Chapter 3状语从句
3.8 条件状语从句
3.8 条件状语从句
首先要说明的是,在本节中我们只分析真实条件句,而非真实条件句在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》中的“虚拟语气”一章已经详细讨论过。
3.8.1 常见连词的用法
最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”,unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。请看例句:
下面这句话读者一定不会陌生:
1 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
有人说爱一个人完全是自己的事,与对方无关。但不求回报地去爱,又有几人能做到?下面这个例句讲的就是这个道理:
2 Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they’ll love you back. Don't expect love in return, just wait for it to grow in their heart; but if it doesn't, be glad it grew in yours.
如果有一天你不经意间微笑起来,连你自己都无法解释为什么会笑,那原因就是:
3 Today if a happy smile comes to you, a happy smile that perhaps you can't explain... it is because at that moment, I am thinking of you, and smiling, too.
下面这句话是英国前首相撒切尔夫人(Margaret Thatcher)对男人和女人的评价:
4 In politics, if you want someone to make a speech, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.
我们再来看有关unless的例句。比如下面这则雅虎发表的免责申明:
5 The opinions expressed here are not necessarily the opinions of Yahoo! and we assume no responsibility for such content... Please do not post any private information unless you want it to be available publicly and never assume that you are completely anonymous and cannot be identified by your comments.
一位美国老师指出,中国学生因为“面子”问题而不愿在口语课上开口说英语,下面是他就如何处理中国学生的“面子”问题给其他外教的建议:
6 Discussions about “face”can be difficult if one is not familiar with the significance and importance attached to it by many Asian people. It does have different meanings to different people and, unless a teacher is “comfortable”with broaching the subject, it is best left alone.
3.8.2 only if与if only
在考研英语中,多次出现关于这两个连词的考题,这就需要考生熟悉它们的意思。简单来说,only if表示“只有”,而if only表示“只要”。请看例句:
1 The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ______ she could remember who last borrowed it.
A. ever since B. much as C.even though D.if only
正确答案 D。
妙语点睛 这是考研真题。本题考查状语从句连词的用法,这里选项A表示“自从……以来”,B表示“尽管”,C表示“即使”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有D(只要)正确。
2 He can continue to support himself and his family ______ he produces a surplus.
A. only if B. much as C.long before D.ever since
正确答案 A。
妙语点睛 这是考研完形填空题。本题考查状语从句连词的用法,这里选项B表示“尽管”,C表示“在……很久之前”,D表示“自从……以来”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有A(只有)正确。
3 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
妙语点睛 这是考研翻译题。这个句子较复杂,但是只要看到其中的两个only if结构,就不难理解整个句子的逻辑关系了。这里but前面的部分表示结论,而其后的两个only if引导的从句则表示得出此结论所必须具备的前提条件。为此,在翻译时,可以灵活处理这两个only if引导的从句,将其先总地译成“必须具备两个前提条件……”,然后再分说,具体译出这两个条件。请看下面的译文。
3.8.3 must/have to do...if...be to do结构
在条件状语从句中,有一种固定搭配的结构也许是很多读者没有注意过的,这个结构就是:must/have to do...if...be to do,一般翻译成“如果……必须……,那么就不得不”。请看例句:
1 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
妙语点睛 我们看到,这里的两个if引导的从句里的谓语都采用了be to do的形式(is to be, is to have),对应的主句的谓语都含有情态动词must。为什么会有这种对应关系呢?其实,这涉及be to do这个结构的意义,be to do往往表示比较强烈的感情色彩,有加强语气的意味,相当于情态动词must或should,可以翻译成“一定得”,所以与be to do呼应的主句往往会含有情态动词must或will have to,这两者就构成must/will have to do...if...be to do的形式,表示“如果从句一定得怎么样,那么主句也必须怎么样”。
2 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
妙语点睛 这是考研翻译真题。这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
3 But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.
妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
4 If it doesn't rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they are to survive.
妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。
3.8.4 其他条件从句的连词
其他引导条件从句的连词有:suppose (that), supposing (that), providing/provided (that), so long as, as long as和on condition that等。
下面这句中文谚语读者应该很熟悉:
1 So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.
关于年龄与心态的问题,下面这句话值得读者诵记:
2 A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
妙语点睛 这里是as long as表示条件,引导从句。
有人把人生比作自助餐厅,在这里,只要你愿意付出努力,就什么都能得到,但关键是你必须主动、积极,为自己创造一切,你要为自己服务,而不是等着别人来为你服务:
3 Life's a cafeteria here. You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price. You can even get success, but you’ll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you. You have to get up and get it yourself.
下面这个例句是谈论人生目标方向的重要性:
4 Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is.
3.8.5 其他表示条件意味的句型
一、祈使句/省略句+and=if从句+主句
1 Spare the rod and spoil the child.
妙语点睛 该句相当于“If you spare the rod, you’ll spoil the child.”。
2 Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back! Let us help you realize your dreams!
妙语点睛 这是一个美容广告的广告词。该句相当于“If you give us 20 minutes, we will give you 10 years back!”。
二、祈使句/省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句
3 Give it back to me or (else) I’ll tell your parents. (=Unless you give it back to me, I’ll tell your parents.)
思维总结
本节主要讨论了引导条件状语从句的连词。对所讨论的这些连词读者要熟悉,遇到时要能正确翻译,比如要能区分only if与if only在含义上的差别。
思维训练3.8 Key
一、选择最佳答案填空。
1. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.
A. is to be B. to be C.will be D.has been
2. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ______ you don't mind taking the night train.
A. provided B. unless C.though D.until
3. He will surely finish the job on time ______ he's left to do it in his own way.
A. in that B. in case C.as far as D.so long as
4. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ______ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
A. or B. and C.for D.so
5. ______ you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?
A. Provide B. Supposing C.Unless D.Except
6. Government cannot operate effectively ______ it is free from such interference.
A. so long as B. if only C.unless D.lest
二、辨别改错。
7. If only【A】 the nature of the aging process is【B】 better understood, the possibility of discovering【C】 a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems【D】 very remote.