Chapter 6 分词
6.6 分词的完成式
6.6 分词的完成式
到目前为止,我们讨论的分词用法中,没有分析过分词的一般式(doing)与完成式(having done)的意义区别。在本节中我们将就这一问题进行探讨。
分词的完成式分为主动完成式(having done)和被动完成式(having been done)。我们在6.5.2小节强调过,分词的完成式having done或having been done一般不能用在名词后面作后置定语(因为是短语,当然就更无法作前置定语)而只能作状语。因此在接下来的讨论中,我们只是考虑何时该用完成式作状语,何时该用一般式作状语,而不涉及分词作定语的情况。
6.6.1 一般式还是完成式?
分词采用一般式还是完成式,这主要取决于分词所表示的动作或状态(the action or state named by the participle)与句子的谓语动词(main verb)之间的关系。具体来说,规则如下:
一般式:当分词所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态同时发生或在它之后发生,则要用分词的一般式(use the present tense when the action or state named by the participle occurs at or after the time of the main verb)。
完成式:当分词所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生,则要用分词的完成式(use the perfect tense when the action or state named by the participle occurred before the time of the main verb)。
请比较下面的例句:
1 1) Having sung a song, he sat down.
2) Singing a song, he sat down.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,因为用了having sung这样的分词的完成式,则是把分词动作sing和谓语动作sit两者前后分隔开来,两个动作是一先一后地发生,即表示“他唱完一支歌后,就坐了下来”。在例句2)中,因为用了singing这样的分词的一般式,则往往表示分词动作sing和谓语动作sit两者同时发生,两个动作并没有先后之分,即表示“唱着歌的同时,他就坐了下来”,给人的感觉是“他坐着唱歌”。若此时也要表示两个动作先后发生,则要加时间连词来明示,比如说“After singing a song, he sat down.”。
2 1) Having eaten a hearty breakfast, we prepared for our long journey.
2) Eating a hearty breakfast, we prepared for our long journey.
妙语点睛 同样道理,例句1)表示“吃早饭”先于“准备行装”,即是吃完早饭之后,再开始着手准备行装。例句2)则表示“吃早饭”和“准备行装”是同时进行的,即一边吃着早饭,一边收拾东西,准备行装。
3 1) Having eaten his supper, he went out.
2) Eating his supper, he went out.
妙语点睛 同样道理,例句1)表示“吃完晚饭后,他出门了”,而例句2)给人的感觉则是“他端着饭碗出门”。
以上只是简单地比较了采用分词的一般式和分词的完成式的句子在含义上的差别,但并没有深入讨论何时该用分词的完成式,这个问题我们留到下一小节讨论。
6.6.2 何时该用完成式?
以上讲的是分词动作先于(before)谓语动作时,分词要用完成式。但这种表述还是比较笼统。接下来,我们将详细分析分词动作先于谓语动作的具体表现形式,以便于读者进一步加深理解分词的完成式的用法。
分词动作先于谓语动作具体有两种表现:
一是,如果分词是短暂动词,则分词的完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之前多次发生过,即表现为重复性(repetition)的特点。
二是,如果分词是延续动词,则分词的完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之前发生并且持续了一段时间,即表现为持续性(continuation)的特点。下面我们将分别举例做详细说明。
我们先来分析分词是延续动词的情况。我们先回头看上一节例句中的动词sing和eat,二者都是延续动词,having sung和having eaten都是表示这两个动作本身持续了一段时间,结束后,谓语动作才发生,所以才有“唱完歌才坐下来”、“吃完饭才准备行程”以及“吃完饭才出门”这样的解释。再比如下面的例句:
1 Having been an English teacher for more than ten years, and having been constantly exposed to American culture through American friends and the American mass media, I did not experience the so-called “culture shock”when I came to Harvard University. However, it still took me some time to learn “to do as the Americans do when in America”.
妙语点睛 这里的两个分词的完成式having been和having been exposed均是表示动作在谓语动作experience之前发生并且持续了一段时间,分别表示“当了十多年的英语老师”和“一直接触美国文化”。
2 For “good”, the Chinese worked out a combination of “woman”and “child”. Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.
妙语点睛 这里的分词的完成式having developed显然是在谓语动作use之前发生并持续的动作,事实上having developed已经持续了几千年了。
下面我们来分析分词是短暂动词的情况。上文刚提到过,如果分词是短暂动词,那么该分词的完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之前多次发生过。请看例句:
3 Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.
妙语点睛 分词的完成式having been bitten在谓语动作refused之前已经重复过两次,即分词的完成式用于短暂动作时往往会体现出重复性的特点。
4 Having failed three times, he didn't want to try again.
妙语点睛 分词的完成式having failed在谓语动作want之前已经重复过三次,即分词的完成式用于短暂动作时往往会体现出重复性的特点。
上面分词的动作都是多次重复发生,所以,此时分词都要用完成式。看到这里,有读者也许会问,如果分词的动作既不表示延续,也不是重复发生,就不能用完成式了吗?其实不然。即使分词的动作不是重复发生,但如果分词的动作与谓语动作之间有一段时间间隔(a long interval),此时分词最好还是用完成式。例如:
5 Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up teaching.
妙语点睛 这里的failed是一次性动作,不是重复发生的。但完成式having failed表示分词的动作(fail)和谓语动作(take)之间的时间间隔较长,而不是在分词的动作结束后谓语动作紧接着发生。
6 Having lost his cargo during the hurricane, the captain faced bankruptcy when his vessel finally reached port.
妙语点睛 这里的lost是一次性动作,不是重复发生的。但完成式having lost表示分词的动作(lose)和谓语动作(face)之间的时间间隔较长,而不是谓语动作紧接着分词的动作发生。
从以上的例句我们看到,此时用分词的完成式,一般是表示分词的动作先发生,且在经历过一段时间间隔之后,谓语动作才可能发生。关于这一点,我们可以从其反面情况来证明,即如果分词的动作与谓语动作之间的时间间隔很短,这时即使分词的动作先发生,我们也最好用分词的一般式,以强调两个动作的衔接。例如:
7 Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.
妙语点睛 因为在正常情况下,“听笑话”和“发笑”两者之间的时间间隔不会很长,即hear和burst两个动作之间的时间间隔很短,所以这里宜用分词的一般式即hearing,而不是分词的完成式having heard。
8 1) Locking the door, he went home.
2) Having locked all the doors in the shop, he went home.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,因为在正常情况下,“锁门”的动作不会持续很长时间,而且“锁门”和“回家”两个动作也是前后紧接着发生的,因此这里用了一般式locking,表示“门锁上之后,他马上就回家了”。如果用完成式having locked,给人的感觉就是这个门很难锁上,因此锁门花费了他很长的时间,或者就是他锁完门之后没有立即回家。但如果是这样,那么这两个动作就不可能放在一起来造句了。在例句2)中,完成式having locked则强调“锁门”的动作持续了很长时间。尤其是这里的宾语是复数all the doors,言外之意就是锁了很多的门,所以locked的动作必然是重复发生的或者说locked的动作本身持续了相当长的一段时间,因此用完成式having locked比较妥当。
我们现在把分词的延续动作和短暂动作,以及分词的一般式和完成式综合起来比较一下。如下面的例句:
9 1) Having read the newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside.
2) Reading the newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside.
3) Putting down the newspaper, I walked over to the windows and saw it's raining outside.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,read是延续动词,用完成式having read表示“看报”这个动作本身持续了一段时间,结束后,谓语动作walk才发生,所以整个句子表示“看完报纸然后走到窗前”。在例句2)中,延续动词read用了一般式,往往表示是与谓语动作walk同时发生的,所以整个句子表示“他一边看着报纸,一边走到窗前”。若此时也要表示两个动作先后发生,则要加时间连词来明示,比如说“After reading the newspaper, ...”。在例句3)中,put down是短暂动词,这里的两个动作put和walk的间隔时间很短,“我”是一放下报纸,就紧接着走到窗前,所以宜用一般式putting。如果用完成式having put down,则给人的感觉是“放报纸”的动作本身持续了很长时间,好像是在“慢镜头”似地放报纸。再者,put和walk两个动作不可能同时发生,必然是一先一后的,因此不会造成句子的歧义。所以,我们不必说“Having put down...”。这点不同于延续动词read,read和walk两者可以同时发生,因为可以边走边看报,这就是为什么在例句1)中非得用完成式having read才能表示read和walk两个动作是独立完成的。
我们再来看下面这篇短文中分词的完成式的用法:
10 Having spent some two and a half years in China over several visits, I don't remember ever going through a phase we in the United States refer to as “culture shock”. Of course, this is not to say that I didn't notice any difference between the American and Chinese cultures upon my arrival at Peking University. I certainly did notice the differences. Looking back, I remember one of the first differences I noticed: Chinese universities walled. To an American, this is one of the most striking aspects of a Chinese university and one which immediately sets it apart from an American campus. Having grown up in the United States, I had never seen a university surrounded by high, cement walls. My idea of a university, based on having seen scores of them in different states of the U.S., was that it was a place of life and learning, an integral part of the community in which it was located, open not only to the students of the school itself, but fully accessible also to students from other schools and to the broader public. My idea of a university was that it was a center of cultural life, a resource for the entire community. In all my twenty-one years, it had never occurred to me that a school would have a wall around it.
妙语点睛 这段话里有三个完成式:having spent, having grown up和having seen,其中前两个是分词的完成式,在该句中作状语;而having seen是动名词的完成式,作介词on的宾语。
第一个动作spend是一个延续动词,显然它是一个发生于谓语动作remember之前的延续性动作,所以必须用分词的完成式having spent。第二个动作grow up也是一个延续动词,而且也是表示在谓语动作之前发生的活动,所以自然也要用完成式。第三个动作see虽然不是分词而是动名词,但它在这里是表示一个重复的动作,所以用完成式having seen。
关于分词完成式的使用,有读者来信提过下面这个问题:
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C.Believed D.Being believed
这个问题显然就是关于分词的用法问题,具体来说是关于分词的一般式doing和完成式having done之间在意义上的差别。简言之,分词的一般式doing表示的是分词的动作(如believing)和句子的谓语动作(如feared)是同时存在的,并没有先后之分。这正是上题中的分词所要表达的含义——“因为当时人们都普遍相信地球是平坦的,所以他们担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去”。这里的“相信(believing)”和“担心(feared)”一定是同时存在的,否则就不存在上述的因果关系。这位读者误解的关键原因就是他的“立场不对”。他说“的确是那时候的人相信地球是方的,现在的人已经不信了啊!”这样理解是不对的,他这样理解是站在“现在”的角度来看,但我们强调过,分词采用一般式还是完成式,主要取决于分词所表示的动作或状态(the action or state named by the participle)与句子的谓语动词(main verb)之间的关系,而不是“现在”。对于这个句子来说,我们应该站在句子谓语feared这个过去时间的角度来看。
总之,分词的完成式主要是为了强调分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,比如分词的动作与谓语动作之间有很长的时间间隔,或者是因为分词的动作本身经历了很长时间的延续。判断分词用一般式还是完成式,要依据它和谓语动作之间的时间关系,而不能从“现在”说话时间的视角来看,这个角度非常重要。
思维总结
本节讨论了分词的完成式的用法。读者要能够熟练判断何时该用完成式,即分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生。具体来说,分词的动作与谓语动作之间有很长的时间间隔,或者是因为分词的动作本身经历了很长时间的延续,此时分词都需要用完成式。
思维训练6.6 Key
选择最佳答案填空。
1. A new technique ______, the yields as whole increased by 20 percent.
A. working out B. having been worked out C.having worked out D.to have been worked out
2. ______ that everything was in place, he locked up the shop and went home.
A. Checking B. Having checked C.Being checked D.Having been checked
3. ______ many times in a row, the opponent decided to give up fighting.
A. Having defeated B. Having been defeated
C. For having been defeated D.As having been defeated
4. With production ______ up steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw materials.
A. having gone B. going C.to go D.having been going
5. The supermarket is very crowded on Sundays, with people ______.
A. going in and out B. to go in and out C.gone in and out D.having gone in and out
6. The fog ______ dense, all the planes were suspended.
A. is B. was C.being D.having been
7. The decision ______, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. been made B. being made C.having been made D.being making
8. There seemed little hope that the explorer, ______ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
A. to be deserted B. having deserted C.to have been deserted D.having been deserted
9. The destructive fire ______, the firefighters recommended the occupants’ getting an alarm device.
A. having been put out B. being put out C.had been put out D.was put out