Chapter 4 不定式
4.14 省去to的不定式
4.14 省去to的不定式
我们知道，不定式是由小品词to加一个动词构成的，即to do，可以在句中充当各种成分。不过有时这个小品词to可以省去，甚至是必须省去。本节就对省去to的不定式进行总结。
4.14.1 在某些动词的复合宾语中
最常见的不定式需要省去to的情况是出现在某些动词的宾语补足语中。这样的动词主要包括两类：
1. 感觉动词（perceptional verb）：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe
2. 使役动词（causative verb）：let, make, have
我们先来看下面这篇短文：
1 Americans love television talk shows. They love to hear celebrities talk about their personal lives before a national audience. And they love to watch people with different views get into heated debates. Larry King obviously knows what audiences want. That's why Americans love to watch his show, Larry King Live. Celebrities and politicians talk with King about their lives, troubles, plans and politics. And Americans enjoy watching this ordinary guy ask hard-hitting questions of the world's most prominent people.
妙语点睛 我们看到，这段话里有三处省去to的不定式：hear celebrities talk, watch people with different views get, watching this ordinary guy ask。这里没有说to talk, to get和to ask，原因就是这三个补足语都是用在了感觉动词hear, watch和watching后面。
再比如下面这些例句：
2 The mother makes her son play the violin three hours a day.
3 The minister had his secretaries arrange a press conference.
4 The teacher let us write a composition every week.
5 I heard him quarrel with his wife last night.
6 I saw a man enter the shop.
注意，上述谓语动词若转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式需加to。比如：
A man was seen to enter the shop.
另外，在help, listen to, look at后面可用to，也可不用to。比如：
7 Would you like to listen to me read the poem?
8 The teacher will help you (to) study English well.
4.14.2 在特定的句型结构中
一、在一些短语结构中
这些结构包括：had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等。
1 I cannot but admire his courage.
2 We might as well put up here for tonight.
3 It all started so innocently that warm June night, when I first met you, you looked so beautiful and lovely I couldn't help but fall in love with you, even though we both agreed our worlds were far apart, and could never be one.
二、在more than, rather than, other than, than后面加不带to的不定式
这些句型中的than后面一般不接to do，而直接用动词原形。请看例句：
4 Teachers do much more than impart knowledge. They are forces in young lives.
妙语点睛 这是布什总统的夫人劳拉（Laura）对老师的评价。她自己也曾经是一名教师。这句话的意思相当于韩愈的名句：“师者，所以传道授业解惑也”。
5 I would rather go naked than wear furs.
6 Rather than wait anymore, I decided to go home by taxi.
7 Rather than go on with his work, he went home.
8 No one could do other than admire it.
9 To my great surprise, she preferred to give herself up rather than hide herself.
10 In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.
三、在do nothing/anything/everything but do句型中
在这个句型里因为前面有do，所以but后面的不定式要省去to，因此说成but do，而不是but to do*。请比较：
11 1） I have nothing to do but wait.
2） I have no choice but to wait.
妙语点睛 在例句1）中，因为but前面有do，所以wait前面省去to。在例句2）中，因为but前面没有do，所以wait前面保留to。
12 He will do anything but give in.
再比如，下面的例句中因为没有do，所以but后面都保留了to：
13 He needs nothing but to succeed.
14 That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.
15 Having missed that last bus, Bob had no alternative but to take a taxi home though he did not like the idea.
还有，对于解释do的精确含义的主语从句或者定语从句的句子，在主句谓语be动词后直接加do，而不是to do。萨达姆是在2006年12月30日星期六上午11点被处决的。谈到他被处死，媒体上评论说：
16 Saddam Hussein has been executed. All his execution does is stir up a real vendetta.
妙语点睛 这里all作主语，后面是定语从句his execution does，此时is的后面直接用stir而不是to stir*。这里stir up a real vendetta是解释前面的does的精确含义的，相当于一个强调句型。
我们再看看下面这对夫妻的争执：
17 Husband: I have a very demanding job. I’m tired when I get home.
Wife: I also have a demanding job, but I’m expected to come home from the office and cook, care for the children and clean the house. All you do is sit and watch television and complain about how tired you are.
妙语点睛 我们看到，这里没有说is to sit and watch*，而是省去了to。
妻子：我的工作压力也不小，可是我下班回家后还得做饭、照顾孩子、收拾房间。而你就只是坐在那里看电视，还有抱怨自己有多累。
我们再来看下面这句话：
18 No mountain's too high for you to climb. All you have to do is have some climbing faith. No river's too wide for you to make it across. All you have to do is believe it when you pray.
妙语点睛 我们看到，这里do后面作表语的不定式have和believe的前面都省去了to。
最后，请读者记住下面这句话：
19 We can't make everyone love us. All we can do is let ourselves be loved.
妙语点睛 这里其实共有三处to被省去：一是make后面的love，不是to love；二是is后面的let，不是to let；三是let后面的be loved，不是to be loved。
我想，真正懂得这句话的道理的读者，在爱的路上走起来就应该会轻松和豁达许多，因为爱无法强求，无法去make，只能自己去earn。幸福，请在对的地方寻找……
四、在why (not)+do句子中
在特殊疑问词中，只有why后面要接省去to的不定式。其中，肯定形式的Why do sth. 表示“为什么要做某事呢？”含有责怪之意，通常表明做某事是无意义或愚蠢的。请看例句：
20 A: I really hate to write the essay Professor Smith assigned us.
B: Why bother then?
妙语点睛 不能说Why to bother then?*
B：那干吗还费劲去写呢？
21 Why pay to see that movie, since you can see it on TV for nothing?
而否定形式的Why not do sth. ?则通常表示建议，在口语中非常常用。比如：
22 Why not take a holiday?
五、在并列结构中，to常被省去
具体来说，两个动词由and, or, but等词连接时，为了避免重复而把连词后面的不定式的to省去。比如：
23 I’d like to lie down and (to) go to sleep.
24 Do you want to have lunch now or (to) wait till later?
25 I haven't decided whether to go home or (to) stay at school during the coming summer vacation.
不过需要注意的是，若两个不定式动词之间有对比之义，则均须保留to。比如在4.5.3小节讨论过的这个例句：
26 The need to love and to be loved seems universal. Maybe this is one trait that separates human beings from other animals.
妙语点睛 这里的to love与to be loved之间显然有强调对比之意，所以and后面的不定式保留了to。
请看更多的例句：
27 It is the greatest happiness on earth to love and to be loved.
28 I came not to praise, but to scold you.
其实，即使不只是在并列结构中，只要不定式有对比强调的含义，此时不定式的to都会保留。比如：
29 To play fair is as important as to play well.
30 He likes to be respected, not to respect others.
六、在一些固定的动词搭配中
这些搭配包括：make do（设法应付，对付），make believe（假装），let drop（使……掉下来），let fall（让……倒下），let fly（放飞），let slip（放走，错失机会），let go of（松开），hear say（听说），leave go of（放走）等等。请看例句：
31 Let's make believe we are now on a deserted island.
谈到美国的好莱坞，有这样一个句子：
32 Hollywood is the land of make-believe. Actors pretend they’re someone else, and when the movie's finished, the producers make believe it's good.
思维总结
对于不定式to的省略结构，重点是4.14.1小节，以及4.14.2小节的第一和第三点，读者应该掌握这些用法。
思维训练4.14 Key
一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
1. The boy was made ______ （sing） the song once again.
2. Don't make children ______ （work） too hard.
3. They would rather ______ （die） than ______ （surrender）.
4. He could not choose but ______ （love） her.
5. She could do nothing but ______ （change） her name under the circumstances.
6. There was nothing to do except ______ （escape）.
7. He has no alternative but ______ （go） and ask his sister for help.
8. If he is not willing to be with you, why ______ （not, ask） somebody else?
9. Since he is only a kid, why ______ （make） fun of him?
10. A: What can you see in a park?
B: I can see birds ______ （fly） in the sky and sometimes I can see people ______ （do） shadowboxing.
A: Do you hear anything in the park?
B: Yes, I can hear people ______ （chat） here and there and sometimes I can hear young people ______ （speak） English at the English corner.
二、选择最佳答案填空。
11. Henry made his little brother ______ the dishes for him.
A. washing B. to wash C.wash D.washed
12. A: Did you translate it?
B: No, I ______ a friend to do it.
A. had B. got C.made D.let
13. They are going to have the serviceman ______ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install B. to install C.to be installed D.installed
14. The minister had his secretaries ______ a press conference.
A. arrange B. to arrange C.arranging D.arranged
15. To my great surprise, she preferred to give herself up ______ herself.
A. than hiding B. rather than to hide C.to hiding D.rather than hide
16. In the course of a day students do far more than just ______ classes.
A. attend B. attended C.to attend D.attending
17. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ______ the police.
A. called in B. calling in C.call in D.to call in
18. Having missed that last bus, Bob had no alternative ______ a taxi home though he did not like the idea.
A. but to take B. take to but C.to but take D.to take but
19. She could do nothing but ______ her name under the circumstances.
A. to change B. changing C.change D.to be changed
写给读者的话
一、本章学习思路
本章内容主要分为两大方面：一是不定式在句中所能充当的各种成分；二是不定式本身的构成形式，即不定式的时态和语态构成，要求读者能真正理解各种不定式形式所表达的不同含义。
二、本章重点及难点
本章的重点内容包括：
1. 不定式放在句末作主语；
2. 不定式作宾语的结构；
3. 不定式作宾语补足语的结构；
4. 不定式作定语的语义关系，重点是宾语关系和同位语关系；
5. 不定式用在形容词后面的语义关系，尤其要关注宾语关系；
6. 不定式作目的状语；
7. 掌握不定式逻辑主语的构成（一）：for+名词或代词+to do；
8. 熟练掌握不定式的被动结构、完成式的意义和用法，掌握完成不定式的谓语特点；
9. 熟练掌握省去to的不定式。
本章的难点在于4.6节讨论的“形容词+to do”这个结构，因为它有复杂的逻辑语义关系和句型结构。另外，4. 5节讨论的不定式作定语的结构也比较复杂，请注意理解各种逻辑语义关系，重点是宾语关系和同位语关系。
三、本章学习时间安排
非谓语中的“不定式”在繁杂程度上类似于从句中的“状语从句”，二者内容都比较多而杂，所以建议读者花较多的时间来学习。
读者可以花两周的时间来读完本章内容以及做完所有的练习。这些时间可以分为两大部分：大部分时间放在不定式作成分的内容方面，剩余时间用来集中研究不定式的时态和语态问题。其中应该把“名词+to do”和“形容词+to do”两部分内容结合起来分析比较，重点放在它们的逻辑语义关系上，这可以花五天的时间来认真研究、总结、反复思考并进行相应的练习。其他成分的内容可以花五天时间来学习。最后一部分时间分配到不定式的时态和语态上，重点是完成式to have done的意义。
在看完所有的讲解内容之后，读者可以再从头到尾总结一下，最后再做综合练习，并参照所给答案认真分析。
综合训练Key
一、选择最佳答案填空。
1. ______ any aspect of society, the sociologist must determine the laws influencing human behavior in social contexts.
A. Explain B. To explain C.One explains D.The explanation of
2. ______ as a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it was created.
A. To rank B. The ranking C.To be ranked D.For being ranked
3. ______ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, engineers are creating exotic new metallic substances.
A. Meet B. Being met are C.To meet D.They are meeting
4. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, ______ some bananas and visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C.to buy D.buy
5. We will have to get the Dean ______ this form.
A. to sign B. sign C.signed D.signing
6. She is having her car ______ this week.
A. to repair B. repair C.repaired D.repairing
7. The doctor had the patient ______ on at once.
A. operate B. operated C.to operate D.operating
8. My sister's professor had her ______ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.
A. rewritten B. to rewrite C.rewrite D.rewriting
9. The teacher had the students ______ their homework every day.
A. do B. to do C.done D.doing
10. We’re leaving at six o’clock in the morning, and hope to ______ most of the journey by lunch time.
A. be doing B. have done C.have been done D.do
11. A membership card authorizes ______ the club's facilities of a period of 12 months.
A. the holder using B. the holder's use C.the holder to use D.the holder uses
12. He asked ______ since he had been chairman for seven years.
A. not to have been re-elected B. to be not re-elected
C. not to be re-elected D.to have not been re-elected
13. The police were tracking the criminal who was said ______ in a nearby wood.
A. have hidden B. to be hiding C.to hiding D.to hide
14. At the Seventh International Ballet Competitions, Ferando Bujones won the first gold medal ever ______ to a United States male dancer.
A. to be awarded B. to award C.that awards D.should be awarding
15. “I was arguing with him about our plan just now.”
“Why ______ with him? He’ll never change his mind.”
A. arguing B. argue C.to argue D.you argue
16. It is extremely important for an engineer to know ______ a computer.
A. use B. to use C.how to use D.using
17. The ancient Egyptians are supposed ______ rockets to the moon.
A. to send B. to be sending C.to have sent D.to have been sending
18. He prefers to stay here ______ go home.
A. than to B. rather than C.rather than to D.than
19. The use of well-chosen nonsense words makes ______ the testing of many basic hypotheses in the field of language learning.
A. it is possible B. it possible C.possible D.them possible
20. I should very much like to have gone to the party, but I ______.
A. was not invited B. am not invited C.shall not be invited D.am not being invited
21. All too often, women complain that they’re educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce ______ as inferiors.
A. to treat B. to be treated C.be treated D.treat
22. After twenty years abroad, William came back only ______ his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.
A. finding B. to find C.was finding D.was to find
23. They were believed ______ the problem beforehand.
A. to discuss B. in discussing C.to have discussed D.to have been discussed
24. ______ money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.
A. Rather than getting B. Rather than to get C.Rather than get D.More than get
25. He came all the way to help her ______ that she drowned herself in a well.
A. only to find B. to find C.in order to find D.so as to find
26. He preferred ______with that Managing Editor.
A. not to identifying B. identify himself C.identity D.not to identify himself
27. Caught in the act, he had no alternative but ______.
A. confess B. confessing C.confessed D.to confess
28. It is heartening to see millions who had nothing but a record of misery and hunger ______ to improve their life.
A. having had the chance B. had the chance C.to have the chance D.have the chance
29. The girl tried many times to sneak across the border to a neighboring country, ______ each time.
A. having been caught B. always being caught C.had been caught D.only to be caught
30. I experienced having students ______ a thousand new words in a week.
A. considering less talented to remember B. considered less talented remember
C. considering less talented remember D.considered less talented to remember
31. The party ______ at my house, but the central heating broke down, and we had to have it at John's place.
A. would be B. have been C.was to be D.was to have been
32. For the government, the challenge ______ the reform to the end.
A. is carry out B. is to carry out C.is for carrying out D.is to carrying out
33. The Cubists were concerned with how ______ a given subject from different points of view simultaneously.
A. represented B. to represent C.do they represent D.represent
34. The parents scolded the child and made her promise ______ again.
A. never to do that B. what to do never C.that never to do that D.so never to do that
35. I spoke to the kid kindly ______ him.
A. not to frighten B. so as not to frighten C.in order to not frighten D.for not frightening
36. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal ______ that his method brings criticism from people who observe him.
A. only to find B. only find C.only finding D.only have found
37. The student continued to do mischief in class even though his teacher repeatedly told him ______.
A. not doing B. not C.not to D.to
38. The teacher doesn't allow ______ on the exam.
A. his students to cheat B. his students’ cheating C.to cheat D.his students cheat
39. The total influence of literature upon the course of human history ______.
A. is difficult to evaluate B. is difficult to evaluate it C.difficult to evaluate it D.it is difficult to evaluate
40. Those naughty boys were caught ______ flowers in the garden again.
A. to steal B. stealing C.to have stolen D.having stolen
41. Much of the forest, along with the farmland, near the Mount Saint Helens volcano, appears to ______ at the time of the eruption.
A. be destroying B. have been destroying C.be destroyed D.have been destroyed
42. By the first decade of the 21st century, international commercial air traffic is expected ______ vastly beyond today's levels.
A. to have extended B. to be extending C.to extend D.to be extended
43. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said ______ into dozens of languages in the last decade.
A. to have been translated B. to translate C.to be translated D.to have translated
44. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman ______ the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A. receive B. received C.to receive D.she received
45. The first explorer ______ California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1825.
A. that he reached B. to reach C.reached D.reaching it
46. If you still don't have an answer from the University of New York, why ______ call the admission office?
A. you don't B. not to C.not D.don't
47. I’d rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than ______ a room with someone else.
A. to share B. to have shared C.share D.sharing
48. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.
A. to have left B. to be leaving C.to leave D.to have been left
49. For nearly four hours they waited for the decision, only ______ to come again next day.
A. they were told B. to be told C.to tell D.being told
50. In order to ______ a passport, one must either present legal documents or call a witness to give evidence concerning one's identity.
A. be issued B. issue C.have issue D.have been issued
51. As luck would have it, my teacher happened to ______ America when an earthquake occurred in his native place.
A. visit B. have visited C.be visiting D.have been visiting
52. If we allow our imagination ______ by known research, our prophecies need not be sheer fantasy.
A. guided B. be guided C.to be guided D.being guided
53. During the exam, the school authorities won't allow ______ freely.
A. to talk B. talk C.talking D.to be talking
54. Since you changed lanes without signaling, you are as much ______ for the accident as us.
A. to be blamed B. to blame C.blamed D.blaming
二、辨别改错。
55. In order that【A】 save the California condor from【B】 extinction, a group of federal, local【C】, and private organizations initiated a rescue【D】 program.
56. Because of【A】 the recent accidents, our parents forbid me from swimming【B】 in the river unless【C】 someone agrees to watch over【D】 us.
57. Those part-time students expected to offer【A】 some jobs on【B】 campus during【C】 the coming【D】 summer vacation.
58. A conductor uses signals and gestures to let【A】 the musicians to know【B】 when to play【C】 various parts of a composition【D】.
59. Ogden Nash often extended【A】 sentences over【B】 several lines produce【C】 surprising【D】 and comical rhymes.
60. For thousands of years, people have used【A】 some kind【B】 of refrigeration cooling【C】 beverages and preserve edibles【D】.
61. The fragrant leaves【A】 of the laurel plant to sell【B】 commercially as bay leaves and are used for【C】 seasoning foods【D】.
62. As secretary【A】 of transportation from 1975 to 1977, William Coleman worked to help【B】 the bankrupt railroads in the northeastern United States solved【C】 their financial【D】 problems.
三、分析下面文章中黑体部分的不定式所充当的句子成分，并把文章译成流畅的汉语。
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail”at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.