对，因为它只针对he works hard而言。

5　句首为宾语的倒装句

有一读者问： 我知道only引导的状语置于句首时，句子都要部分倒装，但我却见过这样一个句子：

(1)Only 5 men did he see.

这个句子是否正确。

这个句子完全正确。在倒装句的句首，only除可引导状语外，亦可引导宾语，你所引的这个句子即是一例，再如：

(2)Only French does she know.

(3)Only one more point will I make.

顺便提一下，在倒装结构中，可引导宾语的除only外，还有一些否定词如not a, nothing等，实例如：

(4)Not a single book had he read that month.

(5)Nothing does he fear.

6　及物动词亦可移至主语之前

有一读者问： 在倒装句中，不及物动词前如无助动词，须移至主语之前，如：

(1)Out ran the dog after the door was opened.

那么如是及物动词呢？它们如何用于部分倒装呢？

在倒装结构中，及物动词，其前如无助动词或情态动词，亦可移至主语之前，但这种情况较少，实例如：

(2)I am going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me.

上述句（1）与句（2）皆属完全倒装。无助动词的及物动词与不及物动词也都可以用于部分倒装，但须借助于助动词do。较普通的如：

(3)Then did I throw myself into a chair. （及物动词throw用于部分倒装）

(4)Not once did he talk to me. （不及物动词talk用于部分倒装）

7　hardly可不用于倒装结构

有一读者问： 有这样一个句子：

(1)Hardly any of the students did well on the test, so that the teacher explained the lesson again.

为何不用Hardly did any...?

副词hardly只有用以修饰谓语动词时才可倒装，如：

(2)Hardly had I spoken to him when he was gone.

但hardly any中的hardly则用以修饰不定代词any,故不可用于倒装结构，除上述句（1）外，再如：

(3)I had hardly any money.

hardly亦常与含有any的复合词连用，如：

(4)I gained hardly anything.

(5)Hardly anybody knew it.

8　这里可选became he吗？

有一读者问： 有一道选择题：

Only then_________a real communist fighter.

A. he become　B. became he

C. did he become　D. he did become

老师说应选C，以强调only then。我认为应选B，因为became是系动词，而did则只能强调实义动词。不知我的看法正确否？

不，这里不可选B，即不可用became he。你的老师是正确的，应选C，即应填did he become。became虽是系动词，但它和系动词be不同。倒装时它则和实义动词一样，一般必须借助助动词do（在这里则须用did）或其他助动词（包括情态助动词在内）。其他系动词如appear, seem, feel, look, get, grow等也是一样。

9　can hardly一般不倒装

有一读者问： I can hardly hold myself back...是否宜改为倒装结构，即Hardly can I hold myself back...?

can hardly已成为一固定说法（=cannot），一般似乎不宜改为倒装。hardly用于倒装结构时，其后常用过去完成时，如：

(1)Hardly had the car started when I heard someone call my name.

(2)Hardly had he uttered the words when he began laughing.