Chapter 2 定语从句
2.9 关系代词than
2.9 关系代词than
我们可以把than用作关系代词来引导定语从句,这一点也许是很多读者所不熟悉的,但却会在考试中出现。请看下列例句:
1 Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ______ was common in the traditional family structure.
A. than B. that C.which D.as
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 这是考研真题。我们看到这里than在从句中充当主语,后面接有谓语动词was,它指代的先行词是supervision(管教),比较的对象是“现在家庭对孩子的“管教”和“传统家庭对孩子的管教”。
对于than的此种作为关系代词的用法,很多考生会不理解。我们在这里作一类比说明,详细解释一下。请大家注意:上句中的先行词supervision前面有一个形容词比较级less,而与比较级构成结构上的呼应关系的只能是than,也就是构成less...than这样的结构搭配(children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure)。那么我们为什么要把这个句子看作是定语从句,而不是大家所熟悉的比较状语从句呢?为了解释清楚,现在我们试着把less...than这一结构从句中去掉,并稍加改写:
1) Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.
就变为:
2) Children are likely to have the supervision at home that was common in the traditional family structure.
例句2)就是一个典型的定语从句了,that取代了than,在从句中作主语。这句话的意思就成了“孩子们在现代家庭里可能有的管教,在传统家庭里也常见”。我们可以进一步替换,用上面提到过的the same...as来替换,原句就变为:
3) Children are likely to have the same supervision at home as was common in the traditional family structure.
这里as取代了than,在从句中作主语。这句话的意思是“孩子们在现代家庭里受到了传统家庭里同样的管教”。说到这里,我们也就解释了为什么正确答案不是B、C或D,因为它们都无法和less构成结构上的呼应关系。从上述的详细分析中,我们可以归纳总结出than引导的定语从句有如下用法特点:
● than可作关系代词引导定语从句,在从句中一般作主语(也可作宾语);
● than前面的主句需有形容词的比较级形式;
● 比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词。
我们再来看更多的例句:
2 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ______ in the public mind today.
A. exists B. exist C.existing D.existed
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 这是考研真题。根据以上分析我们知道,这个句子也是than引导的定语从句。在关系词than前面的众多名词(如anxiety, risk, cancer)当中,哪个是先行词呢?大家只要按照我们上面说过的than的用法特点“比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词”,就很容易判断出先行词是anxiety。先行词是单数,所以谓语动词应为exists。故正确答案为A。than指代anxiety,在从句中作主语。在这里我们再次看到正确判断先行词的重要性,找到了先行词,原句就好理解了。定语从句than exists in the public mind today表示存在于人们心中的是anxiety,不是cancer或risk。这样,整个句子的意思就通顺了。
3 These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ______ in traditional media.
A. exist B. exists C.existing D.to exist
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 这是考研真题。只要掌握了than引导的定语从句的上述特点,我们很快就能判断出在than前面的众多名词(如restrictions, use, information)当中,先行词是restrictions,因为它前面有比较级修饰语greater。先行词是复数,所以谓语动词应为exist。故正确答案为A。定语从句than exist in traditional media表示的是存在于传统媒体中的restrictions,不是information或use。这样,整个句子的意思就容易理解了。
4 Don't drink more wine than is good for health.
5 Don't give him more money than is needed, since money will burn a hole in his pocket.
在上面讨论的than引导的定语从句的例子中,than都是在从句中充当主语。下面我们来看一个than在从句中作宾语的例子:
6 He soon found it easy to make more money by thieving than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work.
妙语点睛 这里的more所修饰的名词money即为先行词,than指代money的同时,在从句中作谓语动词had done(即had made)的宾语。定语从句than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work表示“他老爸通过一辈子辛勤劳动所挣的钱”。