语法核心/综合 · 薄冰语法指南

特殊疑问句

1 how 与 what 在此可谓同义

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1 how 与 what 在此可谓同义

有一读者问:下面两句话有何不同:

(1)What do you mean?

(2)How do you mean?

二者的意义相同。有些情况下,how与what可谓同义,再如:

(3)How? (=How is that again? 美语)(=What?)

(4)How about the result? (=What about the result?)

(5)How do you think? (=What do you think?)

2 如何回答 How's the young man?

有一读者问:如何做这道选择题:

(1)— How's the young man?

— _____.

A. He's twenty B. He's much better

C. He's a doctor D. He's David

应选B,即 He's much better.因为 How is (或 are)后接表人的名词时,皆表示询问某人的身体情况,再如:

(2)How's your father?

(3)How are you?

如选择A,问题应该是:

(4)How old is the young man?

如选择C,问题应该是:

(5)What is the young man?

如选择D,问题应该是:

(6)Who is the young man?

3 可用How long ago提问吗?

有一读者问: 有这样一道题: 就划线部分提问:

(1)He came here an hour ago .

答案是:

(2)How long ago did he come here?

问答案正确吗?

答案是正确的。类似情况还有how soon, how often, how long等,例:

(3)How soon will you be back?

(4)How often do you play tennis?

(5)How long does it take to go there by bus?

4 这个特殊疑问句如何翻译才好?

有一读者问:有人把 How do you like me?译作“你喜欢我吗?”你觉得对吗?

这是一句日常用语, how 表程度,全句的意思是“你喜欢我的程度如何?”所以答语往往是 Very much (如果对方喜欢说话者的话)。照此理解,你所提到的译文似乎是错了。但我们认为这样译并不错,因为它较符合汉语习惯。如照原文的本义直译作“你喜欢我的程度如何?”就不合汉语习惯了,不是吗?

5 这里应选用Yes?

有一读者问: 如何做这一道选择题:

— John!

— _____

— Is this book yours?

— Yes, it is.

A. What for?

B. Yes?

C. How do you want?

D. I'm looking forward to hearing from you!

应选B,=什么事?

6 如何对every four meters提问?

有一读者问:如何对下面一句中的 every four metres 提问:

(1)Every four metres on both sides along the road there is a tree.

可用 How far is it from...to...,如:

(2)How far is it from one tree to another?

或用 what is the distance between...,如:

(3)What's the distance between the trees?

7 Where 问句的末尾为什么用 to?

有一读者问:有这样一句话:

(1)Where did the family move to?

我不明白为什么疑问副词 where之后加上了 to。

where 在此并非疑问副词,而是疑问代词,所以它可以用作介词 to 的宾语。如果这里不用 to ,where 就是疑问副词了。二者的区别在于:加上 to 多用于口语中,其语气较强,方向性更加明确。 where 与介词连用的情况常可见到,再如:

(2)Where are you going to ?

(3)Where have you been to?

8 Who is it?与 Who is that?的区别

有读者问:Who is it? 与 Who is that? 有什么不同?

Who is it? 中的 it 没有 Who is that? 中的 that 那样具体明确。it可指代任何人,如有人敲门,你即可问道: Who is it? that 则须指代具体“那个人”,如你在某一场合中见到一个人,但不知他或她是谁,便可问旁边的人说 Who is that?

9 这三个疑问句有何不同?

有一读者问:下面几个句子有何区别:

(1)Whom are you writing to?

(2)Who are you writing to?

(3)Who are you writing?

上述句(1)只用在很正式的场合或书面语中;句(2)最为普通;句(3)只用在口语中。

10 请解释一下 Who should come in but Li.这一句型好吗?

有一读者问:多数语法书都没有提到过像:

(1)What should I see but the very book.

(2)Who should come in but Comrade Li.

这样的句型,请解释一下好吗?

这是一个比较特殊的句型,词序或是“疑问词+should...+but...”,如你所举的例(1)与例(2);或是“疑问词+but...+should...”,如:

(3)Who but Maud should I meet last night.

这种句型是一种修辞性问句,即形式上是问句,实质上是一种陈述句,是不需要回答的。句中 should 带有感情色彩,表示惊讶,也有“命中注定”的含义, but 则相当于except。用这种句型时,请注意句子中用 who 或 whom 皆可,虽然其句子成分是宾语,如:

(4)When I crossed the street, who/whom should I see but my old friend Tom?

在当代英语里,尤其在非正式英语中, who 似乎较 whom 更为普遍。

上述句型亦可用在从句之中,如:

(5)He was just trying to break open the safe when who should come in but a police inspector!

最后,亦请注意这种句型之后可用句号,如例(1)、(2)、(3),也可用问号,如例(4),也可用惊叹号,如例(5)。你如愿意的话,也可以在 but 之前用一逗号,以稍示停顿,如:

(6)Who should presently come up, but the Right Honourable Edmund Preston.

11 这是一种复合特殊疑问句

有一读者问:do you think作为插入语,有时不影响原句的词序,有时则影响原句的词序,这是怎么回事?

你大概指的是像下面两个句子的情况:

(1)What do you think has happened?

(2)What do you think he is?

上述句(1)中的do you think未影响原特殊疑问句的词序,这是因为原特殊疑问句的词序与陈述句的词序相同。上述句(2)中的do you think显然影响了原特殊疑问句的词序。这是因为原特殊疑问句的词序与陈述句的词序不同,而是由“疑问词+一般疑问句”构成。

顺便提一下,上述两句中的do you think过去曾被人称作“插入语”,严格地说,这是不正确的,因为它在此并不是可有可无的独立成分。我们管这两个句子一律叫做“复合特殊疑问句”。

12 如何解释这一疑问句?

有一读者问:有这样一道选择题:

(1)Who can you imagine_________to the hall?

A. inviting B. being invited

C. was invited D. to be invited

答案是C,这是一种什么结构?

上述句(1)在语法中唤作复合疑问句,它由一般疑问句 can you imagine 和 who was invited to the hall 揉合而成。再如:

(2)What do you think is the best film of the year?

(3)How far do you imagine it is from here?

13 关于间接疑问句的形式

有一读者问:《中学教学全本·英语卷》解释道: 当疑问句的谓语动词是to be时,从句的语序通常是直接疑问句形式,例如:

(1)Tell me what's the matter.

(2)I told him how strong was my idea to visit the famous temple.

但在高级英语教科书第二册却有这样的句子:

(3)He asked whose dictionary it was.

为什么不说:

(4)He asked whose dictionary was it.

间接疑问句的谓语动词如是be,通常,尤其在口语中,确是多用直接疑问句的形式,但用间接疑问句形式的情况似乎也不少,再如:

(5)She asked how old I was .

(6)He asked what the time was .

有时则一般多用间接疑问句的形式,如:

(7)Do you know what time it is ?

(8)Where you are is nothing to me.

据此,上述句(3)和句(4)都是正确英语。至于上述句(1)则是特殊情况。句(1)中的the matter并非主语,而是表语,实际上等于形容词wrong,所以应该说what's the matter不是直接疑问句,而是间接疑问句。在现代英语里,已很少有人说what the matter is了。

上述句(2)中的从句并不是直接疑问句,而是间接感叹句的倒装形式。was提前是因为主语my idea to visit the temple较长的缘故。

采取含谓语动词be的直接疑问句形式的疑问从句,其较为典型的例句还有如:

(9)She asked was that enough .

(10)He asked what was the time .

(11)I really don't know what's the use of it .

(12)I went into his shop and inquired was anything the matter .

顺便说一下,采取直接疑问句形式的疑问从句并不限于其谓语动词为be。在较随意的英语中,尤其在口语中,以不用be的直接疑问句形式出现的疑问从句也屡见不鲜,兹举数例如下:

(13)He asked me would I go .

(14)She asked might she speak to him a minute .

(15)She wondered where had he gone .

(16)She said she was going to the shops and asked me did I want anything while she was out .

(17)With such a low rent, they argued why should they bother to buy an apartment .

但请注意,有时以直接疑问句形式出现的疑问从句也可看作是一个十足的直接疑问句,例如:

(18)Tell me who are you .

也可看作是:

(19)Tell me: Who are you ?

(20)I considered what could I do .

也可看作是:

(21)I considered: What could I do ?

正因为如此,有时句末还可以加一问号,实例如:

(22)I wonder will you understand me ?

14 不是间接疑问句

有一读者问:《大学英语精读》第六册有这样一句话:

All change is resisted, so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they have a chance of succeeding?

按通常惯例,间接疑问句中的助动词应置于主语之后,但这里的can为什么却位于主语the changes 之前呢?

这里的how can the changes...of succeeding? 不是间接疑问句,而是一个直接疑问句,所以其末有一问号。如果你愿意,可在is之后加一冒号“:”就可以看得更清楚了。

15 这两个间接疑问句为什么有不同的语序?

有一读者问:有这样两句话:

(1)The owner of the shop came up to see what was the matter.

(2)He stood up and looked round to see what the matter was.

以上两句中 to see 的宾语从句的意义是一样的,但为何用不同语序?到底应是 what was the matter 还是 what the matter was?

这个问题料想在我国有一定的普遍性。所幸的是,有一位语法大师曾对这个问题早已发表过很精辟的见解。他说与直接疑问句 what is the matter 相应的间接疑问句在较古旧的英语中确曾用过 what the matter is 这种语序(例略),但在当今英语中,几乎全用 what is the matter 了。这是因为人们已将 what 看作主语而将 the matter 看作表语的缘故。这位语法大师进一步解释道: What is the matter? 实际上就是 What's wrong?或 What's amiss?的意思。所以,即使在较为古旧的英语里,也已开始用 what is the matter 这种间接疑问句的形式了(例略)。最有说服力的是他所举的一些旁证,如:

(3)There's nothing the matter with her.

(4)But is there anything the matter ?

(5)I can't see nothing the matter .

你看,上述三例中 the matter 不正是相当于形容词 wrong 吗? the matter 既然相当于形容词 wrong,那么,将 what is the matter 用作间接疑问句也就理所当然了。

根据上述分析,问中所提出的两句话当中,句(1)显然是当今英语,句(2)显然是古旧英语。