Chapter 3状语从句
3.11 方式状语从句
3.11 方式状语从句
方式状语从句表示动作的方式，引导词有as, like, as if, as though和the way等。请看例句：
1 When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
妙语点睛 这是一个英语谚语，意思是说“When traveling, follow the customs of the local people.”相当于汉语中的“入乡随俗”。
我们来看上面这个例句在口语中的应用：
2 Hazel: Yak burgers? What's a yak?
Nina: It's a kind of long-haired ox. Tibetans put yak butter in their tea as well as eating yak.
Hazel: Yak! Yuk! I wouldn't touch it with a barge-pole!
Nina: Come on! Be adventurous! When in Rome do as the Romans do!
Hazel: I’m not in Rome. I’m in Beijing. And when we get to Lhasa you can try it first!
其他例句：
3 Do it the way you were taught.
4 He looks as though / as if he is an actor.
我们来看一个like作连词引导方式状语从句的例句。我很喜欢这句话，它表达了一种人生态度：
5 Work like you don't need the money.
Love like you’ve never been hurt.
Dance like nobody's watching.
Sing like nobody's listening.
Live like it's heaven on earth.
在英语中，as是最常用的方式状语从句的连词。下面将详细讨论其引导的方式状语从句的用法。
一、as引导方式状语从句
在英文中，as引导的方式状语从句是用来修饰句子的谓语部分的。请看例句：
6 Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension”.
妙语点睛 这里的as a savage looks at a ship作状语，表示方式，修饰主句的谓语部分look at an organic being。此外，这里有一个形容词短语ignorant of evolution作定语，后置修饰those。
7 As used in this context, the word “challenging”means “demanding”. The author is fairly skilled at word diction.
妙语点睛 这里的as引导的是一个方式状语从句，且是一个省略的形式，完整的结构应该是As it is used in this context...。
8 Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
妙语点睛 这是考研真题中的一道语法选择题。这里的as we use the word作状语，表示方式，修饰主句的谓语部分refers to all religious institutions。
二、as引导方式状语从句可倒装
as引导方式状语从句可以采用倒装结构，此时的结构一般是“as+助动词+主语”，as往往是代替被省略的谓语部分。
9 Some Asian nations and regions reiterated their opposition to a war, as did many of their citizens who worry Bush has already given up on hopes for a peaceful resolution to the crisis.
妙语点睛 这里as引导的从句的主语是many of their citizens，被后置，故是一个倒装结构，完整的句子相当于as many of their citizens...reiterated their opposition to a war。
10 To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,”says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.”
妙语点睛 这里as引导的从句的主语是abilities，被后置，故是一个倒装结构，完整的句子相当于as abilities to make decision and to concentrate are weakened。
三、as的特殊用法：用于否定结构
我们都知道，as一般翻译成“正如”。但是as还有一种比较特殊的用法，就是用于否定结构中，此时as就不译成“正如”。as用于否定结构中，有两种句式，我们先来看第一种：as前面的句子是否定的，as所在的句子本身是肯定的。
11 As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
妙语点睛 我们看到，这里的主句用了否定的is not arguing，而as引导的从句用了肯定的as many do，此时as无法译成“正如”，相反，要译成“不像”。
12 Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of his contemporaries, he recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America.
妙语点睛 首先，这句话里虽然没有否定词not，但是far from表示否定，而从句用肯定的did。其次，as引导的从句也是一个倒装结构，主语是some of his contemporaries。
13 But none of them rushed to the depot, waving to him and calling out his name as they would have normally greeted any other such recognized surprise arrivals, because they had all heard that he no longer cared to mix with home people.
图解难句
妙语点睛 我们看到，这里的主句用了否定的none，而as引导的从句用了肯定的as they would have normally greeted any other such recognized surprise arrivals，此时as无法译成“正如”，在这句中as的翻译要灵活处理。
as用于否定结构中的另一个句式是：as前面的句子是肯定的，as所在的句子本身是否定的。
14 A sob rolled up in me. I flung up my hands and cried as I never had in my life.
妙语点睛 我们看到，这里的主句用了肯定的cried，而as引导的从句用了否定的never had。此时as无法译成“正如”，而要转译为“但，然而”。
再来看更多的例句：
15 She described the scene as no other people described it.
16 He could love the child as he did not love Charles.
17 John had taken to that young woman as he did to few people.
思维总结
本节重点讨论的是as引导的方式状语从句。读者需要重点理解as用于否定句中的两种句型。
思维训练3.11 Key
选择最佳答案填空。
Pure iron cannot be hardened by heating and cooling, as ______, because iron lacks the necessary carbon.
A. steel it can B. can steel C.with steel can D.so can steel
写给读者的话
一、三大从句的比较
到本章为止，我们已详细讨论了英语中的三大从句：名词从句、定语从句和状语从句。因此，有必要对其进行一个比较，以便于读者更好地认识这三大从句的特点。具体如下：
最简单的是名词从句。这一点毫无疑问。
最难的是定语从句。相比较而言也是最重要的，但要真正全面掌握并运用好定语从句，着实有点不容易。
最繁杂的是状语从句。光凭它有九大类，就够费费脑筋的了，何况还有各个不同连词的用法以及句型结构。不过，状语从句在结构上理解起来并没有定语从句那么难，正如我一再强调的，读者只要掌握连词即可翻译句子。
最后，我们再来比较一下三大从句的独立性问题。名词从句和定语从句必须依附一个主句，是绝不能独立存在的。比如下面这个名词从句：
The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box.
这里的表语从句that marriage, at the start, is an empty box是不能脱离主句the truth is而存在的。
再比如奥黛丽·赫本谈到女人的美时说的这番话：
The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears.
这里的定语从句she wears是不能与主句部分the beauty of a woman is not in the clothes分割开来的。
而对于状语从句，主句与从句原本就是两个独立的句子，只不过因为二者之间有着特定的逻辑语义关系，所以添加了相应的连词把它们连在一起。比如I’ve brought my umbrella与It's not raining都是独立的句子，如果把二者放在一起，则它们之间存在一种让步的关系，所以可以添上一个让步连词（比如though）来连接它们，比如可以说I’ve brought my umbrella though it's not raining. 所以，比起名词从句和定语从句，状语从句的独立性更强，可以独立存在。
二、九大状语从句的比较
九大状语从句各自具有自己的特点，不大相同，颇有“龙生九子，九子各不同”的味道：
与时态关系最密切的是时间状语从句，而其他的状语从句则没有一定的时态搭配关系。其次，条件状语从句可能与各种时态搭配有些联系。
出现频率最低的是地点状语从句，其次是方式状语从句。
结构句型最多的是比较状语从句，其次是让步状语从句，二者的句型结构最多，也最常见。
关系最密切的是目的状语从句与结果状语从句，二者的引导词类似，因此请读者注意辨别。
最后，还有一个原因状语从句，它的特点是有一个特殊的否定转移问题，初学者对此不易理解，所以需要特别对待。遇到句子按正常理解翻译不通的时候，可以考虑是否是否定转移。
三、本章学习思路
正如我在本章一开始就说明的，从本质上来讲，状语从句就是用不同的连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑语义关系。因此，掌握引导九类状语从句的有关连词的用法特点和意义是学习状语从句的关键。只要记住这些连词就能够识别是何种状语从句，从而正确地分析句子的结构并理解句子的意思。在具体的学习过程中，要掌握不同状语从句的各个常用的连词和句型结构，一方面便于自己在阅读中遇到这些句子时能够正确理解和翻译，另一方面便于自己在英语写作等应用过程中使用。
四、本章重点及难点
总的来说，有关各个状语从句的常用连词都需要掌握。此外，下面这些句型结构需要读者重点掌握：
1. 状语从句的省略结构；
2. 各个时间从句的连词的用法特点及其时态搭配关系；
3. because引导的从句的否定转移现象；
4. so与such的区别；
5. 结果从句的倒装句型；
6. 表示让步的as引导的倒装句；
7. no more...than句型的正确理解。
本章的难点包括：时间状语从句的各个连词的用法特点以及主从句的时态搭配关系；because引导的从句的否定转移现象；no more...than句型的特点与正确翻译（这个句型很容易被误解）。对于这些难点内容，读者应该有更多的耐心去研读本章的例句和讲解。
五、本章学习时间安排
状语从句的内容比较多而杂，所以建议读者花较多的时间来学习。时间状语从句这部分内容，读者可能就需要一周的时间来研读，来认真分析、比较各个不同的时态搭配关系，以及由此产生的语义差别。此外，让步状语从句和比较状语从句也比较复杂，句型结构很多，这两者加在一起也需要一周左右的时间。其余的内容需要再花一周的时间来学习。因此，对于状语从句，共需要三周时间来学习，包括做完所有的练习并认真搞懂答案。
在花费三周时间认真学完第一遍之后，建议读者再反复研读几次，这样写作造句时，方能做到信手拈来、运用自如。
综合训练Key
一、选择最佳答案填空。
1. His father had promised to buy him a computer ______ he behaved himself.
A. provided B. while C.in case D.after
2. ______ the weather was bad, we decided not to go out.
A. In spite of B. Though C.Since D.Although
3. ______ dragon exists in the world. That's your illusion.
A. No such a thing as B. No such thing as a C.No such a thing as a D.No such thing as
4. ______, many people still vote against the use of the death penalty.
A. However some crimes are inexcusable B. However are some crimes inexcusable
C. However inexcusable some crimes are D.Some crimes are however inexcusable
5. He always did well at school ______ having to do part-time jobs every now and then.
A. in case of B. in spite of C.regardless of D.on account of
6. ______ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.
A. Even if B. As far as C.If only D.So long as
7. These two areas are similar ______ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A. to that B. besides that C.in that D.except that
8. The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ______ by his lack of talent.
A. than B. more than C.as D.so much as
9. ______ devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that the origin of the washing machine is unclear.
A. Were the inventions so numerous B. The inventions so numerous
C. So numerous were the inventions D.The inventions that were so numerous
10. ______ some flowers contain more nectar than others, how does a honeybee worker, faced with a patch of flowers containing variable amounts of nectar, decide when to stop collecting.
A. Given that B. Giving that C.To give D.Being given
11. Hovercraft, or air-cushion vehicles, are unusual ______ travel over land and water on a layer of air.
A. they B. in they C.that they D.in that they
12. Computers that once took up entire rooms are now ______ to put on desktops and into wristwatches.
A. smaller than B. so small C.as small as D.so small as
13. ______ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.
A. Because of B. Though C.In spite of D.In view of
14. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ______ it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
A. by that B. at that C.on that D.in that
15. The world's deepest cave, Pierre St. Martin in the Pyrenees mountains, is almost three times as deep ______
A. as the Empire State Building is high B. that the Empire State Building is higher
C. is higher than the Empire State Building D.and the Empire State Building's height
16. Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words.
A. as B. thus C.so D.like
17. According to psychologists, a person's attention is attracted ______ by the intensity of different signals as by their context, significance, and information content.
A. not much so B. not so much C.so much not D.so not much
18. ______ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.
A. But for B. For all C.Above all D.Except for
19. The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates ______ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
A. and B. as C.but D.rather than
20. The very essence of civil liberty consists in the right of every individual to claim the protection of laws, ______ he receives an injury.
A. whenever B. wherever C.whatever D.whereas
21. ______ she was a talented amateur cook, whose specialty was rich, cream-filled gateaux and puddings, she decided to put that talent to work.
A. Seen that B. Seeing that C.So D.When
22. ______ she started to look for premises, she looked at the business property columns in the local paper.
A. Not sooner than B. While C.The moment D.Hardly
23. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
A. there B. where C.somewhere D.then
24. ______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.
A. For B. Now C.Since D.Despite
25. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ______ the guards discovered what had happened.
A. before B. until C.since D.after
26. The more female faculty at a school, whether it is co-ed or single sex, the more ______ a female student is to go on to postgraduate accomplishment, usually a higher degree.
A. possible B. probable C.alike D.likely
27. ______ all his varied modes of writing and the multiplicity of characters in his novel, the novelist and his work are of a piece.
A. At B. For C.In D.On
28. A turtle differs from all other reptiles ______ it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own.
A. for that B. for what C.in case D.in that
29. ______ you are familiar with the author's ideas, try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can.
A. Now that B. Ever since C.So that D.As long as
30. The songs of Bob Dylan are very popular among people, who regard him ______ other musicians.
A. as more superior to B. as superior than C.as superior to D.as more superior than
31. People throughout the world are eating ______ meat per person as they did in 1945.
A. more than twice B. twice as much C.twice much as D.twice more
32. The boy walked quietly into the room ______ awake his room mates.
A. in order to not B. so as not to C.for not to D.so as to
33. Let us hope that ______ a nuclear war, the human race might still survive.
A. in relation to B. in support of C.in the case of D.in the event of
34. No sooner had we started the experiment ______ we stopped it because of the cut-off of water.
A. than B. when C.then D.as
35. ______ was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
A. Not until 1866 B. Until 1866, just C.Until 1866 D.In 1866, not until
36. This is an ideal site for a university ______ it is far from the downtown area.
A. provided that B. now that C.so that D.in that
37. Mercury differs from other industrial metals ______ it is a liquid.
A. and that B. but that C.in that D.for that
38. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______.
A. than more on efficiency B. and more efficiency
C. and more on efficiency D.than efficiency
39. She is ______ a musician than her brother.
A. much of B. much as C.more of D.more as
40. The lower ______ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus.
A. the level of lighting B. light level C.leveling of light D.lighting is level
41. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, ______ the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A. so B. so does C.and it does D.so does it
42. Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ______ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.
A. in the same way like B. in the same way which C.in the same way D.in the same way as
43. The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger ______ actually viewed.
A. than it B. than the one C.one than D.than one which
44. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly ______.
A. noticed B. to be noticed C.being noticed D.to notice
45. ______ recurring fear is out of proportion to any real danger, it is called a phobia.
A. When B. Whereas C.Which D.Whether
46. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.
A. Even B. But C.Although D.So
47. Human being are superior to animals ______ they can use language as a tool to communicate.
A. for which B. in which C.for that D.in that
48. ______ earth scientists understand how and why earthquakes happen, forecasts are usually inaccurate.
A. as B. while C.for D.since
49. ______, Sarah Orne Jewett, a nineteenth-century writer, read widely in her family's extensive library.
A. That she received little education formally B. As she received little formal education
C. The little formal education that she received D.Although she received little formal education
50. Gorillas are quiet animals, ______ they are capable of making about 20 different sounds.
A. whether B. which C.even though D.as well as
51. ______ your opinions are worth considering, the committee finds it unwise to place too much importance on them.
A. As B. Since C.Provided D.While
52. ______ we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are and how far from being answered.
A. That B. Then C.Now that D.Now
53. ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
A. So clever are the construction robots B. So clever the construction robots are
C. Such construction robots are clever D.Such clever construction robots are
54. Hippopotamuses（河马），______ a great deal of time submerging in lakes or rivers, do not feed in the water.
A. spend B. they spend C.although they spend D.which they spend
55. ______ the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the trade winds cause a flow of water to the west.
A. Where B. And C.That D.At
56. Just as they must put aside their prejudices, ______ we must be prepared to accept their good faith.
A. thus B. so C.as D.like
57. Nails protect the ends of human fingers and toes ______ protect the toes of most other vertebrates.
A. claws B. as claws C.as claws to D.so do claws
58. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have short attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized ______ participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
A. if only B. now that C.so that D.even if
59. ______ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers.
A. Even though B. Now that C.If only D.Provided that
60. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, ______ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
A. provided B. since C.although D.supposing
二、辨别改错。
61. Some of the【A】 first aerial photographs【B】 were taken from【C】 a balloon while【D】 the Civil War in the United States.
62. Since rats are destructive【A】 and may carry【B】 disease, therefore many【C】 cities try to exterminate【D】 them.
63. The southwestern portion【A】 of the United States is a land of little【B】 rain, and parts of it are too【C】 dry that they are【D】 called deserts.
64. The black【A】 leopard is very【B】 dark that its spots【C】 are difficult to see【D】.
65. The radio was of so【A】 inferior quality that【B】 I took it back【C】 and asked for a better one【D】.
66. Science fiction is any fiction dealing【A】 with the future or with so【B】 imaginative subjects as interstellar travel, life【C】 on other planets, or【D】 time travel.
67. The speaker claimed that no other【A】 modern nation devotes so small【B】 a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than【C】 the United States does【D】.
68. The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less【A】 than the earth【B】; in consequence, the force【C】 of gravity at the moon's surface is only one-sixth of【D】 that at the earth's surface.
69. Some insects【A】 hear ultrasonic sounds【B】 more than【C】 two octaves than higher【D】 human can.
70. Saturn is the second largest【A】 planet after【B】 Jupiter, with【C】 a diameter nearly ten times those of【D】 Earth.
71. Despite【A】 fats and oils are nutritionally【B】 important as【C】 energy sources, medical research indicates【D】 that saturated fats may contribute to hardening of the arteries.
72. Some psychologists believe that those who【A】 are encouraged to be independent, responsible【B】, and competent in childhood【C】 are likely more than【D】 others to become motivated to achieve.
73. Brown rice【A】 has great【B】 nutritional value【C】 than white rice because the nutrient-rice outer layers of the rice kernel【D】 are not removed from brown rice.
74. Although Christopher Columbus failed in【A】 his original goal, the discoveries he did make【B】 were as【C】 important than the route to Asia he expected【D】 to find.
75. Ice is less【A】 denser【B】 than the liquid【C】 from which it【D】 is formed.
76. Of【A】 the many machines invented【B】 in the late century, none【C】 had a great【D】 impact on the United States economy than he automobile.
三、把下列句子译成汉语。
77. While the government pushed for a total breakup of the software maker, Microsoft fought fiercely against any positions that would affect its ability to compete in the marketplace.
78. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.
79. In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing out housework. But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.