Chapter 4 不定式
4.7 不定式的作用(六):作状语
4.7 不定式的作用(六):作状语
说到不定式充当状语,读者最熟悉的应该就是目的状语(adverbial of purpose),可以说这是不定式的“招牌”状语成分,几乎成了不定式的专属功能。因为在英语中很少有其他形式能够充当目的状语的,比如动名词不会充当目的状语,分词尽管最擅长作状语,但也不作目的状语。所以,不定式最主要的状语功能就是表示目的。除此以外,不定式作状语还可以表示结果、条件以及原因。因此,不定式主要可以充当目的状语、结果状语、条件状语和原因状语。
4.7.1 目的状语
上面刚刚提到,作目的状语是不定式最主要的功能之一,甚至是它的专属功能,因为在英语中很少有其他结构能担当此任。所以,不定式用作目的状语的情况是非常常见的。
首先,我们可以把to do结构放在句末,来表示句中某个动作的目的,即为目的状语。比如:
1 Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.
妙语点睛 句末的不定式短语to get rid of a rat用来表示谓语部分is like burning down your own house的目的,即为目的状语。
这句话说得很好,但真正懂得这个道理的人似乎不多,所以人们心中会有那么多的怨恨或愤怒。尽管如此,我们还是要学会宽容,就算是为了自己。我们再来看下面这个例句:
2 I’d climb the highest mountain, just to see your smile. I’d swim the ocean, just to hold your hand. I’d run a million miles, just to be with you forever.
妙语点睛 该句中的三个不定式短语to see your smile, to hold your hand和to be with you forever分别表示三个谓语动作climb the highest mountain, swim the ocean和run a million miles的目的,即均为目的状语。另外,细心的读者也许会注意到,这里的三个谓语用的都是虚拟语气,即would climb, would swim和would run。这是would虚拟假设的用法,我们在《英语语法新思维中级教程—— 通悟语法》中已经详细讨论过了。这里使用虚拟语气,只是为了表明“爱你”的勇气和决心,实际上这些动作不会真的发生。这句话就相当于我们汉语中的“海枯石烂”、“地老天荒”等这类的海誓山盟。即使是这样虚拟的“爱的谎言”,听起来也让人心动。
其次,若要强调目的状语,我们可以把to do提置句首。比如:
3 To avoid criticism, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing.
4 To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
5 Don't avoid the problem. To succeed, you have to tackle your difficulties.
再比如下面这则笑话:
6 A waiter is bringing the food to Mr. Smith's table. “Waiter!”exclaimed Mr. Smith. “Why have you got your thumb on my steak?”“Ah,”said the waiter thoughtfully. “To prevent it from falling off the plate, sir!”
再次,我们可用in order to do或so as to do来强调目的状语。比如:
7 I quote others in order better to express my own self.
再比如:
8 We had better start early so as to catch the train.
9 I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.
10 In order to play tennis, you need a tennis racket and tennis balls.
第四,作目的状语的不定式,其逻辑主语往往需要与句子的主语一致。比如上面的句子:
11 To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe.
妙语点睛 这个句子的主语one同时充当不定式to acquire的逻辑主语。
12 Don't avoid the problem. To succeed, you have to tackle your difficulties.
妙语点睛 这个句子的主语you同时充当不定式to succeed的逻辑主语。
13 You wake up one morning and think: Am I living my own life, or someone else's? The French writer Camus once said, “To be happy, we must not be too concerned with others.”
妙语点睛 这个句子的主语we同时充当不定式to be happy的逻辑主语。
如果不定式的逻辑主语不像上面几个句子这样明确,那么句子虽然显得不太规范,但并不认为它们是错误的。比如:
14 1) To study English well, a lot of practices are needed. *
2) A lot of practices are needed to study English well. *
尽管这两句话在汉语中讲得通,即“要学好英语,大量练习是必要的”,但在英文中,以上两句话均因句子的主语a lot of practices不能作不定式to study的逻辑主语而使得句子不规范。这两句话可以说成:
1) To study English well, you need a lot of practices.
2) A lot of practices are needed for you to study English well.
对此,读者需多加注意。再比如:
15 For any adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clean and free from moisture or grease.
妙语点睛 句子的主语是the surfaces,但它不能充当不定式to make a really strong bond的逻辑主语,所以我们只好借助for另外引出any adhesive来充当目的状语to make a really strong bond的逻辑主语。
最后要注意的是,不定式充当目的状语时,它的否定形式要用in order not to或so as not to,而不能单独用not to。比如:
16 We’d better start early, in order not to miss the train.
而不能说:
We’d better start early, not to miss the train. *
4.7.2 结果状语
由于目的状语算是不定式作状语的“头牌”,因此当我们用不定式作状语表示其他意义时,一般都要附加一些限制条件,以免抢了目的状语的“风头”。所以,读者将会看到,不定式作其他状语都仅限于一些特定的结构中,以避免与目的状语混淆。比如我们接下来要讨论的不定式作结果状语的情况往往就用于某些特定的句型结构中。
在很特殊的情况下,不定式to do可以直接用在句中作结果状语。比如:
1 He lived to see the Second World War.
妙语点睛 该句中的to see表示结果,此句相当于He lived until he saw the Second World War.
2 He lived to be a hundred years.
3 What have I done to offend you?
4 John left his hometown ten years ago, never to return.
5 We parted never to see each other.
虽然有上面这些直接用to do表示结果的例子,但作结果状语的不定式往往要用在一些固定的句型中。下面我们来讨论表示结果的四类不定式结构。
一、only to do
我们常用only to do引出意想不到的或不愉快的结果,表示说话人并不希望它发生。因此,这个结构具有消极的含义。请看例句:
6 We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left.
妙语点睛 不要认为这里的不定式是表示目的,否则会误解成“我们匆匆忙忙赶到火车站,目的就是为了看火车开走”,就会闹笑话。
7 All too often, women complain that they’re educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors.
这个句型在以前的四六级考试中多次出现,比如:
8 He worked very hard, ______ he had not finished half of the job.
A. to find B. finding C.just finding D.only to find
正确答案 D。
妙语点睛 这里前一个分句的意思是“他勤奋工作”,后一个分句的意思是“他还没有完成一半工作”,显然后半句是表示一个消极的意思。如果选to find来表示目的,显然语义逻辑上不通。选项B和C是现在分词,可以表示结果,但由于这句话有强烈的消极意思,所以最佳答案应该是D。
二、so...as to do/such as to do
上面提到so as to do可以作目的状语,但分开写的so...as to do却是表示结果的。这里so的后面常接一个形容词。注意不要漏掉as。请看例句:
9 Her story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.
10 He is so indifferent as to make everyone despair.
11 Her voice is so bad as to make everyone stare.
12 She looks so beautiful as to attract all of us.
另外,我们还可以用such来替换“so+形容词”,于是便有了such as to表示结果。比如上面的句子可以这样改写:
13 Her story is so sad as to arouse our sympathy.
= Her story is such as to arouse our sympathy.
14 He is so indifferent as to make everyone despair.
= His indifference is such as to make everyone despair.
15 Her voice is so bad as to make everyone stare.
= Her voice is such as to make everyone stare.
此外,such可以接不定冠词然后修饰名词,如:
16 She had such a good friend as to help her when she was in trouble.
三、...enough to do
这个结构读者应该非常熟悉,enough置于形容词后边。请读者看下面这个哲理故事:
17 Monkey-hunters use a box with an opening at the top, big enough for the monkey to slide its hand in, inside the box are nuts. The monkey grabs the nuts and now its hand becomes a fist. The monkey tries to get its hand out but the opening is big enough for the hand to slide in, but too small for the fist to come out. Now the monkey has a choice, either to let go of the nuts and be free forever or hang on to the nuts and get caught. Guess what it picks every time? You guessed it. He hangs on to the nuts and gets caught.
生活中有太多这样“执着的猴子”了,他们为情、为名、为利,紧握这些“坚果”而不松手。殊不知,有时过于执着也会造成伤害,不仅害己还会害人。放手吧,人生路上,轻装上阵,退一步海阔天空!
四、too...to do
对于这个句型,读者应该比较熟悉,但在使用过程中要注意以下四点:
1. 肯定形式,否定意思
对于这个结构,我们熟悉的意思是“太……而不能”,即“肯定形式,否定意思”。这里的否定意思其实来源于too这个词,因为在英语中too含有消极、负面的意思,因此整个句型的基本含义就是“对于(to do)这件事来说,(主语)显得太怎样了,因而做不了”,由此变成了“太……而不能”。比如上面那个故事中的这句话:
18 The opening is big enough for the hand to slide in, but too small for the fist to come out.
我们再来看下面这个小笑话:
19 Mistress: Be careful not to drop those china dishes.
Maid: Don't worry, madam. If they did fall they are too light to hurt my feet.
妙语点睛 我们看到,女仆的话里用了too...to do结构,其字面意思是“对于要弄伤我的脚来说,这些瓷器也太轻了,所以伤不了我的脚”。另外请注意,if引导的从句的谓语是一个虚拟语气形式did fall,这里不表示过去,只表示可能性极小。
女仆人:别担心,夫人。即使它们掉下来也不会伤着我的脚,因为它们很轻。
由这个例句我们看出,这里的副词too后面往往要接一个形容词(如light),然后再加不定式to do。所以,too...to do结构也属于我们在4.6节讨论过的“形容词+to do”句型。这里的逻辑关系是:句子的主语(they)同时充当不定式(to hurt my feet)的逻辑主语。当然也有句子的主语在不定式中作逻辑宾语的情况,比如:
20 The box is too heavy for me to even move.
妙语点睛 句子的主语the box充当不定式动词move的逻辑宾语,for me引出了不定式的逻辑主语。
21 The tea is too hot to drink.
妙语点睛 句子的主语the tea充当不定式动词drink的逻辑宾语。
22 Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.
妙语点睛 这是布什总统在谈到教育时说的一句话。句子的主语education充当不定式动词leave的逻辑宾语。
2. 肯定形式,肯定意思(一)
在上面的例句中我们看到,too...to do句型通常表示否定的意思,而且我们也解释了这个否定的意思来源于too,对于这些,读者应该已经非常熟悉了。但是,在too的后面接一些特殊的形容词时,如ready(乐意的),anxious(热心的,急切的),eager(热切的)和willing(愿意的),此时这个句型表示肯定的意思,相当于说“非常想”、“急于”、“时刻准备”等意思。请看例句:
23 You are too ready to find faults with other people.
妙语点睛 因为too的后面有特殊形容词ready,所以是肯定意思。
24 I’m just too eager to help you.
妙语点睛 因为too的后面有特殊形容词eager,所以是肯定意思。
3. 肯定形式,肯定意思(二)
当too的前面有only, all, but, really修饰时,这个结构亦表示肯定意思。请看例句:
25 He would be only too glad to be her boyfriend, but he knew he couldn't match her in family status.
妙语点睛 因为有only修饰too,所以是肯定意思,不能作否定理解,即“他太高兴了,所以不想成为她的男朋友”。
26 I am only too pleased to help you.
4. 否定句
以上我们看到的都是too...to do这个句型的肯定形式。它当然也有否定形式,而且还有两种否定形式:一种是在too前面否定,如not too...to do,也即否定句子的谓语;另一种是在to前面否定,如too...not to do,也即否定不定式结构。但这两种否定结构的意思不一样:前者表示“不很……所以能够”;后者表示“很……所以不会不”。请看例句:
27 We are never too old to learn.
28 He is too smart not to see your point.
4.7.3 条件状语
当不定式表示条件时,句子的谓语通常含有助动词,如:will, would, shall, should, must, can, could等,因为此时不定式短语前面的句子相当于一个主句,而不定式短语相当于一个条件状语从句。请看例句:
1 The father will be proud for his son to win the gold medal.
=The father will be proud if his son wins the gold medal.
妙语点睛 从这个改写后的句子我们看出,不定式短语for his son to win the gold medal相当于一个条件状语从句if his son wins the gold medal。相应地,前面的the father will be proud就成了一个主句,故此时句子的谓语往往带有情态动词,比如这里的will。
再比如:
2 One must be out of his mind to do such a thing.
=One must be out of his mind if he does such a thing.
既然不定式相当于一个条件状语从句,那么也可以表示一个虚拟条件,类似于一个虚拟语气,此时句子谓语的情态动词就要用过去形式,如would。请看例句:
3 I would have been happy to be invited to the party.
=I would have been happy if I had been invited to the party.
妙语点睛 从这个改写后的句子我们看出,不定式短语to be invited to the party相当于一个表示过去的虚拟条件状语从句if I had been invited to the party。相应地,前面的I would have been happy就成了一个表示过去的虚拟的主句。
再看下面这个对话,其中的不定式同样是表达一个虚拟条件:
4 A: I guess I should’ve brought my umbrella.
B: It would be nice to have one but how could you have known that this morning?
=It would be nice if you had one but how could you have known that this morning?
妙语点睛 从这个对话的语境我们知道,A并没有带伞,所以B用了虚拟语气的it would be nice to have one,相当于说“如果有一把伞当然好了”。这里的不定式to have one相当于一个对现在一般情况进行虚拟的条件状语从句if you had one。
从这个对话我们能推断出,今天早上天气一定很晴朗,不像要下雨的样子,但是在说话的这个时候似乎要下雨了。这是TOEFL的一道听力题,所以在听的时候,考生要能够听出这个弦外之音。另外,这里的should’ve brought以及could have known这种过去虚拟的谓语形式,我们在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》里详细讨论过。其实,这里的could have known这种谓语形式具有非常丰富的言外之意,有兴趣的读者可以参见《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》。
4.7.4 原因状语
表示产生某种感情的原因。这种用法的不定式不多见,在此不过多阐述,仅举几例予以说明。请看例句:
1 They laughed to see the clown.
=They laughed as they saw the clown.
2 I was delighted to meet him.
=I was delighted as I met him.
3 He is happy for his daughter to marry a wealthy man.
=He is happy as his daughter married a wealthy man.
思维总结
对于不定式用作状语的情况,最重要的就是作目的状语。另外,不定式作状语,在结构上并没有什么特点,因为英语中的状语本来就没有什么特点,很难找出一个共性的结构规律。所以读者即使有时很难判断某个不定式到底是作状语还是别的什么成分也没关系,只要能够理解句义即可。