句子成分
1 last night 在此是真实主语
1 last night 在此是真实主语
有一读者问:有这样一个句子:
(1)It was the best meal I have had at the restaurant last night.
我认为 I have had 应改为 I had,因为根据语法书,完成时只和表示一段时间的状语如 for...,since...等连用,而不能和表示时间的某一点的状语连用,不知对否?
你误会了。这里的 last night 与从句中的 have had 无关,而是主句中形式主语 it 所指代的真实主语。其实这句话亦可改写作:
(2)Last night was the best meal I have had at the restaurant.
2 主语China在此具有句法意义
有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:
(1)China is a wonderful and educational experience.
这句话似乎不合逻辑,China怎能是一个experience呢?
是的,孤立地看,似乎难以理解。但如从上下文看,就会发现用作主语的专有名词China在此并不只等同于“中国”,而是具有句法意义的,它实际上意味着“在中国旅游或工作”。像China这样具有句法意义的专有名词,在英语里并不罕见,再如:
(2)Korea had lasted two years. (Korea指前文所指的“在朝鲜所进行的战争”)
(3)Europe was a succession of triumphs. (Europe指前文所说的“演员Toby在欧洲的演出”)
其实,具有句法意义的名词并不限于专有名词,有些普通名词也可以具有句法意义,如:
(4)In 1949, he joined a street folk farce troupe and there met Ma Songlin, one of China's most popular pi-pa players. The troupe was a tough and demanding job. (普通名词troupe指“在这个文工团中工作”)
(5)— You don't smoke, do you?
— No, I don't.
— It's your lungs, isn't it? Can't smoke.
— Well...yes, and no. I had a spot on my lung once, a long time ago. Now I can forget about it. But cigarettes , “smokes” as they call them down home, it doesn't go with sports, does it? (普通复数名词cigarettes在此显然指“吸烟”)
(6)If they're eating here, they're also most likely staying here. First we check the register, then we talk to your friendly stablehand. Ten dollars should find us the wagon, so that we can take a nice long, slow look. (名词短语ten dollars在此显然指“付给那个stablehand 10美元”)
有的读者也许会问:什么叫做句法意义? 这种具有句法意义的名词叫做什么呢? 我们知道,一个句子的最基本结构是主语+谓语。当我们说一个词或短语具有句法意义时,也就是说,它在语义上内含着一个句子。你看,句(1)中的China实际上等于说“人们在中国旅游或工作”,句(4)中的the troupe实际上等于说“他在这个文工团工作”。上述其他句子中的有关名词,皆可从中类似地找出与之相等同的句子来。
对于这种具有句法意义的名词,在语法中,应唤作什么,似乎还没有一致的意见。有的人将它唤作nexus-substantive(有人译之为“连系式名词”),有的人将它归入“名词化”(nominalization)。我们则初步认为,在实用语法中,暂且就唤之为“具有句法意义的名词”,也未尝不可。
3 为什么这里可以用news作主语?
有一读者问: 下面一句为什么用news作主语:
(1)The happy news brought them to my home.
的确,将无生命的东西,像有生命的东西一样用作主语,在汉语中一般是不允许的,但在英语里却不罕见,再如:
(2)The first match on the opening day saw Iran beat Qatar 2-0. (match用作主语)
(3)My job has brought me to several different places in China, so I've had many chances to travel, and often to fly CAAC(中国民航). (job用作主语)
(4)The clear sky promises fine weather. (sky用作主语)
(5)The electric shock killed him. (shock用作主语)
(6)The heat took the strength out of us. (heat用作主语)
而在英语中将时地词如此用作主语的情况就更多了,如:
(7)Recent years have seen more and more foreign students come to study in China. (时间词recent years用作主语)
(8)Tian'anmen Square first saw the raising of our five-star red flag on October 1st, 1949. (地点词Tian'anmen Square用作主语)
这位读者接着深入一层,问到为什么下面一句将twenty dollars a week用作主语:
(9)She had been saving every cent she could for months, but twenty dollars a week — which was the total of their income — doesn't leave much for saving.
这个句子中的twenty dollars a week意指“她一个星期只赚20元钱”,在语法形式上是一短语,实际上则是her earning twenty dollars a week这一动名词复合结构的省略结构(有人将它唤作无动词分句)。这种结构在英语中并不罕见,颇值得中国学生注意。现让我们再举一些例子如下:
(10)Once a week is enough for me.
有时这种结构被压缩为“修饰语+名词”这样的名词短语,如:
(11)Too many cooks spoil the broth. (谚语too many cooks实际上意指the fact that we have too many cooks〈人手太多〉)
(12)No news is good news. (谚语,no news意指that we have no news 〈无消息〉)
(13)Ten dollars should find us the wagon. (只要花上10元钱,我们就可以找到这辆马车。)
这种省略结构有时还可以进而压缩为一个名词,如:
(14)China is a wonderful experience. (China在此意指在中国旅行或工作等)
4 究竟什么是谓语?
有一读者问:初中英语第三册第25页上说:“连系动词不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。”但在第16页上则说:“谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。”这两种说明很矛盾,请解释,并请问 My parents are both teachers.中的谓语究竟是什么?
在我国出版的英语课本和语法书中,“谓语”这个术语常有两种不同的含义:一是广义的,指全句的“谓语部分”(与“主语部分”相对而言);二是狭义的,指表主语的动作或状态的“谓语动词(或动词短语)”(区别于主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等)。你所引的第一种说明中的“谓语”即是广义的,指的是“谓语部分”,你所引的第二种说明中的“谓语”是狭义的,指的是“谓语动词(或动词短语)”。据此,你所提的第二个问题的答案应该是:其广义的“谓语”是are both teachers;其狭义的“谓语”是 are。但请注意,为了语法上说明的方便,我们常将连系动词与“谓语”或“谓语动词”分开来讲,所以实际上很少有人将连系动词唤作“谓语”或“谓语动词”。
5 straight and thin在此是主语补足语
有一读者问:高中英语第二册有这样一句话:
(1)It grows up straight and thin, with branches at the top. (it指bamboo)
如何分析straight and thin? grow up是否是连系动词?
grow up与grow不同。grow可用作连系动词,意指“变成”,后接表语,如:
(2)You've grown so tall.
(3)It grew dark.
但grow up不是连系动词,而是一短语动词,意指“成长”,其后可接一主语补足语。
上述句(1)中的grows up straight and thin即是一例。再如:
(4)He grew up gentle and good.
(5)These little Red Soldiers are growing up strong and healthy.
grow up之后亦可接用作主语补足语的名词短语,如:
(6)She has grown up a beautiful lady.
6 如何分析open?
有一读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)The bag fell on the floor and broke open.
open是什么词性? 起什么作用?
open是一形容词,在此用以补足主语the bag的意义,故语法上将它唤作主语补足语,再如:
(2)Lei Feng died young . (形容词young用作主语补足语)
(3)He came home sick . (形容词sick用作主语补足语)
注意上述结构皆为“不及物动词+形容词”。另外,用作主语补足语的形容词亦可置于“及物动词+宾语”之后,如:
(4)He opened the letter very nervous . (very nervous用作主语补足语)
7 如何分析frightening and dangerous?
有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:
But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are — in the night, in the fog, and in storms.
此句中frightening and dangerous是否是形容词用作宾语补足语?
“主语+被动语态be called”之后一般应接名词,此处的frightening and dangerous可看作被名词化了的形容词,用作主语补足语;动词call在此有describe的含义。又be called后的词语的功用是主语补足语,不是宾语补足语。
8 名词前修饰语的顺序
有一读者问:有这样一道选择题:
(1)— How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
— It was great. We visited some friends and spent the_________days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
有人说应选C,有人说应选B,不知哪个正确。
名词之前的修饰词语的顺序应是限定词+序数词(包括 last, next)+基数词+形容词,如:
(2)the first three important lectures
(3)the last three busy days
few 在此相当于一基数词,所以上述选择题的答案应是B,即 last few sunny。再如:
(4)The last few short poems are very good.
9 再说前置修饰语的顺序
有一读者问:如何做这道选择题:
_____ table stood on_________hall carpet.
A. A small old round beautiful; the green woolen Chinese
B. Small beautiful old round a; Chinese green woolen the
C. A beautiful round small old; the woolen Chinese green
D. A beautiful small old round; the green Chinese woolen
应选D。前置修饰语的顺序一般为:冠词→数词→品质(如 beautiful)→新旧→形状→颜色→起源(如 Chinese)→ 材料(如 woolen)。
10 这里定语的顺序应是two other little
有一读者问如何做这道题:
Tony is going camping with_________boys.
A. little two other B. two little other
C. two other little D. little other two
名词(语法上叫做“中心词”)前定语的顺序决定于各个定语与该名词的亲疏关系。总的说来,与名词关系愈密切的定语就离名词愈近;反之,与名词关系愈疏远的定语就离名词愈远。little在这里是一个形容词,它的意思相当于young,与two和other相比较,它显然与名词boys的关系最为密切,所以应将它放在最靠近boys的地方。由此可以看出,A,B和D都是错误的选择,只有C(即two other little)才是正确的。
此外,还有一种解答这一选择题的方式。语法有一条规则:限定词必须置于修饰名词的前置形容词之前。这里的two和other都是限定词,所以必须将它们置于前置形容词little之前。
有的读者可能还会问道:two和other应如何排列呢? 一般说来,数词two皆应置于不定代词other之前,但其前如有定冠词the时,则既可说the two other boys,也可说the other two boys。
11 a great deal of能后接可数名词吗?
有一读者问:《新编高级英语》课本第二册上有这样一句:
Dickens wrote a great deal of books.
a great deal of能后接可数名词吗?
能,但比较古旧,现在great deal of则多后接不可数名词。
12 plenty of只能后接不可数名词吗?
有一读者问: 《参考·资料》说plenty of后只能接不可数名词,但《初中第五册辅导与练习》则说plenty of既可后接可数名词,也可后接不可数名词,请问何者正确?
后一种说法正确。如有一本英汉词典,它仅把plenty of解释为“很多的”或“大量的”,却无举例说明,读者对这一短语后接可数抑不可数名词,自然会感到茫然。如使用一本英汉词典,它虽有例句,却只给下列后接不可数名词的例句:
(1)There is plenty of food.
(2)He has plenty of money.
这样就会使读者片面地认为plenty of之后只可接不可数名词。
但你如果有一本较好的英汉词典,如上海译文出版社出版的《新英汉词典》(现有增补本),你就会在该书第1004页查到名词plenty。其解释不但有“大量”,而且有“丰富”和“充足”, 这说明plenty of除意谓“大量”外,还有“丰富、充足”的涵义。这本词典还举了两个例句如下:
(3)There is plenty of time.
(4)There are plenty of eggs in the basket.
例(3)说明plenty of之后可接不可数名词,例(4)说明plenty of之后也可接可数名词。
你如有一本英语词典,比如《朗文当代英语词典》(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English ),那就更好了。在该词典plenty一词之下,有这样的解释: pron often apprec a large quantity or number, esp. as much as or more than is/are needed or wanted; enough (pron说明该词典编篡者认为plenty是一代词,often apprec 是often appreciative的缩写式,意谓plenty常用作褒义)。你看这里的释义是多么详细而又明确啊! 该词典紧接着又给了好几个典型的例句,其中包括plenty of后接不可数名词(money),也包括plenty of后接可数名词(chairs)。
亲爱的读者,以后碰到与plenty of类似的问题以及许多其他有关词汇问题,可以通过查阅好的词典独自解决。
13 同位语不用not only...but also
有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
Few people realize that Siberia is extremely rich in natural resources,_________oil and gas but also vast resources of coal, timber, land and water.
A. not only B. has
C. has not only D. having not only
答案为D,固然无可非议,但我认为答案A也不错。因为A与其后的一连串名词可用作其前的resources的同位语,不知对否?
应选D。A之所以不妥是因为同位语一般不用not only...but also...。
14 一些有关状语的问题
有些读者来信问到状语方面的问题。有的问到一系列状语并列在一起时孰先孰后的问题;有的问到关于 Thanks a lot 的问题;有的问到关于 of itself 的问题;有的则对《英语语法手册》的状语从句部分提出了疑问。现在让我们对这些问题依次讨论如下:
先谈英语中状语的位置问题。在英语里,状语的位置比较灵活。有的可放在句首,有的可放在句子当中,有的可放在句末,有的放在哪儿都可以。当一系列状语并列在一起时,这一系列状语一般都放在句末。但这一系列状语的位置又怎样排列呢?有没有规则可循呢?根据不少语法家的意见,确是有规则可循的。这条规则就是一般句子的语序应该是:主语——谓语动词——宾语——用作状语的介词短语——地点状语——方式状语——表所经历时间的状语 (如 for three weeks)——时间状语。
如据此顺序,来信所问的句子即应该是:
(1)She was met by her father at the station. (不应是 She was met at the station by her father)
(2)Farm tools are made by them in this factory.(不应是 Farm tools are made in this factory by them)
(3)A report was made by the headmaster at the meeting yesterday. (不应作其他排列)
(4)Several million tons of steel are turned out by Shanghai steel workers every year.(不应作其他排列)
(5)This school was built by the workers in 1964.(不应作其他排列)
这里还应补充一条细则,即:如有一个以上的时间或地点状语时,一般应将较小的单位放在前面,将较大的单位放在后面。如:
(6)They did not reach home until five o'clock in the evening.
(7)They lie on the table in the library.
还应注意,一系列状语并列在一起,有时显得臃肿,如:
(8)He was working with his shears in the garden the whole morning.
在这种情况下,就应该将 the whole morning 移至句首,变为:
(9)The whole morning he was working with his shears in the garden.
然而,必须及时指出,上面所谈的仅仅是一般规则。实际上,由于种种特殊原因,说(写)话人并不完全按照这种规则办事。特殊原因很多,不可能在此一一指出。下面只举几个例子,以见一斑:
(10)Once I was entertained for more than three days by a family of young people.(这里把介词短语 by a family of young people 放在句末是为了强调。例(1)如要强调 by her father,亦可置于句末)
(11)I was studying earlier in the school library.(这里把时间状语放在地点状语之前则是由于地点状语较长,时间状语较短的缘故)
(12)Children are writing badly now everywhere.(理由同上,当然也可能由于说话人意欲强调 everywhere)
(13)We stood talking for a very long time where the fire had been.(从句一般应放在短语之后)
(14)A group of young textile workers told me in 1927 in Shanghai the many forms of woman's oppression, voice echoing voice like a chant.(这里有两点值得注意:一是两个状语都放在直接宾语 forms 之前,这显然是为了强调直接宾语部分而安排的;二是将时间状语 in 1927 置于地点状语 in Shanghai 之前,这又是为了强调后者)
(15)The exclamation was by the Foreign Office rightly regarded as the strongest testimony to the Ambassador's ability.(这里把介词短语 by the Foreign Office 移至主要动词 regarded 之前,更是把它的重要性缩小到很低的程度。如果不言而可喻,还可以把它全部省去)
关于第一个问题,就说到这里。现在看第二个问题: Thanks a lot 这种说法成立吗?其中a lot 是否是状语,等于 much?
答案是肯定的。 Thanks a lot 是英语口语中一种很普通的说法,常用于非正式场合。这里名词 thanks 显然与动词 thank 相混了,所以后面可接状语 a lot。状语 a lot 确实等于 much,或 very much,但不很正式。如 He runs a lot= He runs much,但很少有人说 Thanks much,虽然可以说 Thanks very much。顺便提及, thanks 之后除可接 a lot 和 very much 外,还可接 lots, awfully, immensely 等词。
第三个问题:在 To our surprise, the door opened _____.
这一填空选择题中应填 of itself,还是应填 with itself?标准答案是 of itself,为什么不用 with itself?
标准答案是正确的,这里必须选用 of itself,万不可用 with itself。 of 在此是较古的用语,相当于 by,有“主动”或“自动”的涵义。它和 itself 一起已构成一个固定词组。现再举一二例说明其用法如下:
(16)The wall fell of itself .
(17)The dog came back of itself .
15 再谈状语的顺序
有一读者来信谈到英语中状语的顺序问题。他说:“当一系列状语位于句末时,您在《英语语法札记》第一集第172页表达了这样一个观点:方式状语一般在地点状语之后。然而,亚历山大和埃克斯利父子却认为恰恰相反。”接着,他举了两个例证如下:
(1)Harry worked well here yesterday.(摘自埃克斯利父子著的《综合英语语法》)
(2)Barbara read quietly in the library all afternoon.(摘自《朗文英语语法》)
请您给予解释。
首先让我们澄清一下“地点”与“方式”的语法含义。“地点”或“空间”应包括位置、方向、来源、目标、距离等;“方式”应包括方式或状态、手段、工具、施动(agency)等。其次,我们还必须申明,拙著《英语语法札记》第一集第172页上所列的状语顺序“地点状语—方式状语”是仅指用作状语的单词而言的,并不包括用作状语的短语与从句。我们本想以后详细探讨状语顺序时再说明这一点,但直到今天才如愿。
第三,我们需要再申明一点,即我们所谓的状语顺序,一般皆指谓语动词或非谓语动词之后的并连在一起的状语的顺序,绝不包括位于它处(如句首等)的个别状语。
这样说来,地点状语就主要指的是 here, there 和home,而方式状语就多指单个副词如slowly,quietly, quickly等等。照此办事,那么地点状语一般自应置于方式状语之前,不是吗?实例如:
(3)He went there alone.
(4)They came here together.
(5)She went home quickly.
(6)He walked away slowly.
(7)They were buried there quietly and quickly.
你可能会说,我们的回答排除了上述句(2),但又如何解释上述句(1)呢?
上述句(1)则是一个例外。除用作方式状语的副词 well 外,还有 badly, hard 等亦须置于地点状语之前,如:
(8)He behaved badly there.
(9)They all worked hard here.
那么如何解释这一例外情况呢?我们想,大概是由于这些副词与其前的谓语动词的关系,较之于地点状语,更为密切一些吧。
16 三谈状语的顺序
在这次探讨中,我们所谈的状语就不限于单词,而是包括短语(尤其是介词短语)在内了。
总的说来,状语的顺序一般应遵照下列几个原则:
1. 最重要的也是概括性最强的一项原则,就是“由亲到疏”,即将与谓语动词的关系较密切的状语置于前,将与谓语动词的关系较疏远的状语置于后,在上次探讨中,一读者所举的Harry worked well here yesterday. 即是一例。再如:
(1)Come in here, please.
(2)She came up to me at the dining-room table.
(3)She got the Whiskey from it for him before he went off in the fog.(it=a cabinet)
(4)The moon rose with such majesty in the grave east.
(5)The tall man stretched his hand over the fire toward the plump woman, ...
2. “由短到长”亦是一个有用的原则,即较短的状语在前,较长的状语在后,实例如:
(6)I was studying earlier in the school library.
(7)He had first met her the preceding November, at the house of a lady who ...
3. 第三个原则是“由轻到重”,即是较不重要的状语在前,较为重要的状语在后。这条原则也很重要,实例如:
(8)He walked to the door quickly.
(9)Charles hesitated, then felt in his pocket.“I bear a letter to you from her.”
(10)I stared with black and yokel-like eyes at him.
(11)Talk over my suggestion with your wife and give me your answer tomorrow.
4. 最后一个原则是“由中心到外缘”,即是处于句子中心的状语在前,处于句子外缘的状语在后,甚至可移至句子开头。这条原则实际上是上述第一项原则的补充,实例如:
(12)He worked at home that day.(that day 可移至句首。时间状语往往位于地点状语之后,其原因多在此)
(13)He used to keep them in his garage in America.(in America 可移至句首)
(14)He cut the string with his penknife with great care.(with great care 可移至句首)
有些语法书说方式状语一般应在地点状语之前。如指用作状语的单词而言,这显然是不妥当的。如将用作状语的短语考虑在内,上述说法也许是对的,实例的确可举出不少,上述句(4)与句(10)即是例证,再如:
(15)He worked quietly at home.
(16)The plane arrived uneventfully at Honolulu by midnight.
(17)The children were running very fast to the park.
但由于种种原因,将地点状语置于方式状语之前的情况也不罕见,上述句(8)与句(10)即是例证,再如:
(18)He waited at the station patiently.(当然亦可说 He waited patiently at the station,如若不强调 patiently 的话)
(19)He will work there with pleasure.
(20)She pushed the book away from her violently.
(21)He went there by bus once a month.
(22)They were travelling to Washington first class.
(23)People stayed for months in the same house without stirring from it even for a night.
那么,总的说来,英语中状语的顺序到底应怎样排列呢?英人夸克等所编著的《英语语法大全》给我们提供了一个有关附加状语(不包括下加状语、外加状语和联加状语)的顺序如下:
方面——方式——空间——时间——因果,其例证是:
(24)John was working on his hobby (方面)with the new shears (方式)in the rose garden (空间)for his day off (时间)to complete the season's pruning (因果).
这个顺序不仅限于附加状语,而且必须服从两个原则:一是这种顺序可以改变,以适应信息中心的要求;二是较短的附加状语往往在较长的附加状语之前(这两条原则实际上与我们在这篇短文开头所提到的一些原则是一致的)。
我们认为上述顺序很值得参考,虽然我们仍然认为:一般说来,用作状语的单词的顺序似乎应当是:地点状语——方式状语——时间状语。
17 方式状语与伴随状语的区别
有一读者问:有这样三个句子:
(1)The children ran out of the school-house, laughing and talking merrily.
(2)The teacher sat near the stove, holding a book in his hand.
(3)The poor little girl still knelt there, tears running down her cheeks.
为什么句(1)的分词是方式状语,而句(2)与句(3)的分词却是伴随状语?
顾名思义,方式状语是表示谓语动词的动作如何进行的,而伴随状语(或叫做伴随情况状语)则是说明伴随着谓语动词所表示的动作。上面所举的句(2)中的分词短语 holding a book in his hand 与句(3)中的独立分词结构 tears running down her cheeks 显然都是伴随状语,因为它们不是表其所属句子中的谓语动词的动作进行的方式,而是说明一种与谓语动词的伴随关系。
上面句(1)中的分词短语 laughing and talking merrily 则好像既可看作方式状语,亦可看作伴随状语。但如细加分析,就会发觉它与谓语动词 ran 是一种修饰关系,一起意味着“说说笑笑地从校舍跑了出来”。如二者是伴随关系,就一起意味着“一边从校舍跑出来,一边说笑着”,这就似乎不大合原意了。
18 评注性状语与结果状语的区别
有一读者问:有这样两个句子:
(1)To our regret, he refused our invitation.
(2)He found to his great joy that his old friend was still alive.
有的语法书将句(1)中的介词短语 to our regret 唤作评注性状语,而将句(2)中的介词短语 to his great joy 唤作结果状语。是何缘故?
这里的 to our regret 与 to his great joy 皆属于一种常见的“to+物主代词+多表感情的名词”结构。属于这种结构的表感情的名词还有 surprise, annoyance, dismay, horror, satisfaction, admiration, amusement等。这种结构中的介词 to 都意谓 resulting in 或 so as to cause (产生……的结果或结果引起)。所以它所引导的这种介词短语都是表结果的状语。
顺便提及,上述表感情的名词中,有许多也可用于“to the + 表感情的名词 + of + 名词或代词”结构之中。且以 satisfaction 为例,我们既可说:
(3)The dress was done to her satisfaction .
亦可说:
(4)It is difficult to settle the matter to the satisfaction of all .
当上述表结果的状语修饰一个句子中的谓语时,在语法上一般只唤作结果状语,其实精确地说,它应是用作修饰句中谓语的结果状语,如句(2)中的 to his great joy 和句(3)中的 to her satisfaction 或句(4)中的 to the satisfaction of all. 再如:
(5)He found to his surprise that she was so ill.
(6)To his dismay he found the money missing.
“to +the +非表感情的名词+of+名(代)词”亦可用作结果状语,如:
(7)This discovery had been exploited to the detriment of the poor peasants .
但是表结果的“to+物主代词+表感情的名词”(或“to +the +表感情的名词+of+名[代] 词”)结构也可用来评说整个句子,这时这种结构就属于一种附加性的句子状语。句子状语有好几种。这一种句子状语由于具有评注的性质,所以就被叫做评注性状语。其实,确切地说,它应是一种用作评注性句子状语的结果状语。上述例(1)中的 to our regret 即是一例,再如:
(8)To my great relief , her injuries were only slight.
(9)They arrived, to our surprise , before we did. (参较上述句[5])
(10)To my horror , he fell into the river.
(11)To the great admiration of all the onlookers , he plunged into the water and rescued the struggling child.
19 用 yesterday 还是用 the day before?
有一读者问:在初中英语第五册教参中有这样一段对话:
A: Where did you go yesterday?
B (to C): What did he say?
C: He asked where you went yesterday.
除非是当天转述,能否按C所说用 yesterday?又,能否将C所说的话改为 He asked where you had gone the day before?
试比较下面四句中的间接引语:
(1)He asked where you had gone the day before.
(2)He asked where you had gone yesterday.
(3)He asked where you went yesterday.
(4)He asked where you went the day before.
句(1)是最合乎规范的英语。句(2)并非当天转述,说话人将 the day before 代之以 yesterday, 虽不很规范,但有人却这样用。句(3)显然为当天所说。句(4)未用 had gone 而用了 went,在不会引起误会的情况下,这也是可以允许的。
此外,如果你愿意的话,在口语中你还可以说:
(5)He asked where did you go yesterday. 但这里的 where did you go yesterday. 就可能有两说了。一说可认为它是一个间接疑问句,也是一种间接引语;一说则可认为它是一个直接疑问句,全句相当于:He asked,“Where did you go yesterday?”
20 浅谈伴随情况
关于伴随情况(attendant circumstance 或 attending circumstance 或 accompanying circumstance),各家说法并不一致。大致说来,可分为两类。一是广义的解说,将伴随谓语动作的表时间、原因、结果、目的、方式以及除外的从句和短语统统叫做伴随情况状语。一是狭义的解说,只将伴随谓语动作的表并列、附带等关系的分词、短语和分词独立结构等叫做伴随情况状语。有的语法家则将这种狭义的伴随情况中的“伴随”去掉,只剩下“情况”,说明它并不“伴随”谓语的动作,而只表示另外发生的一种有关“情况”。
在我国英语界通行的是后一种即狭义的伴随情况(而不去掉“伴随”)。表并列关系的实例如:
(1)She listened attentively, repeating his instructions .(repeating 相当于 and repeated)
(2)Young men by the dozen came up, asking her to dance . (asking 相当于 and asked)
(3)He takes off hat and transfers it to left hand, and at the same time grips fingers of right glove, pulling it off . (pulling 相当于 and pulls)
表附带或附加关系的情况似乎更多,如:
(4)He sat near the stove, holding a book in his hand .
(5)She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he'd have to drive home .
(6)She wrote him a friendly letter, thanking him for his help, and sending him her best wishes .
(7)“What do you mean, what's happened?” I said, grown suddenly cold .
(8)Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground .
(9)With crowds cheering , the royal party drove to the palace.
(10)The war was over, without a shot being fired .
下面一句中的 his hands in the pockets of his coat 是无分词独立结构,用作伴随情况状语:
(11)He leant back in the chair, his hands in the pockets of his coat .
根据上面的解说与例证,似乎可以认为伴随情况的基本概念是一清二楚的了,然而事实并非如此。比如说,伴随情况与方式状语的界线就往往难以划清,如:
(12)He managed to climb up the sides of a mountain, working his way through thick bushes .
(13)He introduced himself, handing me his card .
因此,就有语法家将像上述两例这样的现在分词短语看作为“方式或伴随情况状语”。有时伴随情况状语与结果状语的界线也不容易划清,如:
(14)They died, leaving their parents heartbroken .
还有,对比如下面一些句子中的现在分词短语该如何分析呢?
(15)My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.
(16)He entered college at the age of fifteen, graduating four years later at the head of his class.
这两个句子的现在分词短语虽然表并列关系,但与一般其动作紧接谓语动作的伴随情况状语(如例[1]、[2]、[3])不同,其前后两个动作相隔的时间显然比较长。所以这两句中的现在分词短语,我们往往仍倾向于将它们看作伴随情况状语,但有的语法家则认为它们起的是一种“接续性 (continuative)”作用。对于 go, come, sit, stand, lie 等不及物动词之后的 -ing 形式如何分析的问题,语法家们的看法更是多种多样。让我们先举几个实例如下:
(17)I am not going swimming tomorrow.
(18)Edith came running towards us.
(19)He sat smoking , while I taught the children.
(20)I stood waiting for the bus.
(21)The city lies sleeping .
按照传统语法,例(18)中的 swimming 相当于 on swimming, swimming 是动名词,用作宾语,其他的例中的 -ing 形式一般皆被看作是现在分词,用作方式或伴随情况状语等。但现今有的语法家则认为 go, come, sit, stand, lie 等是或近乎是连系动词,其后的 -ing 形式是现在分词,起一种表语的作用。有一位著名的语法家还认为现在分词重读时才用作表语,非重读时则是伴随情况状语。
我们一向主张“多种分析法(multianalysis)”。对于许多重叠现象,如现在分词短语的功能既可是方式状语亦可是伴随情况状语等,我们即认为两种分析方法都是正确的,都是言之成理的。对于某些语言现象,如 go, come 等之后的 -ing 形式,各家往往抱有不同的看法,我们也认为不必强求一致,定于一尊。
21 by himself 在此不是方式状语
有一读者问:在初中英语第四册上有这样一句话:
(1)Aunt Wang couldn't leave her child by himself in the room.
方式状语 by himself 应放在地点状语 in the room 之后,但这里的 by himself 为什么却放在 in the room 之前呢?
首先应指出,介词短语 by himself 在此相当于 alone ,它并非方式状语,而是宾语补足语,即宾语 child 的补足语,它与 child 在逻辑上是主谓(或主表)关系。因此,这里的 by himself 绝不可置于地点状语 in the room 之后。
其次,即使泛泛而谈,也不能说方式状语必须置于地点状语之后。恰恰相反,如果有两个状语都是介词短语的话,方式状语却多置于地点状语之前,如:
(2)He was working with the new shears in the garden. (方式状语 with the new shears 置于地点状语 in the garden 之前)
22 out there 是一种“状语的同现”
有一读者问:在阅读 China Daily 时遇到这样一句话:
(1)Despite the fact that most foreign investors are serious and honest in doing business with China and a great deal of foreign investment has contributed to China's economic growth, there are foreign sharks out there.
这里的 out there 作何解释,请赐教。
There are sharks out there 是一句常用语,其义是:那外面有鲨鱼,用以叫人们提高警惕。 out 是一副介词(或叫作小品词),意思是“靠外”;there 则是一副词,意思是“在那里”,指说话人的所指处。 out 和 there 在此皆用作状语,这种两个或两个以上状语同时出现在一个句子里的现象,在语法中,叫作“状语的同现”。再如:
(2)He is out there .
(3)It was found in here .(也有人将这里的 here 看作名词)
比较常见的还有“副介词+介词短语”结构,如:
(4)Father is out in the garden .
(5)There are quite a number of comfortable houses up in the hills .
(6)What makes you so down in the mouth ?
下面句中的“副词+介词短语”结构也属于状语的同现:
(7)He went deep into the wood .
(8)She saw a long scar low on his spine .
有时有三个状语同时在一句中出现,如:
(9)These tortoises are found deep down in the seas .
(10)We saw a plane far above in the sky .
There are foreign sharks out there 在此是一种比喻,更正确地说,是一种转喻 (metonymy),其义转为:在外商投资当中有诈骗之徒。 sharks 在此已转义为“进行诈骗等勾当的人”。
23 如何分析 high up in the tree?
有一读者问:He (the cock)smiles and goes to sleep high up in the tree. 是否可译作“他高高在树上微笑着进入梦乡”?另外,句中的 high 与 up 是什么关系? high up 与 in the tree 又是什么关系?
你的译文不完全正确,我们建议译作“他笑了笑,就高高在树上入睡了”。句中的 high 是副词,up 也是副词,二者是修饰与被修饰的关系。换言之, high 在此是用来修饰 up 的。 up 表示高的位置, high 则表示 up 的高度,起一种强化的作用。因此,此句可以省去 high,但不可省去 up。
high up 实际上可看作是一个词组。而 high up in the tree 亦可看作是一种比较典型的结构。与之相同的用法还有如下例句中的画线部分:
(1)He appeared indifferent, but deep down in his heart he was very pleased.
(2)I could see a plane far above in the sky .
(3)That happened way back in the 19th century . (way 相当于 away)
(4)These words have histories reaching well back into the past .
注意下一句中的 further 本身又可被其他词语所修饰:
(5)They went ten miles further up in the country .
关于读者所问的句中 high up 与 in the tree 的关系,应从状语的同现或连用说起。状语连用时通常有下列几种关系:
1. 状语修饰状语,如上述例句中的 high up, deep down, far above, way back, ten miles further up 等,再如:
(6)Think very carefully. (very 修饰 carefully)
(7)I feel much better. (much 修饰 better)
2. 并列关系,如:
(8)Rugby is first and foremost a team game. (first 与 foremost 是并列关系)
(9)Are you going with your parents or by yourself ? (with your parents 与 by yourself 是并列关系)
3. 彼此独立但在语义上有密切关系,这一类同现或连用的状语极为普通,只举一二例如下:
(10)Frank seldom works on Sundays . (seldom 与 on Sundays 彼此独立)
(11)We are to meet tomorrow in the same place . (tomorrow 与 in the same place 彼此独立)
读者所问的句中的 high up in the tree 显然不属于上述任何一种关系。那么,这种结构是一种什么关系呢?我们认为它是一种前一个状语依附于后一个状语的关系。很清楚, high up 不能单独使用,它必须依附于 in the tree ,而介词短语 in the tree 则是可以独立使用的。同样,句(1)中的 deep down in his heart ,句(2)中的 far above in the sky ,句(3)中的 way back in the 19th century ,以及句(4)中的 well back into the past ,皆属于这种前一状语依附于后一状语的关系。
24 状语可置于谓语与宾语之间
有一读者问:有这样一句话:
(1)He hung on the wall the photo he had taken at the seaside.
为什么不将 on the wall 置于句首或句尾?
你也可以将这里的状语 on the wall 置于句首,如果要予以强调的话。英语中将状语置于句首的情况是很多的,这里举一二例即可见一斑:
(2)At the airport last night two events took place.
(3)In cotton China now leads the world.
但在这里绝不可将状语 on the wall 置于句尾,原因很简单:如将这个介词短语置于句尾,它岂不成了定语从句 he had taken...中的一部分了吗?
像上述句(1)中将状语置于谓语(及物动词 hung)与宾语 (the photo)之间的情况在英语里是屡见不鲜的,再如下面句子中的画线部分:
(4)Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. (由于需要将 what 从句置于句末,以示强调)
(5)He took from his pocket a handkerchief and handed it to her. (由于强调 the handkerchief 并使之接近于其后的 it)
(6)He saw one behind the other in the washing queue faces he know — the hostages. (与上述句[1] 相类似,也是由于宾语 faces 后有定语从句)
(7)He could find for his purpose nothing better than a broken wire rack which had been used for vegetables. (宾语 nothing 后有很长的定语)
有时状语从句亦可置于谓语与宾语之间,如:
(8)They will train with or might play for, if they are good enough , Manchester United's youth team, and will stay there for two and half months. (they 指代两个年轻的中国足球运动员。这里将 if 从句置于宾语之前也是为了侧重宾语)
有时还可将状语从句插入完成时态之中,如:
(9)The value of romantic literature, which has been, so far as the Middle Ages are concerned , unjustly depreciated, does not depend upon beauty of words or beauty of fact.
状语置于谓语动词之前的情况,也值得中国学生注意,如:
(10)The young girl to please the king accepts that knight. (如将 to please the king 置于句首或句末,就会被不适当地强调了)
有时可以在谓语动词之前插入很长的状语部分,如:
(11)Klipspringer's black counterpart, as if dancing for his life, which in a way he was, for he had arranged this meeting on sufferance of my interim appointees , made expansive ushering gestures toward the black official Cadillac which had been specially borrowed from the running dogs of Sahel for the occasion.
总之,在英语里,状语的位置确是比较灵活,但绝非可以将任何状语置于句子中的任何位置上。
25 为何用that is?
有一读者问: 新中学英语教材中有这样一个句子:
It is thought that one billion people, that is half the world's workers, earn their living by farming.
请问为何用that is而不用that(或who)are?
这里之所以用that is是因为that is=that is to say(解释性状语),后接一同位语。
26 关于独立分词结构
有一读者问:
(1)Our work having been finished, we went home.
(2)The signal given, the bus started.
(3)I have bought a new hat, the old one being worn out.
这三个句子中的独立分词结构都是被动语态,可为什么采用不同的动词形式呢?
首先,应该指出,你所举的三个例句中的独立分词结构并非都是被动语态。例(1)与例(2)的独立结构的确用的是被动语态,例(3)的 being worn out 则不是被动语态,而是系表结构。又 ,例(1)与例(2)的独立结构在句中是时间状语,例(3)的独立结构则是原因状语。
现在让我们分别探讨这三个例句中的独立结构。
先看例(1)中的 our work having been finished。这里用的是完成式,意味着 finishing 这个动作完成于 going 之前, going 是 finishing 发生后的结果,相当于 when our work had been finished.
可不可以说 our work being finished 呢?可以,但其含义有所不同。 being finished 意味着与后面的 going 接得很紧,相当于 when our work was finished,具有“工作一完就回家”的含义,显得很紧张,富于戏剧性。
可不可以只说 our work finished 呢?也可以,但较为文气,现在这样写的人恐怕不多了。
那么为什么在例(2)中却用了与它相似的 the signal given 呢?是不是也快变成历史陈迹了呢?不,例(2)中的独立结构现在仍在使用中。它虽然也是历史的遗留,但和许多习语一样, 已变成一种富有生命力的固定说法了。这种固定说法需要个别记忆。除 the signal given 或 the command given 之外,还有一些其他类似说法,如:
(4)This done , they packed up their tools and went home.
(5)All things considered , I think we ought to give the job to John.
(6)This said , he retired.
(7)This explanation given , the subject was not mentioned any more.
另外还有一些不表时间的固定说法,如 all told 等,这里就不谈了。
像 the signal given 这样的固定说法可不可以转换成 the signal being given 和 the signal having been given 呢?当然可以。实际上 the signal given 就等于 the signal having been given。至于 being given 和 having been given 的区别,前面谈例(1)时已讲过,这里不再重复。
现在再看例(3)的独立结构 the old one being worn out。这里为什么要用 being 呢?可不可以省去呢?这里用 being 的理由主要有两点:一是为了表示原因,二是因为整个独立结构位于句子末尾。如果不表示原因,这种独立结构即可省去 being,如:
(8)He came in, his eyes slightly swollen and his ear red with cold . (his eyes 与 his ears 之后皆省去 being)
如果位于句首,这种结构即使表原因, being 亦可省去,如:
(9)His leg badly hurt , he had to stay in bed.
可不可以用 having been 代替 being 呢?可以,但这样整个独立结构中的 worn 就不是静态动词而是动态动词,从而系表结构也就变成被动结构了。
最后,必须申明,以上所述,基本上只限于你所提出的例句中的独立分词结构而言,绝不能扩而大之,应用到全部独立结构。
27 such being the case是一现成说法
有一读者问: 为何这道题选C:
Such_________the case, there were no grounds to justify your complaints.
A. was B. were C. being D. would be
such being the case(事实既是如此)是一英语现成说法(可查阅《新英汉词典》such词条),在此正合乎句意。从语法上讲,它是一分词独立结构。
28 这里应用 permitting
有一读者问:有这样一道填空题:
(1)Time _____, they would come and join us.
该填 permitting 还是 permits?
须填 permitting, 与 time 构成一常用的独立分词结构,用作条件状语。英语里还可说 weather permitting, 实例如:
(2)Weather permitting , we'll go on a picnic.
29 用独立主格没有错
有一读者问: 有这样一道填空题:
(1)It_________up, in an hour or so the snow _____.
老师所给的答案是is clearing, will have stopped。但我认为由于前后句间无连接词,是否应用独立主格,填clearing,不知对否?
你的答案很可能就是命题人的意图。你的老师的答案似乎也不错,虽然up之后最好用一分号。
顺便说一下,用非人称代词it开首的独立主格并不罕见,再如:
(2)It being cold , we couldn't go out.
30 It being very cold today可省去it吗?
有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:
(1)It being very cold today, we decided to stay home.
此句可省去it吗?
可以,再如:
(2)Being fine , I went out for a walk.
(3)Being a cold day , we couldn't work in the air.
(4)Being Christmas , the government offices were closed.
31 Being a very cold day没有错
有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
(1)_____, we did not go to the museum yesterday.
A. Being a very cold day B. It was a very cold day
C. Due to a very cold day D. Owing to a very cold day
标准答案是A,其前可以省去it吗?
标准答案是对的。A并不是一单纯的分词短语,而是being前省去非人称代词it的独立分词结构,用以表示原因。这种省去it的独立分词结构并不罕见,再如:
(2)Being Sunday , the shops were all closed.
(3)Being summer , the rivers were open and navigable.
有时并不省去it,如:
(4)It being dusk , I think nobody has perceived me.
B 只表时间。如用以表原因,全句须改写为:
(5)It was a very cold day yesterday and so we did not go to the museum. (当然也可说It was very cold yesterday...)
最后,请注意独立分词结构一般只用在笔语中。
32 with his food running out 中的 running 是现在分词
有一读者问:有这样一道选择题:
(1)_____, the man had to come out of his hiding-place.
A. With his food run out B. With his food to run out
C. With his food running out D.With running out his food
如果选C,那么它起什么作用? running是现在分词还是动名词?
这里应选C。with his food running out 是一独立结构,起原因状语的作用。 running 在此是现在分词,表一正在进行的动作,running out 在此可以看作表一情景。动名词不强调动作在进行,而强调一事实。试比较下面三个句子中的不定式、现在分词和动名词:
(2)I saw him smoke . (不带 to 的不定式 smoke 只表动作本身的发生,可看作一事件[event])
(3)I saw him smoking . (现在分词表动作在进行,可看作一情景)
(4)I dislike his smoking . (动名词 smoking 可看作一客观事实)
33 两种独立结构的区别
有一读者问: 要求比较一下下列两个句子的with best of intention to win the sympathy of his pupils与with his hands shivering:
(1)He failed with best of intention to win the sympathy of his pupils.
(2)He stood there with his hands shivering.
这两个句子中的with短语都是“with+宾语+补足语”结构,或称之为“独立结构”。所不同的是:句(1)中的独立结构是由“with+名词+不定式”所组成,句(2)中的独立结构则由“with+名词+现在分词”所组成。不定式与现在分词的区别在于:前者强调动作,后者强调状态。你对于“with+名(代)+现在分词”结构想必比较熟悉,这里就不再多举例说明了,但对“with+名(代)+不定式”结构你可能见得不多。其实这种结构也不罕见。除上述句(1)中的with best of intention to win...之外,再举一二实例如下:
(3)These are highly mechanized farms, with machinery to do all the work .
(4)Nobody has much of a chance to go wrong with Rachel to oversee them .
34 无分词独立结构
有一读者问: 有这样一句话:
(1)The cows and their owners, most of them farmers' sons or daughters who had been given a calf to raise when it was born, were walking around the ring.
them之后是否少了动词were? them指代什么?
上述句(1)中的most of them farmers' sons and daughters...when it was born并没有少掉了动词were,而是一种无分词独立结构。看来你对不含分词的独立结构比较陌生,所以我们愿意在此比较详细地讨论一下。无分词独立结构的形式大致可分为四类: 名(代)词+名词;名(代)词+形容词; 名(代)词+小品词(或唤作“介副词”)或副词; 名(代)词+介词短语。现分别举例说明如下:
第一类由“名词或代词+名词或名词短语”构成。上述句(1)中的most of them farmers' sons and daughters...即属于这一类。(其内部的who had been given a calf to raise when it was born是一修饰farmers' sons and daughters的定语从句,此定语从句又内含一时间状语从句when it was born。)属于这一类的无分词独立结构并不罕见,再如:
(2)Masses of men had been killed, most of them Negroes .
(3)Master Hong often receives guests, many of them foreigners .
(4)Look how easily you have given me your love and confidence, me an utter stranger .
(5)He looked up at her, his handsome face all affection and life .
第二类由“名词或代词+形容词”构成,这一类在英语中也不乏其例,如:
(6)His plane lands at six-thirty, God willing .
(7)There were many varieties, none of them too expensive .
(8)She, her eyes hard and cold , stepped past him and went out.
(9)He entered the room, his nose red with cold .
下面一句中则含有两个相连的“名(代)词+形容词”无分词独立结构:
(10)The train moved off and she sat there, her eyes bright and shining , her little boy stiff and resolute .
第三类由“名词或代词+小品词或副词”构成,为数不少,较为常见,如:
(11)The lecture over , we left the hall.
(12)He was laid face down on the table.
(13)She walked by his side, all her heart and soul a flutter .
这一类结构往往已变成固定说法,如:
(14)He put on his socks (the)wrong side out .
(15)Everything is turning upside down .
(16)Moments later my child came head foremost into the world.
(17)I found we were going to win hands down .
第四类由“名词或代词+介词短语”构成,为数很多,十分普通。它又可分为下列几小类:
1)“零冠词+名(代)词+介词+零冠词+名词”,为数较多,如:
(18)She came in, book in hand .
(19)He stood there, pipe in mouth .
(20)Everybody at home , we sat down to dinner.
(21)They met face to face .
2)“零冠词+名(代)词+介词+限定词+名词”,也不罕见,如:
(22)She sat down at a table, pen in her hand .
(23)Hand over the receiver , Cleveland said, “What luck?”
(24)She thanked him, relief in her voice .
(25)They wrote about their view of the city, some with an historical perspective .
3)“限定词+名(代)词+介词+限定词+名词”,也不罕见,如:
(26)He leant back in the chair, his hands in the pockets of his coat .
(27)He marched briskly up the slope, the blanket across his shoulder .
(28)I came into the room, a carton of cigarettes in my hands .
(29)I waited, every nerve upon the stretch .
上述四类独立结构可被综合使用,如:
(30)He sat at the table, collar off, head down , and pen in position , ready to begin the long letter. (collar off与head down为第三类,pen in position为第四类)
(31)He strutted, his head up , his brow stern , his hands crossed behind his back . (his head up为第三类,his brow stern为第二类,his hands crossed behind his back为分词独立结构)
(32)A slight sound behind the three men caused them to turn; Pete and Robert with a start , Sam deliberately . (Pete and Robert with a start为第四类,Sam deliberately为第三类)
介词with亦可引导无分词独立结构,如:
(33)She is lonesome with her husband so much away .
(34)With conditions in every way favorable , he might succeed.
(35)She was completely taken aback, with her mouth wide open .
还须指出,上述无分词独立结构中大都可插入现在分词being而不改其意义,如上述句(3)即可改为:
(36)Master Hong often receives guests, many of them being foreigners.
但要注意being有时有“因为”的含义,如:
(37)His father being a soldier , he wants to go into the army.
这里的being显然就不是可有可无的了。
35 这道选择题不够严谨
有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
The teacher entered the classroom, _____.
A. with book in hand B. a book in hand
C. with a book in his hand D. book in his hand
答案是A,但我觉得应选C,请解答。
这道选择题不够严谨。可选A,亦可选B;亦可选C,但其前最好无逗号。顺便提一下,此题还可填以 book in hand, 虽较文气。
36 tears in his eyes也是正确的
有一读者问: 有这样一道选择题:
(1)The child left the office, _____.
A. tears in his eyes B. with tears in his eyes
所给答案为B。但我曾看到过这样的句子:
(2)Relay sticks in their hands, they raced to the second runners.
其中的独立主格relay sticks in their hands与句(1)中的tears in his eyes在结构上完全一样,因此我认为句(1)中的选项A也是正确答案。这样理解是否正确,请赐教。
我同意你的意见,只是二者之中,B较口语化。
37 face downwards是一独立结构
有一读者问到:
(1)In his agitation at this discovery, he dropped his letter face downwards on the muddy pavement.
中的face downwards on the muddy pavement是不是独立结构?
face downwards是独立结构,on短语则是地点状语,修饰谓语动词dropped。独立结构face downwards也是修饰谓语动词dropped的状语,但表示结果。请注意这种独立结构由名词(即所谓独立主格)与副词构成,再如:
(2)I found we were going to win hands down . (hands down是独立结构)
(3)Moments later my child came head foremost into the world. (head foremost是独立结构)
(4)The boat was lying bottom upwards . (bottom upwards是独立结构)
(5)He stalked down the hillside, chin up and eyebrows down . (chin up与eyebrows down皆为独立结构)
38 如何分析the sun risen?
有一读者问: 有这样一句话:
The sun risen, everything is coming back to life.
请分析一下the sun risen。
the sun risen是一独立主格,用作时间状语。它由名词短语the sun加上表主动的不及物过去分词risen所构成,逻辑上是主、表关系。这里的risen不是表动作,而是表状态。这一类过去分词还有gone, arrived, gathered, huddled等。其中如risen和gone已作为形容词被许多词典收入了。
39 一种较特殊的独立结构
有一读者问: 《英语沙龙》某期第22页第一段“...returned to China as an illiterate in the Chinese language, but then served for 44 years in the diplomatic service, with the last 5 years as an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations”中with引导的是什么成分?
这里的介词with引导的是一种比较特殊的独立结构。你可能对分词独立结构比较熟悉,如:
(1)The letter being written , I went to post it. (being是现在分词)
(2)This done , we went home.(done是过去分词)
对“with+分词独立结构”,你大概也不会感到陌生吧,如:
(3)We went into a bright room, with a large fan spinning overhead .
上述with the last 5 years as an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations则有点特殊:其一,这是一省略结构,the last 5 years之后省去了of my public life;其二,这是一种“with+名词+介词短语”结构。as在此应看作介词。