Chapter 4 不定式
4.2 不定式的作用(一):作主语(It+to do)
4.2 不定式的作用(一):作主语(It+to do)
在英语中,不定式用作句子的主语的情况是非常常见的。通常有两种结构:一种是把不定式to do直接放在句首的主语位置,另一种是把不定式to do放在句末,而在句首的主语位置用形式主语it来指代句末的不定式。
4.2.1 不定式放在句首作主语
不定式作主语时的位置比较特殊——通常要放在句末,而不放在句首。只有在一些比较特殊的情况下才直接把不定式放在句首作主语,这种情况往往是有两个不定式构成对比关系。比如英语里有这样一个谚语:
1 To err is human; to forgive, divine.
妙语点睛 这里的两个不定式to err和to forgive作主语,构成对比关系。第二个分句是个省略句,省去了is,完整的句子应该是to forgive is divine。
这个句子的基本意思是说:人人都会犯错误,但是如果能够有肚量去宽恕别人的错误则实在难能可贵。其实,我们不仅要能够宽恕别人,有时候也要能够宽恕自己(It is not enough that we forgive one another, but we must also forgive ourselves.)。
2 To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic.
妙语点睛 这里的两个不定式to love for the sake of being loved和to love for the sake of loving作主语,构成对比关系,所以直接放在了句首。
4.2.2 不定式放在句末作主语
不定式直接放在句首充当主语的句子是不常见的,占不到10%。更常见的是用it作形式主语,放在句首,而将真正的主语不定式(短语)放在句子后面,于是构成“It+to do sth.”这样的句型。在这里,主要讨论以下三个问题:
1. “It is+形容词+to do”结构
2. 其他结构
3. 思维差异
一、“It is+形容词+to do”结构
比较常见的是“It is+形容词+to do”这样的结构。请先来看一些较为简单的例句:
1 It's better to love someone you can't have than to have someone you can't love.
2 It is possible to give without loving, but it is not possible to love without giving.
从以上例句我们看出,常见的“It is+形容词+to do”句型其实就是不定式作主语的句型。我们再来看下面这段话:
3 Bush's remarks: Education is the best anti-crime program. It's important to enforce law. It's important to hold people accountable for their actions. It is important to have consistent policy that says, if you harm somebody, there will be a punishment for that harm. But in the best interests for my country, the long-term solution is to make sure the education system works for everybody. And when that happens, there will be a more hopeful future for people, and there will be less poverty, less hopelessness, and less crime.
妙语点睛 这是前美国总统小布什论及教育时说的一番话。这里三个黑体部分的句子都是用了不定式作主语。
4 As Mark Twain said, it is better to deserve an honor and not have it than to have it and not deserve it. Because dignity is not in possessing but deserving. It is better to lose honorably than to succeed with dishonesty. Losing honorably may signify lack of preparation but dishonest winning signifies lack of character.
妙语点睛 这里两个黑体部分的句子都是用了不定式作主语。
如果要明确说出不定式的逻辑主语,则可以通过介词for给出,比如:
5 It is impossible for us to master English in a short time.
妙语点睛 这里由for引出逻辑主语us,表示master这个动作的执行者。
我们再来看下面这个较为复杂的句子:
6 It is easy for the growing number of “China watchers”through the world, enthralled by the rapid emergence of a front-ranking economic power setting new development records with each passing year, to overlook the fact that the past half-century has been an unusual difficult time in which to perform such feats.
妙语点睛 看完这个句子,也许有读者开始“晕”了,不知它要说什么意思。大家知道,对于这类复杂的句子,要想理解其意思,首先必须要搞清楚它的逻辑语义结构。在分析句子的结构时,要从大处着手,由表及里地逐渐深入分析。比如这个句子,首先要看到它其实就是一个不定式作主语的句型,把所有的细枝末节砍去后就是:It is easy for sb. to overlook sth. 只不过这里的sb. 所代表的成分非常复杂,是(for) the growing number of “China watchers”through the world, enthralled by the rapid emergence of a front-ranking economic power setting new development records with each passing year;sth. 所代表的成分也很复杂,是(to overlook) the fact that the past half-century has been an unusual difficult time in which to perform such feats。
从这个句子我们看出,真正灵活运用句型结构来分析句子对于理解句意是多么重要。关于这个句子的更多解释,请见7.2.3小节。
值得强调的是,此处的形式主语it不能用this或that来替换,这在考试的改错题中出现过。比如:
7 This【A】 is impossible for【B】 people to stare directly【C】 at the sun.
正确答案 A,应改为:It。
再来看下面这个TOEFL改错题:
8 Due to【A】 the refraction of light rays, this【B】 is impossible for the naked eye to determine【C】 the exact location of a star close【D】 to the horizon.
正确答案 B,应改为:it。
二、其他结构
以上的例句都是“It is+形容词+to do”这样的结构,但读者不要据此就认为不定式作主语只有这一种结构。其实还可以有其他各种结构,比如:
9 It takes time and effort to master English.
10 It is my duty to help you with your English.
还可能有其他各种结构,但这里的it指代不定式(to do)这一点不会改变,故我在本节标题中用的是“It+to do”这个结构。
三、思维差异
这里其实有一个中英文思维差异的问题。比如上页讲过的例句:
11 It is impossible for us to master English in a short time.
在汉语中说“我们不可能在很短的时间内就掌握英语”,是“我们”作主语。但在英语中其实是for us to master English in a short time这个不定式短语所表达的“我们在很短的时间内就掌握英语”这样一件事情作主语,表示这件事“是不可能的(is impossible)”。因此,英文中不能这么说:
We are impossible to master English in a short time. *
汉语中可以说“我们不可能”,但英语中不能说we are impossible,因为英语中的impossible不能修饰“人”,而只能说明“事情”。关于这一点,我们将在后面的4.6.1小节中详细论述。
再比如,汉语中说“你在这里停车是违章的”,但我们不能按照汉语的思维方式译成:
12 You are against the regulation to park your car here. *
而要按照英语的思维表达习惯译成:
It is against the regulation for you to park your car here.
即应该采用不定式短语作主语这样的句式来翻译,这才是地道的英文!
由此可见,从英语与汉语的思维表达差异的角度来看,不定式作主语是一个非常重要的英汉思维转换的句型。很多句子,若用汉语来说,是“人”作主语;但若用英语来说,则应该用不定式来作主语,即是“事”作主语。对此,请读者特别加以重视。
思维总结
确切来说,作主语的不定式涉及英汉思维表达差异的问题。很多句子,若用汉语说,是“人”作主语;但若用英语说,则应该用不定式来作主语,即是“事”作主语。此外,读者要知道不定式作主语的位置特点,即通常位于句末。