6.2 分词的作用（一）：状语

6.2 分词的作用（一）：状语

分词作状语是分词用法的核心内容之一，是分词用法的“重头戏”。关于分词作状语，我们首先要搞清楚两个核心问题，即分词作状语的结构与意义。所谓结构，即指分词作状语的各种结构形式。比如单个分词作状语，或“名词+分词”这样的独立分词结构作状语等等。所谓意义，即指分词作状语所能表达的各种逻辑语义关系，比如表示原因、条件或让步等等意义。正确分析和使用分词作状语的关键，是要掌握分词作状语的各种结构，在保证结构正确使用的前提下，再分析分词在具体的句子中所表达的意思。为此，本节先来总结分词作状语的四种结构，然后讨论它们表达的种种不同意义。

6.2.1 主语一致：单独的分词（短语）作状语

单独的分词（短语）作状语，即分词前面没有带名词，而是直接把分词短语放在句首、句中或句末作状语。此时分词短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。换句话说，分词的动作应该是由句子的主语发出的。为了证明这种“主语一致”的重要性，我们先来举例反证，看看如果两个主语不一致，会出现什么情况。

一、垂悬分词（dangling participle）

受汉语思维方式的影响，很多英语初学者往往会造出中文通顺但不符合英文逻辑表达的句子，“垂悬分词”就是其中很重要的一种。比如，中文里说：

1 等车的时候，一块砖头砸到我头上了。

这句话非常通顺。但这句话若按中文语序直接译成英语就会出问题。请看译文：

Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head. *

妙语点睛　这句话里用了分词waiting，动词waiting必然有一个动作的发出者，或称为分词的逻辑主语。按照英文思维表达规律的要求，后面句子的主语a brick同时要充当分词waiting的逻辑主语。换句话说，分词动作waiting的发出者就是a brick。然而，事实上这讲不通，因为a brick不可能“等车（waiting for a bus）”。于是，这里的分词waiting找不到自己的逻辑主语了，英文里将这种情形的分词结构叫做“垂悬分词（dangling participle）”，这是一种典型的分词误用结构。然而在中文中，“等”的逻辑主语是隐含在语境中的，是“我”在等车。但英文不接受这样的逻辑表达，英文里要求句子的主语必须能够作分词动作的发出者。如果不是，则不能用分词。比如，这句话我们只好改用从句来明确说出waiting动作的执行者，因此可改译成“When I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.”。

我们再来看这个句子：

After doing my homework, the dog was fed. *

妙语点睛　这个句子要是译成中文，可以译为“做完作业就喂狗了”，也是通顺的。但在英文里，是犯了“垂悬分词”的错误，因为句子的主语the dog不能doing my homework。这句话可以改成After I did my homework, I fed the dog. 或After doing my homework, I fed the dog.

我们再来看下列典型的错误句子，尽管它们在汉译时很通顺：

Looking out of the window, there are lots of people in the street. *

精品译文　朝窗外看，发现街上有很多人。

When using the computer, the password must be remembered. *

精品译文　用电脑时，要记住密码。

Arriving home, the door was found locked. *

精品译文　刚到家，发现门是锁着的。

Being a pop fan, Jay Chou is her favorite. *

精品译文　作为一个流行乐迷，周杰伦是她最喜欢的歌手。

上面这些句子均因为分词的动作与句子主语不搭配而造成错误。我们可以将它们作以下调整：

2 Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street.

妙语点睛　这里的动作looking是由I发出的，即I 是looking的逻辑主语，原句相当于When I looked out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street.

3 When using the computer, you must remember the password.

妙语点睛　这里的动作using是由you发出的，即you 是using的逻辑主语，原句相当于When you use the computer, you must remember the password.

4 Arriving home, I found the door locked.

妙语点睛　这里的动作arriving是由I发出的，即I 是arriving的逻辑主语，原句相当于When I arrived home, I found the door locked.

5 Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Zhou most.

妙语点睛　这里的being的逻辑主语是句子的主语she，原句相当于“As she is a pop fan, she likes Jay Zhou most.”。

其实，汉语里有时也有类似“垂悬分词”这样逻辑不搭配的情况。比如我曾经看到某媒体上有一则关于新东方学校的报道里有这样一句话，读起来就不是很通顺：

作为中国英语培训界的巨头，新东方的ELLIS英语培训中心将在今年9月推出。

这里句子的主语不是“新东方”，真正的主语是“ELLIS英语培训中心”，但它不是“中国英语培训界的巨头”。所以，这个句子宜按照类似于上面讨论的英语思维逻辑改写成：

作为中国英语培训界的巨头，新东方将在今年9月推出ELLIS英语培训中心。

所以我们看到，不同语言的思维逻辑有相通的地方。至于上述错误的英语句子为什么在汉语中很通顺，那是因为汉语的主语在具体语境中往往都会省去不说，这就是汉语中著名的“无主句（null-subject sentence）”，它反映了汉语简洁性（conciseness）的特点。汉语中虽省去了主语，但说话人彼此之间都清楚地知道这个主语是什么。但英语这门语言强调精确性（preciseness），所以需要分词的主语明显地出现，即作为句子的主语出现。这就是英汉两种语言的在思维表达上的差异所在。下面我们来分析“分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语须一致”的情形。

二、分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语须一致

我们说“分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语须一致”，也就是说分词的动作应该是由句子的主语发出的。我们先来看下面这个小故事。

6 There was a mutual attraction between my sister and a trainee working at her office. However, both being shy, they could barely even speak to each other. During an office party, my sister went into the kitchen to get a drink and the trainee followed. Opening the freezer, he took out some ice, placed it on the work surface and began smashing it with a tin of coffee. Smiling, he explained, “I just wanted to break the ice between us.”

妙语点睛　这段话里有三个分词作状语，其中both being shy是独立分词结构，我们将在下面的6.2.2小节中详细讨论。而opening和smiling则是单独的分词作状语，它们和后面句子的主语he都构成逻辑语义搭配。如果改说成Opening the freezer, some ice was taken out...则成为“垂悬分词”，致使句子不通顺。

精品译文　我姐姐和她办公室新来的实习生互有好感，但是两人由于都很害羞，所以几乎没怎么说过话。在一次公司聚会上，我姐姐进了厨房想弄点饮料喝。这时，那个实习生也跟了进去。他打开冰柜，取出一些冰块，把它们放在厨房的操作台上，然后开始用咖啡罐砸这些冰块。他笑着解释道：“我只是想打破我们之间的‘坚冰’。”

7 Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a “guard of honor”of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.

妙语点睛　这是《新概念英语》第二册第65课里的一个句子。这个句子的主干很短，就是he set off down the main street of the city。这里有三个分词短语作状语，前两个是过去分词短语dressed up as Father Christmas和accompanied by a “guard of honor”of six pretty girls作方式状语；后一个是现在分词短语riding a baby elephant called Jumbo作伴随状语，修饰谓语动词set off，说明如何“出发”的。我们看到，这里句子的主语he与动作dress up及accompany构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词dressed up和accompanied；而he与动作ride构成主动关系，所以要用现在分词riding。这样一来，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语就一致了。

精品译文　他打扮成圣诞老人，在由六个漂亮姑娘组成的“仪仗队”的陪同下，骑上一头名叫江伯的小象，沿着城里的主街出发了。

8 Good relationships are hard to find and once developed should be nurtured.

妙语点睛　这里的过去分词短语once developed作状语，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语good relationships，相当于说once good relationships are developed，即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语是一致的。

精品译文　知己难觅，一旦建立好关系，应当精心呵护。

9 I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks.

妙语点睛　这里的分词fighting和clawing作伴随状语，修饰动词die，表示在die的过程中，人们同时做出的一些动作。因为这里的fight和claw与people是主动关系，所以用了现在分词，即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语people是一致的。

精品译文　从精神的角度来说，我并不惧怕死亡。但我惧怕的是如何走向死亡这个过程，因为我看到过病人在医院里濒死之时因缺氧而挣扎并狠抓面罩的情形。

我们再来看下面这个练习：

10 After jumping out of a boat, ______.

A. the shark bites the man　B. the shark bit the man

C. the man was bitten by a shark　 D.the man is bitten by a shark

正确答案　C。

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里的分词短语jumping out of a boat所表示的动作应该是后面的句子主语发出的。现在选项中的句子主语有两个，一个是the shark，另一个是the man。根据常识我们知道，“鲨鱼（shark）”一般不会“从船上跳出”，而应该是“人（man）”跳出这艘船，然后就被鲨鱼咬了。因此，答案应该从C和D中选择。这里的正确答案宜选C，因为“鲨鱼咬人”这件事应该是已经发生了，否则就没有这句话了。所以用过去时比较好。

精品译文　那名男子从船上跳出后，就被一条鲨鱼咬了。

从对以上例句的分析我们看出，对于分词作状语，我们一定要看它与句子的主语是否有逻辑语义关系，或者说要看分词的动作能不能由句子的主语发出。如果不是，那么就会出现“垂悬分词”的现象，即分词被误用了。这里讨论的是分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致的情形，接下来我们看另外一种分词作状语的结构——独立分词结构。

6.2.2 独立分词结构（一）：“名词+分词”作状语

在6.2.1小节中，我们讨论的是分词的逻辑主语，也就是句子的主语，二者是一致的。现在我们来看另外一种相反的情况，即分词的主语与句子的主语不一致。也就是说，分词动作的执行者和谓语动作的执行者不同，分词有自己独立的主语。此时，我们就需要采用“名词+分词”这一结构作状语。这里的“名词”就是分词的逻辑主语，以区别于句子的主语。这一结构其实就是我们常说的“独立主格结构”的一种，叫作“独立分词结构”。这就类似于动名词的复合结构（如my doing）和不定式的复合结构（如for sb. to do）。请看例句：

1 Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语weather permitting被称作“独立分词结构”，其中分词permitting的逻辑主语是weather，它和句子的主语we不一致，也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这个分词短语相当于一个条件状语从句，可以改写成If weather permits, ...。

精品译文　如果天气允许的话，我们明天就去钓鱼。

2 All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语all the money having been spent被称作“独立分词结构”，其中分词having been spent是分词的完成式。关于它的意义和用法，我们将在6. 6节讨论。该分词的逻辑主语是all the money，它和句子的主语we不一致，也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这个分词短语相当于一个时间状语从句，可以改写成After all the money had been spent, ...。

精品译文　钱全花光后，我们就开始找工作。

3 Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语nobody having any more to say被称作“独立分词结构”，其中分词短语having no more to say的逻辑主语是nobody，它和句子的主语the meeting不一致，也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这个分词短语相当于一个原因状语从句，可以改写成Since nobody had any more to say, ...。

精品译文　谁都无话可说了，会议就结束了。

4 The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.

妙语点睛　这里有两个并列的分词短语one meaning danger和the other meaning opportunity。其中分词短语meaning danger的逻辑主语是代词one，指代character；另一个分词短语meaning opportunity的逻辑主语是the other。它们和句子的主语the Chinese word for crisis不一致，也即分词有了自己的独立主语。这里的分词短语起补充说明前面句子的作用。

精品译文　中文中的“危机”分为两个字，一个意味着“危险”，另一个意味着“机会”。

5 Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects, the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province.

妙语点睛　这是一篇人物传记里的一段话，是描写一名画家。这个句子分为两部分：most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese people's lives in their different aspects是一个简单句，谓语是reflect；另一部分the emphasis being on the countryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest China's Yunnan Province是一个独立分词结构，其逻辑主语是the emphasis，分词being。因为这里的逗号不能分隔两个独立的句子，所以后面用了being，而不是谓语is。另外，这里的emphasis和上文中的observations是呼应的，是说在他“考察（observations）”Chinese people's lives时，“重点（emphasis）”是放在the countryside lifestyles of...上。这里的独立分词结构表示补充说明。

精品译文　他现在的大部分作品反映了他对中国人民生活方方面面的观察，尤其是对中国农村生活方式的观察，这包括陕西北部及位于中国西南部的云南中甸地区藏民的生活方式。

6 But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语all other factors being equal就是一个独立分词结构，分词本身有自己的逻辑主语all other factors，分词短语作条件状语。

精品译文　但是对于一小部分学生来说，职业培训也许是可取的道路，因为在其他因素同等的情况下，熟练的技术的确可以在求职方面起到很大的作用。

我们下面来看英语考试中关于独立分词结构的测试。请看例句：

7 The Portuguese give【A】 a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted【B】 sea travel, that man was【C】 Prince Henry the navigator, who lived【D】 in the 15th century.

正确答案　C，应改为：being。

妙语点睛　这是考研真题。这句话的核心意思在于前面这个分句the Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel，它是一个独立的句子，而后面由于用了逗号，所以不能再接句子了，于是只能改为分词短语，故将was改为being。这里即是独立分词结构，作状语，表示补充说明。

精品译文　葡萄牙人对一个人很是敬仰，这是因为他推动了航海事业，这个人就是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。

6.2.3 独立分词结构（二）：“with+名词+分词”作状语

这里的分词短语“with+名词+分词”是在上述的分词短语“名词+分词”的基础上变化过来的，这里就是多了一个介词with。之所以如此强调这一结构以至于把它单独拿出来讨论，是因为它作状语所表达的意义与“名词+分词”这一结构所表达的意义有很大的不同。因此，我们需要知道何时该用“名词+分词”作状语，何时宜用“with+名词+分词”作状语。关于二者的差异，我们将在6.2.5小节讨论。在这里，我们仅举例展示一下这个结构。请看例句：

1 A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust.

精品译文　一辆小汽车“呼”地开了过去，排气管冒出一团团黑烟。

2 The old man often takes a walk after supper with his dog following him.

精品译文　这位老人经常在晚饭后出去散步，后面跟着他的宠物狗。

6.2.4 固定结构

以上我们讨论了分词作状语的三种结构：一是单独的分词（短语）作状语，二是“名词+分词”，三是“with+名词+分词”。在后两种结构中，分词的逻辑主语是分词短语本身所带的名词，与句子的主语不一致；而在第一种情况中，分词本身没有带名词，此时它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。

本小节要讨论的内容是对第一种情形的补充，即在一些表示说话人态度的固定表达方式中，分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。但因为这已是约定俗成的固定结构，所以不算错。我们在应用时，只需记住这些特殊的表达方式即可。这种结构常见的有：

一、副词+speaking

比如generally （strictly, broadly, ...） speaking等等。

1 Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.

=If we are to speak generally, men are stronger than women.

精品译文　一般来说，男性比女性强壮。

2 Strictly speaking, this is not a right answer.

精品译文　严格说来，这个答案不正确。

二、分词+介词

比如judging from, talking of, allowing for（考虑到）等等。

3 Judging from his expression, he is in a lousy mood.

精品译文　从他的面部表情判断，他情绪不好。

4 Allowing for her inexperience, she has done a good job.

精品译文　考虑到她缺乏经验，她能做成这样子已经是不错了。

5 Talking of English, she is the best speaker.

精品译文　说到英语，她的口语最好。

6 Taking everything into consideration, they ought to win this game.

精品译文　把所有的因素考虑在内，他们应该赢得这场比赛。

三、分词+（that）从句

比如seeing that...（=since既然）, considering that...（=since既然）, supposing that （=if假如）, granting that...（=though尽管）, allowing that...（考虑到） 等等。

7 Considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job.

精品译文　考虑到她缺乏经验，她能做成这样子已经是不错了。

8 Considering how far from perfect most human brains are, there isn't much threat from a computer.

精品译文　既然人脑都还不够完美，那何惧电脑的威胁。

9 Supposing there was a war, what would you do?

精品译文　假如发生了战争，你会怎么办？

10 Granting that he has made a mistake, he is not to blame, for he intended to help us.

精品译文　他尽管犯了错误，也不应该受到责备，因为他本打算帮助我们。

四、分词短语相当于一个非限定性定语从句

若分词短语相当于一个非限定性定语从句，此时分词的逻辑主语往往是前面的整个句子，而非句子的主语。

11 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other and merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语causing heightened concerns about monopoly用作状语，表示结果。该分词短语相当于一个非限定性定语从句which causes heightened concerns about monopoly。所以，这里的causing的逻辑主语不是句子的主语railroads，而是整个句子。另外，分词heightened与concerns是被动关系，所以要用过去分词，在这里作定语，修饰concerns。

精品译文　近些年来，铁路公司相互合并而成为超大型集团，这引起人们对垄断的日益关注。

6.2.5 分词作状语的意义

单独的分词作状语以及“名词+分词”这一独立分词结构作状语，二者所能表达的意义较多，可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果和伴随等等。而前面提到的第三种分词结构“with+名词+分词”，它在句中表示的意义没有这么广泛，一般只表示两类：一是表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等，二是表示原因，对此要特别关注。

一、“（名词+）分词”作状语的意义

单独的分词和“名词+分词”这两类分词结构作状语，表达的意义较多，下面一一举例说明。

1. 表示条件

请看例句：

1 Therefore, jogging and dieting, carried to extremes, can be hazardous.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语carried to extremes表示条件，意思是“如果过度了”。因此，这个分词短语可以改写为..., if they are carried to extremes, ...。

精品译文　因此，慢跑和节食，若是太过度，就可能很危险。

2 In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall.”

妙语点睛　这是考研翻译真题。这里的两个分词united和divided作状语，均表示条件。

精品译文　在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说：“联合，我们就生存；分裂，我们就灭亡（合则兴，分则亡）。”

再看其他例句：

3 Given more time, I would be able to complete it.

=If I were given more time, I would be able to complete it.

精品译文　如果再多给我一些时间，我就能把它做完。

4 Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing.

=If weather permits, we’ll go fishing.

精品译文　如果天气允许，我们就去钓鱼。

5 If seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.

精品译文　假如从显微镜下观察，新降的雪花有纤小的六瓣。

6 Added to steel, chromium increases the metal's hardness.

精品译文　把铬加入钢中，就能增加钢的硬度。

2. 表示时间

请看例句：

7 In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

妙语点睛　这里的分词wearing作时间状语，修饰从句的谓语was paralyzed。另外，这里的分词involving作定语，修饰lawsuit。

精品译文　今年5月，伊利诺伊州舒特体育用品商店的总经理茱丽·尼蒙斯赢了一场官司，这场官司涉及一名橄榄球员戴着舒特头盔在比赛中受伤瘫痪的事故。

再看其他例句：

8 Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

=After he had watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

精品译文　他浇完花园后，开始修剪草坪。

9 Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us.

精品译文　警察记下我们的名字和地址之后，让我们走了。

10 Reading the letter, she burst out crying.

=As she read the letter, she burst out crying.

精品译文　她看着信，失声痛哭起来。

11 Locking the door, he went home.

精品译文　他锁上门，回家去了。

12 Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.

精品译文　听了这个笑话，我们大笑起来。

13 Riding in the street during the rush hours, you must be careful.

=When you are riding in the street during the rush hours, you must be careful.

精品译文　你在高峰时段开车，务必要小心。

3. 表示原因

请看例句：

14 That is why women remain children their whole life long: never seeing anything but what is quite close to them, clinging to the present moment, taking appearance for reality, and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.

妙语点睛　这句后面的四个分词短语显然是解释第一句话的，因此，这里的分词短语作原因状语，相当于论点与论据的关系，第一句话是论点，后四个分词短语是论据。

精品译文　那就是为什么女人一生都像个孩子一样不成熟：从来都只是看见眼前的事情，都只抓住眼前的一切，都把表面当本质，都倾心于琐事而放弃最重要的事。

15 Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.

妙语点睛　这是考研翻译真题。在英文中，being done结构往往是表示原因，这里的being interested也不例外，作原因状语。

精品译文　由于沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，这使他逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。

16 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

妙语点睛　这是考研翻译真题。这里arguing的逻辑主语是句子的主语extremists，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词，在这里作状语，表示原因。

精品译文　由于极端主义者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不同，因此，他们认为对待动物无需考虑道德问题。

再看其他例句：

17 It being so nice a day, let's go out for a walk.

=Since it is so nice a day, let's go out for a walk.

精品译文　今天天气真好，我们出去散步吧。

18 Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

=Because I don't know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

精品译文　由于不知道下一步该怎么做，所以我想问问你的意见。

19 Clint, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.

精品译文　克林特被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来。

4. 表示让步

20 Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can't speak English well.

妙语点睛　分词短语having lived in Canada for three years作状语，表示让步，相当于说though he has lived in Canada for three years, ...。

精品译文　尽管他在加拿大生活了三年，但英文依然说不好。

21 Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.

妙语点睛　分词短语mocked at by everybody作状语，表示让步，相当于说though he was mocked at by everybody, ...。

精品译文　尽管大家都嘲笑他，可我很同情他。

22 Though understanding no Japanese, Charles was able to communicate with them.

精品译文　尽管查尔斯不懂日语，但他还是能够和他们交流。

23 Although usually living on or under rocks or on coral reefs, marine snails have been observed in a great variety of habitats.

精品译文　尽管海生蜗牛通常生活在岩石上下或者珊瑚礁上，但在很多栖息地都能找到它们的踪影。

24 Although still running in a number of cities, the electric trolley has for the most part fallen into disuse.

精品译文　尽管无轨电车在很多城市还在运营，但是在大多数地方都已经不用它了。

5. 表示结果

一般只放在句末，否则句子的意义会不同。请比较：

25 1） Finding the door locked, I went home.

2） I went home, finding the door locked.

妙语点睛　在例句1）中，finding表示时间。在例句2）中，finding表示结果。

精品译文　1） 发现门锁着，我就回家了。

2） 我回到家，发现门锁着。

26 He fired, killing one of the bandits.

精品译文　他开了枪，击毙了其中一名匪徒。

27 The film Gua Sha Treatment exposes profound cultural conflicts between the East and West, arousing concerns in Chinese audiences.

精品译文　影片《刮痧》深刻地揭示了东西方文化的差异，引起了中国观众的强烈反响。

28 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other and merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语causing heightened concerns about monopoly是表示结果，用作状语。另外，分词heightened与concerns是被动关系，所以用过去分词，在这里作定语，修饰concerns。

精品译文　近些年来，铁路公司相互合并，而成为超大型集团，这引起人们对垄断的日益关注。

29 His wife died three years ago, leaving him with five children.

精品译文　他的妻子三年前去世了，撇下他和五个孩子。

30 It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.

精品译文　我们假期的最后两个星期都在下雨，把我们的假期全毁了。

31 The cold breath of autumn had blown away the leaves of the old ivy vine, leaving it almost bare.

精品译文　秋天的冷风把常春藤的叶子全吹落了，只剩下光秃秃的藤蔓。

32 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

妙语点睛　这是考研翻译真题。分词subjecting作状语，表示结果。

精品译文　而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形式的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。

6. 表示方式

分词用作方式状语，往往修饰句子中的谓语动词，可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。请看例句：

33 Smiling, he answered.

精品译文　他笑着回答道。

再比如下面这个句子，描述的是一个人的忧伤：

34 I watched as he turned around and walked away. He had a very sad look on his face. He walked looking only at the ground. His shoulders slumped forward as if it were the end of the world.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语looking only at the ground修饰谓语动词walked，表示“走路”的方式——只盯着地上看。

精品译文　我看着他转过身离开了。他的神色看起来非常悲伤，走路时垂头丧气，只看着地面，肩膀无力地向前倾，仿佛世界末日来临了一般。

再看下面这个有关美人鱼的故事：

35 In Italian legends, mermaids come ashore, marry men, and bear them children. But in time these mermaid wives desert their husbands and take their children away to the depth of the ocean. The Chinese say the mermaids pass their time weaving. When they weep, their tears turn into pearls.

妙语点睛　这里的分词weaving修饰谓语动词pass，表示“度过时光”的方式——是在“织布”的过程中度过这些岁月。

精品译文　在意大利的传说中，美人鱼会上岸，与男子结婚，然后为他们生下儿女。但是，这些美人鱼最终还是要抛弃她们的丈夫，然后带着自己的孩子回到深海里。在中国关于美人鱼的传说里，她们是在纺纱织布中度过自己的岁月。当她们感到孤独而落泪时，她们的泪珠就会变成珍珠。

再看其他例句：

36 Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.

妙语点睛　这里feeling的逻辑主语是句子的主语companies，两者构成主动关系，所以用现在分词。同样道理，trying的逻辑主语也是companies。这里的feeling threatened作状语，表示原因。第二个分词短语trying to...作方式状语，修饰谓语responded。

精品译文　由于感到了威胁，公司的反应是努力预见所有可能的事故，写出无比冗长的警告标签。

37 She came running hurriedly into her husband's office one morning.

妙语点睛　分词短语running hurriedly作状语，表示came的方式。

精品译文　一天早上，她匆忙地跑进她丈夫的办公室。

7. 表示补充说明或伴随状况

这与前面讲过的表示方式很类似，有时难以区分。 我们来看本章一开始有关Titanic的故事中的这句话：

38 And that is where they were last seen, standing arm in arm on the deck, this devoted wife clinging courageously to her husband, this loving husband clinging protectively to his wife, as the ship sank. Together forever...

妙语点睛　三个分词短语standing arm in arm..., clinging courageously...和clinging protectively...显然是具体补充说明where they were last seen的，表示人们最后见到他们时的场景。

精品译文　这就是人们最后见到他们时的场景：当船缓缓下沉的时候，他们手挽着手站在甲板上，这位忠贞的妻子勇敢地紧靠着她的丈夫，这位深情的丈夫也紧靠着他的妻子，保护着她。他们永远在一起……

39 The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity.

妙语点睛　这里的两个独立分词结构one meaning danger和the other meaning opportunity补充说明前面的two characters。

精品译文　中文中的“危机”分为两个字，一个意味着危险，另一个意味着机会。

40 She had her hands full every minute, fetching water, building the fire and washing.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语fetching water, building the fire和washing补充说明had her hands full。

精品译文　她挑水、生炉子、洗洗涮涮，忙个不停。

41 I found that for many years he was a recluse, wandering the campus, talking to no one, drinking coffee, smoking cigarettes, paging through piles of newspapers and magazines.

妙语点睛　这里的五个分词短语wandering the campus, talking to no one, drinking coffee, smoking cigarettes, paging through piles of newspapers和magazines补充说明关键词recluse。

精品译文　多年来，他一直形单影只，漫步在校园中，从不和旁人搭腔，一个人喝咖啡，一个人抽闷烟，日子在翻阅成堆的报章杂志中流逝。

再比如下面这个句子，讲的是一个老外如何体验中国人的生活（living the real China）：

42 Most recently, he's begun working for Pacific Ethnography, a private research firm. For one project he sat with migrant workers on pieces of cardboard, drinking Qingdao beer, smoking Double Happiness cigarettes and talking about cellphones.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语drinking..., smoking...和talking...修饰谓语sat，表示伴随的状况。

精品译文　最近，他开始为一家名叫“太平洋人物志”的私人研究公司工作。在一个研究项目里，他和那些民工们一起坐在硬纸板上，喝着青岛啤酒，抽着双喜牌香烟，聊着手机。

43 She lay sick, scarcely moving on her bed, looking through the small window at the blank side of the next brick house.

精品译文　她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动也不动，只能隔着小窗望着隔壁砖房侧面的那堵墙。

44 “You needn't get any more wine,”said Johnsy, keeping her eyes fixed out the window.

精品译文　“你不再需要酒了。”约翰西眼睛盯着窗外说。

45 Then Sue marched into Johnsy's room with her drawing board, whistling a merry tune.

精品译文　随后，休拿着画板走进约翰西的房间，吹着欢快的口哨。

46 I was talking on the radio, telling the guys to bring in resources, activating rapid mobilizations from around the city, calling in cops from every precinct.

妙语点睛　这里的三个分词短语telling..., activating...和calling...修饰谓语was talking，表示伴随的状况，或者说是补充说明，以详细说明“我”当时通过电台在具体干什么。

精品译文　我当时正通过无线电台告诉大家带来各种东西，让整个城市动员起来，并召集各辖区的警察。（这里是讲“9.11事件”救灾场景）

二、“with+名词短语+分词”作状语的意义

上文说过，“with+名词短语+分词”这一结构作状语，所表达的意义主要有两类：一是表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等，二是表示原因。我们来看下面这篇短文：

47 London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 percent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 percent. Cardiff was the most punctual city where 19.8 percent stated that they were typically late.

David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said, “Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.”

“Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet. This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior.”

精品译文　调查显示，伦敦是最不守时的城市，有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时，而在全英国，这样的人占28%。加的夫是最守时的城市，只有19. 8%的受访者说他们总是迟到。

曼彻斯特都市大学的社会心理学家戴维·霍尔姆斯说：“良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节，新的一代都认为迟到很正常，不是应该避免的失礼行为。”

他还说：“手机打破了很多社会禁忌，人们在交谈中接听手机，或者在如厕时大聊特聊。这又一次证明现代科技对我们的行为产生了影响。”

现来，我们分析这个短文中的句子。

1. 表示补充说明等

48 London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 percent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 percent.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分说London was found to be the least punctual city（伦敦是最不守时的城市），接下来就采用了独立分词结构with 41 percent of respondents admitting...来为这一结论提供数据支持，即分词短语起着补充主句的作用。

我们再来看下面的例句：

49 When asked, “Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?”53 percent of the students replied “optimistic”, with 21 percent choosing “pessimistic”, and 26 percent “unsure”.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分是说明“认为自己乐观”的人数，通过独立分词结构with 21 percent choosing “pessimistic”, and 26 percent “unsure”来补充说明剩下的人的选择。

精品译文　当被问到“你觉得自己是乐观的人还是悲观的人”时，53%的学生回答了“乐观”，而有21%的人选择了“悲观”，剩下26%的人则回答“不确定”。

50 Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分得出mobile phones have broken many social taboos（手机打破了很多社会禁忌）这一结论，然后采用独立分词结构with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet来为这一结论提供具体的例证，比如人们在和别人的谈话过程中接听手机，或在上厕所时也打手机，而这些行为以前都是被认为是不文明、不礼貌的。

我们再来看一个这种“结论+例证”关系的例子：

51 Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

A. to announce　B. announced　 C.announcing　 D.was announced

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　这是考研真题，本题考查“with+名词短语+分词”这一独立分词结构。这句话的逻辑主语是the British recapture of the port，与动词announce构成被动关系，故用过去分词announced。这里的主句部分说明一个情况，即good news was sometimes released prematurely（好消息有时会过早地被公布），然后采用独立分词结构with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered来具体举例说明。

精品译文　好消息有时会过早地被公布，比如有报道说英国已夺回了这个港口，而实际上半天之后敌军才真正投降。

再看其他例句：

52 With more than 3 million hardcover copies sold in its first two years of publication, Who Moved My Cheese? has become an amazing best-seller, topping the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Week and U.S.A Today lists.

精品译文　《谁动了我的奶酪？》一书的精装本在出版后的头两年里，共售出了三百多万本，成为了炙手可热的畅销书，雄踞《纽约时报》 《华尔街日报》 《商业周刊》以及《今日美国》的排行榜榜首。

细心的读者会发现，从位置关系来看，这种表示补充说明或具体举例的独立分词结构通常是放在句末，很少有放在句首的。

2. 表示原因

这种分词结构还可以表示原因，比如上面短文中的例句：

53 Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.

妙语点睛　这句话的主句部分good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette（良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节）是得出一个结论，然后采用独立分词结构with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided来表示得出此结论的原因，即“新的一代人都认为迟到很正常，并不是失礼行为而应该避免”。

精品译文　良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节，因为新的一代都认为迟到很正常，不是应该避免的失礼行为。

我们再来看下面这个例句：

54 Both Romania and of course Britain, America's staunchest ally, support a U.S.-led war on Iraq. With war seeming inevitable, is there anything that the U.S. can do to reverse the erosion to its image? Time and again, people questioned on the streets this week cited fears that the U.S. is serving as a kind of “global sheriff”.

妙语点睛　这里的独立分词结构with war seeming inevitable位于主句前面，表示原因。

精品译文　罗马尼亚，当然还有英国这个美国最坚定的同盟，支持以美国为首来发动一场战争，攻打伊拉克。既然战争似乎一触即发，美国还能有什么办法来挽回自己形象的损失？这周在大街上接受采访的百姓都担心，美国正在扮演一个“国际治安官”的角色。

从上面这个例子我们看到，表示原因的分词结构可以置于主句前面（表示补充说明的分词结构一般不可以）。我们再看一道四级考题：

55 ______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.

A. With　B. For　 C.As　 D.Since

正确答案　A。

妙语点睛　本题考查“with+名词短语+分词”这一独立分词结构。这里不能填入连词，所以B、C、D均不正确。这里的独立分词结构with the temperature falling so rapidly显然是表示原因，来说明后面主句表示的“我们不能继续进行实验了”。

精品译文　由于温度下降过快，我们不能继续进行实验了。

三、分词短语作状语时可以保留相应的连词

分词短语作状语可与相应的连词连用。用在连词后面的分词短语作状语，相当于简化后的状语从句保留了连词。例如：

56 Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

=Once it is deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

妙语点睛　once强调时间。

精品译文　一旦缺氧，大脑就会死亡。

57 Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.”

妙语点睛　这是考研阅读真题。这里的三个分词asked, assured和asked的逻辑主语是she，构成被动关系，所以都用了过去分词，作状语，表示时间，所以我们可以在分词前面加上时间连词，比如when assured。

精品译文　当问到她是否反对接种时，她问疫苗是否来自动物实验。当被告知的确如此时，她回答道：“那么我不得不说，是的，我反对接种。”当问到瘟疫再次爆发怎么办时，她说：“不用担心，科学家们将会用计算机找到一些解决问题的办法。”

58 Be careful while crossing the road.

妙语点睛　这里while强调时间。

精品译文　过马路时要小心。

59 After talking to you, I always feel much better.

精品译文　和你谈过之后，我总是感觉好多了。

60 Although exhausted by the walk, he continued his journey.

妙语点睛　这里although强调让步。

精品译文　虽然走得很累了，他还是继续旅行。

61 Though raised in San Francisco, Dave had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.

妙语点睛　这里的分词短语作让步状语，所以这里保留了连词though。

精品译文　尽管戴夫是在旧金山这样的大城市中长大的，但他总是喜欢记录小城镇生活中的点滴。

62 Although usually living on or under rocks or on coral reefs, marine snails have been observed in a great variety of habitats.

精品译文　尽管海生蜗牛通常生活在岩石上下或者珊瑚礁上，在很多栖息地都能找到它们的踪影。

63 Although still running in a number of cities, the electric trolley has for the most part fallen into disuse.

精品译文　无轨电车尽管在很多城市还在运营，但是在大多数地方都已经不用它了。

64 After having annoyed everybody, he went home.

精品译文　他把所有的人都惹烦了之后就回家了。

65 If seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.

精品译文　假如从显微镜下观察，新降的雪花有纤小的六瓣。

了解了分词作状语的各种意义，那么在英语的阅读或翻译中，我们就可以根据上下文的具体语境来选择不同的意义。

思维总结

本节详细讨论了分词作状语的结构与意义。读者需要重点掌握分词作状语的各种结构，尤其是单独的分词（短语）作状语，以及独立分词结构。同时，要全面了解分词作状语可能表达的各种含义，以便于在翻译和阅读中正确理解句子意思。

思维训练6.2 Key

选择最佳答案填空。

1. Before singing the school song, ______.

A. a poem was recited　B. recited a poem　 C.they recited a poem　 D.they have recited a poem

2. Working like a telescope, ______ the size of objects at great distances.

A. which magnifies a telephoto lens　B. a telephoto lens magnifies

C. a telephoto lens which magnifies　 D.and magnifying a telephoto lens

3. Jumping into the water, ______.

A. the drowning child was rescued　B. the drowned child was rescued

C. the lifeguard rescued the drowning child　 D.the lifeguard rescued the drowned child

4. After jumping out of a boat, ______.

A. the shark bites the man　B. the shark bit the man

C. the man was bitten by a shark　 D.the man is bitten by a shark

5. ______, I fed the dog.

A. After doing my homework　B. To have done my homework

C. After I did my homework　 D.My homework was done

6. ______, we went swimming.

A. Being a hot day　B. Due to a hot day　 C.It was a hot day　 D.The day being hot

7. ______, all the quarrels came to an end.

A. The lost money was found　B. Finding the lost money

C. Because the lost money found　 D.With the lost money found

8. ______ James Bland, Carry Me Back to Old Virginny was adopted as the state song of Virginia in 1940.

A. Was written by　B. Writing by　 C.He wrote the　 D.Written by

9. Playing the trumpet with dazzling originality, ______ dominated jazz for 20 years.

A. Louis Armstrong　B. the influence of Louis Armstrong

C. the music of Louis Armstrong　 D.Louis Armstrong's talent

10. ______ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21, 000.

A. To be judged the best　B. Having judged the best　 C.Judged the best　 D.Judging the best

11. ______ to steel, chromium increases the metal's hardness.

A. Added　B. In addition　 C.Adding　 D.Adds

12. Bob was lying on the beach, his hands ______ under his head.

A. were crossing　B. were crossed　 C.crossing　 D.crossed

13. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them ______ perhaps the hovercraft（气垫船）.

A. is　B. being　 C.will be　 D.has been

14. No one else ______ willing to go, he offered to take the message.

A. was　B. had been　 C.were　 D.being

15. ______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

A. Other things being equal　B. Were other things equal

C. To be equal to other things　 D.Other things to be equal

16. Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs ______ carefully in her hands.

A. to be held　B. held　 C.were held　 D.holding

17. Agriculture is the country's chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop.

A. is　B. being　 C.has been　 D.to be

18. All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

A. considered　B. be considered　 C.considering　 D.having considered

19. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.

A. being considered　B. considering　 C.to be considered　 D.having considered

20. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ______ one major point in contrast with the other.

A. makes　B. made　 C.is to make　 D.making

21. After seeing the movie, ______.

A. the book was read by him　B. the book mad him want to read it

C. the reading of the book interested him　 D.he wanted to read the book

22. Returning to my apartment, ______.

A. my watch was missing　B. I found my watch disappeared

C. I found my watch missing　 D.The watch was missed

23. ______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.

A. To look at　B. Looking at　 C.Looked at　 D.To be looked at

24. ______ of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.

A. To be free　B. Freeing　 C.To free　 D.Freed

25. So many directors ______, the board meeting had to be put off.

A. were absent　B. being absent　 C.been absent　 D.had been absent

26. Some snakes lay eggs, others ______ birth to live offspring.

A. give　B. giving　 C.they give　 D.to have given

27. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper ______ it closely.

A. followed　B. to follow　 C.following　 D.being followed

28. All flights ______ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.

A. were canceled　B. had been canceled　 C.having canceled　 D.having been canceled

29. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.

A. to announce　B. announced　 C.announcing　 D.was announced

30. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.

A. adding　B. to have added　 C.to add　 D.added