Chapter 6 分词
6.8 分词构成的复合形容词
6.8 分词构成的复合形容词
在英文中，分词在构成复合形容词方面是非常活跃的，我们可以用现在分词和过去分词分别与名词、形容词和副词构成复合形容词。那么究竟什么时候用“名词（或形容词、副词）+现在分词”构成的复合形容词？什么时候又用“名词（或形容词、副词）+过去分词”构成的复合形容词？这个问题相当有难度。为了阐述清楚，我们先来界定“外部”和“内部”两方面的关系，然后分别讨论现在分词构成的复合形容词以及过去分词构成的复合形容词，最后讨论其他构成的复合形容词。
6.8.1 外部关系与内部关系
为了正确构造复合形容词，我们有必要搞清楚两类逻辑关系：外部关系和内部关系。请看下面这个例子：
English-speaking countries
所谓外部关系，是指现在分词或过去分词与它所修饰的名词之间的关系。如English-speaking countries这个短语，其外部关系即指现在分词speaking和它所修饰的名词countries之间的关系。所以，外部关系不外乎两种——主动关系或被动关系。比如countries与speak之间是主动关系，相当于说people in these countries speak (English)，所以用能够表示主动关系的现在分词speaking来构成复合形容词。
所谓内部关系，是指构成复合形容词的两个词之间的关系，也就是指现在分词或过去分词与能构成复合形容词的其他词（如名词、形容词或副词）之间的关系。如English-speaking countries这个短语，其内部关系即指现在分词speaking和名词English之间的关系。内部关系相当复杂，这也是构成复合形容词的难点。比如复合形容词English-speaking的两个构成元素English与speak，在逻辑上构成动宾关系，相当于说 (people in these countries) speak English。
由以上分析我们发现，“外部关系”决定了是用现在分词还是用过去分词来构成复合形容词，而“内部关系”则决定了是用名词、形容词还是副词来构成复合形容词。所以，分清楚以上两方面关系是正确使用这类复合形容词的关键。具体来说，首先分析“外部关系”，即先判断是应该用现在分词还是应该用过去分词来构成复合形容词。在外部关系正确无误的情况下，我们再判断“内部关系”，即判断应该用什么词性的词与分词构成复合形容词。只有在内部、外部关系都正确的情况下，复合形容词才构造正确。
例如，以下所列举的复合形容词均不正确：
English-spoken countries*
water-covering land*
a newly-building library*
naturally-occurred substances*
ready-making clothes*
nice-looked person*
good-done jobs*
读者不妨先试着分析一下为什么这些词不正确。学习完本节内容之后，答案自然就会揭晓。
6.8.2 现在分词构成的复合形容词
一、现在分词构成的复合形容词的共同特点
既然是用表示主动关系的现在分词构成复合形容词，那么这类复合形容词必然具有共同的“外部关系”特点：即被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，或者说被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。这其实就是现在分词的特征。既然外部关系存在共性，那么“内部关系”则是此类复合形容词的个性特点。所以正确理解“内部关系”，则成为正确使用此类复合形容词的关键。下面我们详细探讨现在分词与各类词构成的复合形容词。
二、名词+及物动词的现在分词
这是一类非常常见的复合形容词，使用频率非常高。比如2007年4月11日，温家宝到日本进行国事访问，他称之为“融冰之旅”。这里“融化”的英文是thaw，“冰”是ice，所以“融冰之旅”各大媒体当时就翻译成：
1 ice-thawing visit
妙语点睛 我们来分析这个复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。比如在ice-thawing visit这个短语中，visit可以作thaw的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The visit can thaw the ice.”。
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的宾语。比如在ice-thawing visit这个短语中，ice可以作thaw的宾语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The visit can thaw the ice.”。
我们再来看各个媒体对温总理“融冰之旅”的报道：
1） VOA News—Chinese Premier Making “Ice-thawing”Visit to Japan
2） Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao heads to Japan this week on what he calls an “ice-thawing”visit.
3） Wen kicks off “ice-thawing”visit to Japan TOKYO—Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrived in Tokyo Wednesday for a three-day official visit he described as an “ice thawer”of Sino-Japanese ties following the “ice-breaking”trip to China.
再比如“变脸”这个川剧的绝活，英文说成：
2 face-swapping skill
妙语点睛 这里的face-swapping就是一个形容词，修饰名词skill。我们还可以把face-swapping作为一个名词来使用。比如下面这个例句解释了何谓“变脸”。
3 Face-swapping is a mysterious part of Sichuan Opera. Performers put on and take off masks at such rapid speeds that the audience cannot tell how they do it.
关于如何减轻压力，有如下建议：
4 Have no more than five or six caffeine-containing drinks each day. Or, you can replace caffeine-rich, sweet drinks with chamomile tea: It helps to reduce stress.
妙语点睛 这类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：在caffeine-containing drinks这个短语中，drinks可以作及物动词contain的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The drinks contain caffeine.”。
内部关系：在caffeine-containing drinks这个短语中，caffeine可以作contain的宾语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The drinks contain caffeine.”。
我们来看更多的例子：
5 hostage-taking incident
6 peace-keeping force
妙语点睛 相当于说：force keeps peace。
7 freedom-loving people
妙语点睛 相当于说：people love freedom。
8 a man-eating beast
妙语点睛 相当于说：a beast eats a man。
9 You don't show up and I have to see that heart-breaking look on his face.
三、名词+不及物动词的现在分词
以上的分词是及物动词，我们下面再来看不及物动词的现在分词与名词构成的复合形容词有何特点。请看例句：
10 You may not be able to travel through the skies on your own. But you can be flying high in minutes with a sky-walking kite.
妙语点睛 这类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。比如在sky-walking kite这个短语中，kite可以作walk的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The kite walks in the sky.”。
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即动作与状语的关系。具体来说，复合形容词内的名词可与特定的介词连用构成介词短语，然后来修饰现在分词所表示的动作。比如在sky-walking kite这个短语中，名词sky可以与介词in搭配构成介词短语in the sky，然后修饰分词的动作walk，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The kite walks in the sky.”。
通过比较上述两种由“名词+现在分词”构成的复合形容词，我们会发现，其中的名词与分词的关系是不同的。在“名词+及物动词的现在分词”中，存在动宾关系，而在“名词+不及物动词的现在分词”中，因为此时的分词是不及物动词，所以不能带有宾语，因而只存在动状关系。
我们来看更多的例子：
11 a night-walking animal
妙语点睛 相当于说：an animal walks at night。
12 a winter-blooming plant
妙语点睛 相当于说：a plant blooms in winter。
13 a sky-flying kite
妙语点睛 相当于说：a kite flies in the sky。
14 a desert-dwelling tribe
妙语点睛 相当于说：a tribe dwells in the desert。
四、名词+系动词的现在分词
这类复合形容词比较少见，它是来自于“系动词+名词（作表语）”这一句型。请看例句：
15 In recent years, the debate over whether fossil-appearing objects from Mars were, in fact, indicators of past or present life on that planet has prompted many to ask whether people are ready, psychologically, to accept the possibility of life elsewhere.
妙语点睛 这类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。比如在fossil-appearing objects这个短语中，objects可以作appear的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The objects appear to be fossils.”。
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的系表关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的表语。比如在fossil-appearing objects这个短语中，名词fossil可以作系动词appear的表语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The objects appear to be fossils.”。
这类形容词类似于下面将要讨论的“形容词+系动词的现在分词”（如good-looking）。
五、形容词+系动词的现在分词
16 a good-looking man
妙语点睛 这类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。比如在good-looking man这个短语中，man可以作look的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“A man looks good.”。
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的形容词存在逻辑上的系表关系，即复合形容词内的形容词在逻辑上是作分词的表语。比如在good-looking man这个短语中，形容词good可以作系动词look的表语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“A man looks good.”。
我们来看更多的例子：
17 lame-sounding stories
妙语点睛 相当于说：stories sound lame。
18 a funny-looking clown
妙语点睛 相当于说：a clown looks funny。
19 an easy-going person
妙语点睛 相当于说：a person goes easy。
20 the nice-sounding music
妙语点睛 相当于说：the music sounds nice。
六、副词+不及物动词的现在分词
21 the handsome fast-talking and habitual liar attorney
妙语点睛 这类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语。比如在fast-talking attorney这个短语中，attorney可以作talk的主语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子：An attorney talks fast.
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的副词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即复合形容词内的副词在逻辑上是作分词的状语。比如在fast-talking attorney这个短语中，副词fast可以作动词talk的状语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子：An attorney talks fast.
另外，构成复合形容词的副词还可以是最高级的形式。比如：
22 I know that some universities have a policy of expelling the worst performing students in order to keep their standards high.
妙语点睛 这里的worst performing就是一个复合形容词，修饰students，其中worst就是副词bad的最高级形式。
我们来看更多的例子：
23 far-reaching events
=events reach far
24 hard-working people
=people work hard
25 a far-seeing politician
=a politician sees far
26 naturally-occurring substances
=substances occur naturally
6.8.3 过去分词构成的复合形容词
一、过去分词构成的复合形容词的共同特点
既然是用表示被动关系的过去分词构成复合形容词，那么这类复合形容词必然具有共同的“外部关系”的特点，即被修饰的名词与过去分词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，或者说被修饰的名词可以作过去分词的逻辑宾语。这其实也就是过去分词的共同特征。既然外部关系存在共性，那么“内部关系”则是这一类复合形容词的个性特点。所以正确理解“内部关系”就成为正确使用这一类复合形容词的关键。下面我们详细探讨过去分词与各类词构成的复合形容词。
二、名词+及物动词的过去分词
我们先来看一组有关2003年以美国为首的盟军攻打伊拉克的例子。首先，“以美国为首的盟军”的英语是这样说的：
1 U.S.-led coalition
这些盟军发动了“一场以美国为主导的对伊拉克的战争”：
2 Both Romania and of course Britain, America's staunchest ally, support a U.S.-led war on Iraq.
日本对这场战争也给予了不遗余力的支持：
3 Japan's parliament on Tuesday passed a bill extending air force support for the U.S.-led war in Iraq for another two years, despite opposition calls for the troops to be brought home.
对于这场战争，当时俄罗斯和法国是坚决反对的：
4 United Nations Security Council permanent members Russia and France have opposed the U.S.-proposed resolution that would authorize the use of force, if Iraq fails to comply with weapons inspections.
由以上例句，我们可以总结出该类复合形容词具有如下特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与过去分词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即被修饰的名词可以作过去分词的逻辑宾语。比如在U.S.-led war这个短语中，war可以作lead的宾语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“The U.S. leads the war.”。或者相当于一个被动句“The war is led by the U.S.”。
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的状语。比如在U.S.-led war这个短语中，这个短语相当于一个被动句“The war is led by the U.S.”。这里的by the U.S.作状语，修饰led。
下面的例子讲的是关于联想（Lenovo）集团选拔海外奥运火炬手的活动，这个活动是由“联想集团组织的”：
5 “Lenovo-organized Olympic torchbearer nominee selection among foreigners living in China”is in full swing.
我们来看更多的例子：
6 The frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and storms has increased steadily over the past century. Many experts believe the extreme weather conditions are to a large extent the result of human-induced climate change.
7 password-protected files
=files protected by a password
8 man-made fibers
=fibers made by man
9 hand-made gloves
=gloves made by hand
10 water-covered lands
=lands covered with water
11 state-owned enterprises
=enterprises owned by the state
12 helium-filled balloons
=balloons filled with helium
从以上这些例子我们也看到内部的动状关系，即内部的名词（如hand, water）表示过去分词（made, covered）动作的行为方式（如made by hand）或状态（如covered with water）。
三、形容词+及物动词的过去分词
13 a green-painted house
=painted a house green
14 a red-dyed cloth
=dyed a cloth red
15 a ready-made dress
=made a dress ready
16 a clean-shaven man
=a man shaved himself clean
由以上例子我们可以总结出该类复合形容词具有如下特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与过去分词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即被修饰的名词可以作过去分词的逻辑宾语。比如在green-painted house这个短语中，house可以作paint的宾语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子“(Someone) painted the house green.”。或者相当于一个被动句“The house was painted green.”。
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的形容词存在逻辑上的动补关系，即动词与补足语的关系，也就是说复合形容词内的形容词在逻辑上是作分词动作的补足语。比如在green-painted house这个短语中，整个短语相当于这样一个句子：(Someone) painted the house green. 这里的green是宾语补足语，补充说明house。
四、副词+及物动词的过去分词
17 Obama the newly elected president since the Great Depression, are finding the most serious financial crisis, while the U.S. economy is also facing a decline in long-term risks.
由以上例子我们可以总结出该类复合形容词的特点：
外部关系：前面说过，被修饰的名词与过去分词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即被修饰的名词可以作过去分词的逻辑宾语。比如在newly elected President这个短语中，President可以作elect的宾语，整个短语相当于这样一个句子：(People) elected the President newly.
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的副词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即动作与状语的关系，也就是说复合形容词内的副词在逻辑上是作分词动作的状语。比如在newly elected President这个短语中，newly作状语，修饰谓语elected。
我们来看更多的例子：
18 a democratically-elected prime minister
=a prime minister elected democratically
19 a newly-built library
=a library built newly
20 the above-mentioned items
=the items mentioned above
21 a tightly-packed box
=a box packed tightly
22 a well-bred young man
=a young man bred well
另外，这里的副词还可以有比较级或最高级的形式。比如：
23 a best-loved book
=a book loved best
6.8.4 其他构成的复合形容词
在英语中，除了上面讨论的由现在分词和过去分词构成的复合形容词外，还有其他结构的复合形容词，我们在此一并讨论。这类复合形容词的逻辑关系比较简单，不像上面由分词构成的复合形容词那样具有非常繁多而又复杂的逻辑关系。这些复合形容词主要有：
一、形容词+名词+ed
1 Studying spoken English really can be easy, even in a fast-paced and demanding world.
2 bad-tempered people
3 warm-hearted people
4 cold-blooded animals
5 narrow-minded people
6 a blue-eyed man
7 near-sighted people
8 a long-haired girl
9 middle-aged people
10 ill-humored people
11 lighter-skinned people
二、数词+名词+ed
12 a one-eyed camel
13 a two-faced person
14 a three-legged table
15 a ten-storyed building
思维总结
对于分词构成的复合形容词，关键是要理解其中的“内部关系”。关于众多复杂的内部关系，现列举如下：
一、现在分词构成的复合形容词
由现在分词构成的复合形容词，被修饰的名词与现在分词存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
1. 名词+及物动词的现在分词
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动宾关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的宾语。
an ice-thawing visit
=A visit thaws ice.
2. 名词+不及物动词的现在分词
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即动作与状语的关系。具体来说，复合形容词内的名词可与特定的介词连用构成介词短语，然后修饰现在分词所表示的动作。
a night-walking animal
=An animal walks at night.
3. 名词+系动词的现在分词
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的系表关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的表语。
fossil-appearing objects
=The objects appear to be a fossil.
4. 形容词+系动词的现在分词
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的形容词存在逻辑上的系表关系，即复合形容词内的形容词在逻辑上是作分词的表语。
a good-looking man
=A man looks good.
5. 副词+不及物动词的现在分词
内部关系：现在分词与构成复合形容词的副词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即复合形容词内的副词在逻辑上是作分词的状语。
hard-working people
=people work hard
二、过去分词构成的复合形容词
由过去分词构成的复合形容词，被修饰的名词与过去分词存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
6. 名词+及物动词的过去分词
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的名词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即复合形容词内的名词在逻辑上是作分词的状语。
man-made fibers
=fibers made by man
7. 形容词+及物动词的过去分词
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的形容词存在逻辑上的动补关系，即动词与补足语的关系，也就是说复合形容词内的形容词在逻辑上是作分词动作的补足语。
a green-painted house
=painted a house green
8. 副词+及物动词的过去分词
内部关系：过去分词与构成复合形容词的副词存在逻辑上的动状关系，即动作与状语的关系，也就是说复合形容词内的副词在逻辑上是作分词动作的状语。
a newly-built library
=a library built newly
9. 形容词+名词+ed
a blue-eyed man
10. 数词+名词+ed
a one-eyed camel
读者首先必须熟练掌握上述各种不同的逻辑关系，然后才可能灵活构造复合形容词。
思维训练6.8 Key
选择最佳答案填空。
1. You would be ______ if you thought that the problem was so cut and dried; in reality, it is much more complicated.
A. narrow-minded B. narrow-minding C.narrowly-mind D.narrowly-minded
2. ______ substances include various forms of silica, pumice, and emery.
A. Natural abrasives occur B. Abrasion occurs in natural
C. Naturally occurring abrasive D.A natural occurrence of abrasion
3. The ______ economy at the turn of the century was due in large part to the influx of thousands of immigrants.
A. rapid expanding B. rapid expansion C.rapidly expanding D.rapid expand
写给读者的话
一、本章学习思路
学习本章时，读者要抓住三个关键词——结构、意义和功能。
“结构”有两个层面的含义：一是分词的各种结构形式，如done, doing, having done和 having been done等；二是指分词作状语的不同结构，比如单独的分词作状语、独立分词结构作状语等。
“意义”也有两个层面的含义：一是各种不同的分词形式对应不同的意义；二是作状语的分词结构所表达的含义，如原因、时间和条件等等。
“功能”主要是指分词在句中的句法功能，比如作状语、定语和补足语。要注意某些结构形式的分词不能充当某些功能，比如having done这一结构形式不能作定语。
关于上述这些内容，我们在6.7节中都已经详细总结了。所以，建议读者把6.7节认真研读五遍以上，并结合其他各节的内容学习。
总的来说，掌握分词的意义是基础，分清分词的各种结构及其所能表达的意义与功能是核心内容。
二、本章重点及难点
本章重点内容包括：
1. 分词的意义，包括现在分词的含义和过去分词的含义；
2. 分词作状语的结构及意义；
3. 何时采用分词的完成式；
4. 分词构成的复合形容词。
就难点而言，总体来说，分词的内容都是比较难的。难点的核心是能否真正理解和运用各种不同的分词结构形式，这就是我们在6.7节总结的内容，要认真研读。
三、本章学习时间安排
分词很难。据我了解，分词是中国的英语学习者运用得非常不好的一个造句规则，很多读者对分词搞不清楚。但分词又非常重要。所以我建议，读者要下大力气把分词好好搞清楚！建议读者花三周的时间，围绕6.7节中总结的内容，结合各节的详细讲解，把这一章读完。在具体的学习过程中，建议读者每看完一小节内容，就思考与总结一下，并及时做相应的巩固练习，而且要把每一道题真正弄懂。这样认真学习一遍之后，再从头到尾把本章内容复习两遍以上，然后再做后面的综合练习。同样要求研读每一道题及其答案详解，反复思考、琢磨。只有这样下一番工夫，方能真正领会分词的思维规律，灵活运用分词来连词造句！
综合训练Key
一、选择正确答案填空。
1. ______ an answer, they decided to send an express telegram to them.
A. Having received not B. Not received C.Received not D.Not having received
2. Niagara Falls is a great tourist attraction, ______ millions of visitors every year.
A. to draw B. drawing C.to be drawn D.draws
3. The computer works very fast, ______data at the speed of light.
A. having handled B. handling C.handled D.handles
4. Though ______ no Japanese, Charles was able to communicate with them.
A. having understood B. understanding C.understood D.being understood
5. This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ______ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A. being B. been C.to be D.having been
6. The speech which he made ______ the project has bothered me greatly.
A. being concerned B. concerned C.be concerned D.concerning
7. The question ______ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.
A. to debate B. to be debated C.debated D.that it will be debated
8. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.
A. being settled B. to be settled C.had settled D.as settled
9. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools should be established in every town ______ 50 households or more.
A. having B. to have C.to have had D.having had
10. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ______ to go to school.
A. to be encouraged B. being encouraged C.been encouraged D.be encouraged
11. Don't get your schedule ______; stay with us in this class.
A. to change B. changing C.changed D.change
12. No matter how frequently ______, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A. performing B. performed C.to be performed D.being performed
13. ______ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces.
A. Dissatisfying thoroughly B. To dissatisfy thoroughly
C. Being thoroughly dissatisfied D.To be thoroughly dissatisfied
14. ______ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. When compared B. Compare C.While comparing D.Comparing
15. The guard walked through the train ______ everyone's ticket.
A. inspecting B. inspected C.being inspected D.to be inspected
16. ______ nothing to talk about, the head said good-bye and went out of the room.
A. There was B. Being C.As there being D.There being
17. ______, the price would be reasonable.
A. All things are considered B. For all things consider
C. All things considered D.If all things considered
18. ______ the work of twentieth-century artists, the Museum of Modern Art opened in 1929.
A. To intend to display B. Was intended to display
C. Intending to display D.Intended to display
19. ______ at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capital building is made of white granite and marble.
A. Erected B. Was erected C.To erect it D.Erecting
20. Really? She had her driving license ______ for reckless driving?
A. withdraw B. withdrawing C.withdrew D.withdrawn
21. With such a strong wind ______, the wire may break at any time.
A. blows B. blowing C.blew D.is blowing
22. ______ left before the deadline, I am afraid I can't finish the experiment on time.
A. Although such a short time B. It is such a short time
C. With so short time D.With such a short time
23. We have to go to other places to find a crane, there ______ no crane here that stands idle.
A. is B. to be C.being D.having been
24. As a pianist, he can hardly stand hearing a piano ______ so badly.
A. playing B. being played C.to play D.having played
25. Geophysicists have collaborated with archaeologists and anthropologists to study the magnetic properties of pottery and fireplaces at sites ______ by early humans.
A. occupied B. occupying C.which occupy D.were occupied
26. During the course of its growth, a frog undergoes a true metamorphosis ______ with a fishlike larval stage.
A. begin B. began C.beginning D.is begun
27. ______ you should have no trouble with the difficult work.
A. Knowing this B. If you are knowing this C.From knowing this D.If you had known this
28. One should never lose one's heart when ______ temporary difficulties.
A. confronted with B. confront with C.confronting with D.confronted
29. The difference between a winner and loser is, when ______ immense difficulties, the former never loses heart.
A. confronted with B. confronting with C.it is confronted with D.confront with
30. The other two children and three of the adults also had wounds ______ surgery.
A. required B. require C.requiring D.to require
31. A stream of volcanic lava flows differently, ______ on the sort of ground it flows over.
A. to depend B. depending C.that depends D.when it depended
32. To everybody's surprise, the meeting ended, with nothing ______.
A. settled B. being settled C.settling D.to settle
33. These are examples of the problems ______ by science that we in America and other societies face.
A. to be posed B. that has been posed C.posed D.posing
34. ______ from general worker-protection laws, women workers are also satisfied with special laws designed to protect them.
A. Being benefited B. Benefiting C.Benefited D.Been benefited
35. Efforts should be made to cultivate a business and legal environment ______ fair competition between national industries and foreign-funded enterprises.
A. facilitate B. facilitated C.facilitating D.to be facilitating
36. A similar system has been used to aid in the removal of brain tumors in children, a procedure ______ extremely risky.
A. to be considered B. considered
C. to have been considered D.considering
37. ______ any previous experience, John doesn't stand a chance of getting that job.
A. Not having B. Not having had C.Having not D.Having not had
38. I picked my way through the wet grass, my feet ______ the saturated soil.
A. sank into B. to sink into C.being sunk into D.sinking into
39. ______ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.
A. He was deprived of B. That he was deprived of
C. Although he was deprived of D.Deprived of
40. Everything ______ into consideration, Bob is more suitable for the job.
A. taking B. being taken C.to be taken D.taken
41. Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials, ______.
A. differ only in degree B. only in degree it differs C.it only differs in degree D.differing only in degree
42. ______ for her anthropological research, Miss Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
A. Noted primarily B. Noting primarily C.Being primarily noted D.Having primarily noted
43. ______, she went back to her room.
A. There was no cause for alarm B. There being no cause for alarm
C. There be no cause for alarm D.There has been no cause for alarm
44. The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones ______ together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.
A. bound B. to bind C.binding D.bind them
45. The criticism threw new light on the novel and the students found themselves ______ it with fresh eyes.
A. read B. reading C.to read D.having read
46. The carat, ______ as a unit for weighing gems, derived its name from the Greek word for the carob bean, a small weight.
A. is still used B. still used C.still is used D.it is still used
47. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ______ to the outside world.
A. being lost B. having lost C.losing D.lost
48. With age, the mineral content of human bones decreases, ______ them more fragile.
A. make B. and to make C.thereby making D.which it makes
49. Alaska found the first years of its statehood costly because it had to take over the expense of services ______ previously by the federal government.
A. to be provided B. being provided C.provided D.providing
50. ______ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Erie Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
A. The extension of B. The extension C.Extending D.Extends
51. Only a small portion of college youth have actually been drafted and sent to fight in Vietnam, as ______ to the nation's previous wars.
A. compared B. comparing C.comparison D.being compared
52. The house was very quiet, ______ as it was on the side of a mountain.
A. isolated B. isolating C.being isolated D.having been isolated
53. ______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A. Being published B. Published C.Publishing D.To be published
54. First designated in 1970, Earth Day has become an annual international event ______ concerns about environmental issues such as pollution.
A. dedicated to raising B. dedicated raising C.dedicates to raise D.that dedicates to raising
55. The country's chief exports are iron ore, coal, wool and cotton goods, wool ______ the most important of these.
A. has been B. is C.being D.is being
56. With all the work ______, I don't know if I’ll have time to go out.
A. done B. to be done C.to do D.doing
57. I eventually found her ______ ______ with her friends in a pub.
A. sit/chatting B. sitting/to chat C.sitting/chatting D.sit/to chat
58. In Europe it is quite usual to cross your legs when you are sitting ______ to someone even at an important meeting.
A. to talk B. to talking C.talking D.for talking
59. Along the rocky New England coast are small areas of sand gravel beach, some created from debris, ______ by the action of ocean storms.
A. others build up B. others built up C.others are build up D.others were built up
60. She answered the door ______ a magazine she ______.
A. carried/read B. carrying/had been reading
C. carried/was reading D.carrying/had read
61. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ______ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating C.seated D.having been seated
62. Peter went to the Congress very early, ______ to push out the dissidents as many as he could.
A. his mind being made up B. with his mind made up
C. with his mind making up D.his mind making up
63. He smiled, stared at her hand for a moment, then ______ away quickly.
A. walked B. walking C.to walk D.walks
64. The delegates were seen ______ in the hall but they didn't make known the problems ______.
A. be assembling/discussed B. assembling/discussed
C. assembled/discussing D.being assembled/discussing
65. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery ______ just around the corner was untrue.
A. would be B. to be C.was D.being
66. The letters of Abigail Adams to her husband and future President, John, ______ during the American Revolution, conveyed a vivid picture of the times.
A. were written B. which written C.written D.written when
67. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor the air contains at a certain temperature ______ with the amount it could hold at that temperature.
A. to compare B. compared C.comparing D.compares
68. All eels spawn in the sea, the eggs hatching into transparent, ribbon-like larvae ______, feeding until they metamorphose into small eels.
A. that drift about B. drift about C.about drifting D.drift about them
69. Founded around 1075, the Acoma Pueblo is considered ______ settlement in the United States.
A. the oldest continuously occupied B. occupied continuously the oldest
C. the oldest occupied continuously D.continuously the oldest occupied
二、辨别改错。
70. Beethoven, the great musician, wrote【A】 nine symphonies in his life, most of them were written【B】 after he had lost【C】 his hearing【D】.
71. Writing【A】 in verse, lucid style, the book describes the author's childhood【B】 experiences【C】 in Louisiana just before outbreak【D】 of the Civil War.
72. Founded【A】 in 1961 and employed【B】 an estimated【C】 35, 000 people, the organization has gained a reputation for brutality【D】.
73. He cannot tell the difference between true【A】 praise and flattering【B】 statements making【C】 only to gain【D】 his favor.
74. Whenever we hear of【A】 a natural disaster, even【B】 in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy【C】 for the people to have affected【D】.
75. In the teaching of【A】 mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with【B】 teachers presenting formal【C】 lectures and students take【D】 notes.
76. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting【A】 not so much a leisurely【B】 lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are【C】 too valuable to be wasted【D】.
77. The universe works in a way so far remove【A】 from what common sense would【B】 allow that【C】 words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it【D】.
78. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring【A】 the seven auto-makers selling【B】 the most cars in the state making【C】 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free【D】 by 1998.
79. Plants synthesize【A】 carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide with the aid【B】 of energy is derived【C】 from sunlight【D】.
80. Charlotte Perkins Gilman is known primarily【A】 as an author of short【B】 stories, but she also wrote an influential book argued【C】 for equal【D】 economic opportunities for women.
81. Government money appropriated for art【A】 in the 1930's made possible【B】 hundreds of murals and statues still admiration【C】 in small towns all over【D】 the United States.
82. Ulysses S. Kay was among the【A】 United States composers visited【B】 the Soviet Union in 1958 to participate【C】 in a cultural exchange program【D】.
83. Carrie Chapman was instrumental【A】 in passing【B】 the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution gives【C】 women the right to vote【D】.
84. Carrie Chapman organized【A】 the League of Women Voters after【B】 successfully campaign【C】 for the constitutional amendment that gave【D】 women the right to vote.
85. With【A】 production having gone up【B】 steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing【C】 supply of【D】 raw materials.
86. Financier Andrew Mellon donated【A】 most of his magnificent art collection【B】 to the National Gallery of Art, where【C】 it is now locating【D】.
87. Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of【A】 a living environment and a nonliving environment, the latter【B】 is composed【C】 of air, rocks【D】, soil, and water.
88. Bacteria lived【A】 in the soil play【B】 a vital role in recycling【C】 the carbon and nitrogen needed【D】 by plants.
89. Some【A】 snakes have hollow teeth are called【B】 fangs that they【C】 use to poison【D】 their victims.
90. Compare【A】 with the jagged【B】 estuaries【C】 of the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast seems almost uniformly【D】 straight.
91. Discovery【A】 in 1789 and【B】 isolated from【C】 other elements in 1841, uranium is valued as【D】 a source of atomic energy.
92. Celery, an edible【A】 plant is having【B】 long stalks topped with【C】 feathery leaves, grows best【D】 in cool weather.
93. In 1862 Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act, allows【A】 settlers【B】 160 acres of free land【C】 after they had worked it for【D】 five years.
94. After【A】 a heavy rain, a rainbow may spread all the way across【B】 the sky, its two ends seem【C】 to rest on【D】 the Earth.
95. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced【A】 ability, organizing【B】 two sounds delivered【C】 at a high rate as one call【D】.
96. If a hydrogen-filling【A】 balloon is brought【B】 near【C】 a flame, it will explode【D】.
97. Were【A】 the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it could【B】 dramatically transform a family-ran【C】 enterprise that still gets 90% of its【D】 revenues from newspapers.
98. Because【A】 the diamond is the hardest natural【B】 occurring substance, it is used in industry for cutting【C】, grinding, and boring other hard【D】 materials.
99. A great many【A】 teachers firmly【B】 believe that English is one of the poorest-taught【C】 subjects in high schools at present【D】.
100. As long as【A】 poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with【B】 richer people, who in general are lighter【C】 skin【D】, there's going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.