语法核心/高级 · 驾驭语法

Chapter 3状语从句

3.8 条件状语从句

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3.8 条件状语从句

首先要说明的是,在本节中我们只分析真实条件句,而非真实条件句在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》中的“虚拟语气”一章已经详细讨论过。

3.8.1 常见连词的用法

最常见的条件状语从句的引导词是if和unless。连词if表示“如果”,unless表示“如果不”或“除非”。请看例句:

下面这句话读者一定不会陌生:

1 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

精品译文 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?

有人说爱一个人完全是自己的事,与对方无关。但不求回报地去爱,又有几人能做到?下面这个例句讲的就是这个道理:

2 Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they’ll love you back. Don't expect love in return, just wait for it to grow in their heart; but if it doesn't, be glad it grew in yours.

精品译文 为某人付出自己全部的爱,并不一定能够保证对方会同样爱你。不要期望爱的回报,就让爱在对方心中慢慢滋长。即使没有,也不要失望,而要为自己心中曾经爱过而感到高兴。

如果有一天你不经意间微笑起来,连你自己都无法解释为什么会笑,那原因就是:

3 Today if a happy smile comes to you, a happy smile that perhaps you can't explain... it is because at that moment, I am thinking of you, and smiling, too.

精品译文 假如今天你不经意间开心地微笑起来,连你都无法解释自己为什么会笑……这是因为此时此刻我正在想着你,我也在微笑。

下面这句话是英国前首相撒切尔夫人(Margaret Thatcher)对男人和女人的评价:

4 In politics, if you want someone to make a speech, ask a man; if you want something done, ask a woman.

精品译文 在政治领域,如果你想要有人发表演说,那就找男士;而如果你想真正把事情解决,那就找女士。

我们再来看有关unless的例句。比如下面这则雅虎发表的免责申明:

5 The opinions expressed here are not necessarily the opinions of Yahoo! and we assume no responsibility for such content... Please do not post any private information unless you want it to be available publicly and never assume that you are completely anonymous and cannot be identified by your comments.

精品译文 网友在本网站发表的任何评论并不代表雅虎的观点,因而我们对这些内容不承担任何责任。……请不要发布任何个人信息,除非你希望把个人信息公布于众;也不要认为在网络上你是完全匿名隐身的,别人不会因为你的评论而发现你。

一位美国老师指出,中国学生因为“面子”问题而不愿在口语课上开口说英语,下面是他就如何处理中国学生的“面子”问题给其他外教的建议:

6 Discussions about “face”can be difficult if one is not familiar with the significance and importance attached to it by many Asian people. It does have different meanings to different people and, unless a teacher is “comfortable”with broaching the subject, it is best left alone.

精品译文 很多亚洲人非常看重“面子”问题,如果你对此不熟悉的话,讨论“面子”问题就会很困难。对于不同的人,“面子”二字的含义是不同的,除非作为老师你能“自在”地把握这个话题,否则还是不要涉及为好。

3.8.2 only if与if only

在考研英语中,多次出现关于这两个连词的考题,这就需要考生熟悉它们的意思。简单来说,only if表示“只有”,而if only表示“只要”。请看例句:

1 The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ______ she could remember who last borrowed it.

A. ever since B. much as  C.even though  D.if only

正确答案 D。

妙语点睛 这是考研真题。本题考查状语从句连词的用法,这里选项A表示“自从……以来”,B表示“尽管”,C表示“即使”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有D(只要)正确。

精品译文 借阅处的高级管理员答应帮我找到这本书,只要她能记得上次是谁借走的。

2 He can continue to support himself and his family ______ he produces a surplus.

A. only if B. much as  C.long before  D.ever since

正确答案 A。

妙语点睛 这是考研完形填空题。本题考查状语从句连词的用法,这里选项B表示“尽管”,C表示“在……很久之前”,D表示“自从……以来”,均不符合两分句的逻辑关系,只有A(只有)正确。

精品译文 只有生产有了盈余,他才能够继续养活自己和家人。

3 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

妙语点睛 这是考研翻译题。这个句子较复杂,但是只要看到其中的两个only if结构,就不难理解整个句子的逻辑关系了。这里but前面的部分表示结论,而其后的两个only if引导的从句则表示得出此结论所必须具备的前提条件。为此,在翻译时,可以灵活处理这两个only if引导的从句,将其先总地译成“必须具备两个前提条件……”,然后再分说,具体译出这两个条件。请看下面的译文。

精品译文 总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的相关知识而被罚。

3.8.3 must/have to do...if...be to do结构

在条件状语从句中,有一种固定搭配的结构也许是很多读者没有注意过的,这个结构就是:must/have to do...if...be to do,一般翻译成“如果……必须……,那么就不得不”。请看例句:

1 If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

妙语点睛 我们看到,这里的两个if引导的从句里的谓语都采用了be to do的形式(is to be, is to have),对应的主句的谓语都含有情态动词must。为什么会有这种对应关系呢?其实,这涉及be to do这个结构的意义,be to do往往表示比较强烈的感情色彩,有加强语气的意味,相当于情态动词must或should,可以翻译成“一定得”,所以与be to do呼应的主句往往会含有情态动词must或will have to,这两者就构成must/will have to do...if...be to do的形式,表示“如果从句一定得怎么样,那么主句也必须怎么样”。

精品译文 若真的能够正确看待雄心壮志,那么它的回报——财富、荣誉、对自己命运的掌控——定会被视为无愧于为之做出的牺牲。如果雄心壮志的传统只是激发活力,那么人们就应该都拥有它;特别是它必须被那些本身受到尊敬的人士所高度重视,受过教育的人们是其中重要的一部分。

2 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

妙语点睛 这是考研翻译真题。这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。

精品译文 如果一定要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有的被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。

3 But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。

精品译文 但是如果一定要机器人进一步节省劳力的话,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下工作,并且至少能够独立地做一些决定——这些目标向我们提出了真正的挑战。

4 If it doesn't rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they are to survive.

妙语点睛 这个条件句里面同样存在上述的呼应关系,所以在翻译时要译出来。

精品译文 要是接下来的几个星期还不下雨,这些庄稼要想存活,就必须得浇水了。

3.8.4 其他条件从句的连词

其他引导条件从句的连词有:suppose (that), supposing (that), providing/provided (that), so long as, as long as和on condition that等。

下面这句中文谚语读者应该很熟悉:

1 So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.

精品译文 只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。

关于年龄与心态的问题,下面这句话值得读者诵记:

2 A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.

妙语点睛 这里是as long as表示条件,引导从句。

精品译文 一个人只要还有追求,他就不算老。只有当心中不再有梦想,而只是满怀遗憾,这时他才真正老了。

有人把人生比作自助餐厅,在这里,只要你愿意付出努力,就什么都能得到,但关键是你必须主动、积极,为自己创造一切,你要为自己服务,而不是等着别人来为你服务:

3 Life's a cafeteria here. You can get anything you want as long as you are willing to pay the price. You can even get success, but you’ll never get it if you wait for someone to bring it to you. You have to get up and get it yourself.

精品译文 人生就是一个自助餐厅,只要愿意付出代价,你就什么都能得到。在这里,你甚至可以获得成功,但如果你只是等待别人来为你服务,你就什么也得不到。你必须行动起来,自己赢得成功。

下面这个例句是谈论人生目标方向的重要性:

4 Knowledge helps you to reach the destination provided you know what the destination is.

精品译文 如果你知道自己的目标是什么,知识就能帮助你达到这个目标。

3.8.5 其他表示条件意味的句型

一、祈使句/省略句+and=if从句+主句

1 Spare the rod and spoil the child.

妙语点睛 该句相当于“If you spare the rod, you’ll spoil the child.”。

精品译文 孩子不打不成器。

2 Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back! Let us help you realize your dreams!

妙语点睛 这是一个美容广告的广告词。该句相当于“If you give us 20 minutes, we will give you 10 years back!”。

精品译文 给我20分钟,还你10岁年轻!让我们帮助你实现梦想!

二、祈使句/省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句

3 Give it back to me or (else) I’ll tell your parents. (=Unless you give it back to me, I’ll tell your parents.)

精品译文 把它还给我,不然我就告诉你父母。

思维总结

本节主要讨论了引导条件状语从句的连词。对所讨论的这些连词读者要熟悉,遇到时要能正确翻译,比如要能区分only if与if only在含义上的差别。

思维训练3.8 Key

一、选择最佳答案填空。

1. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.

A. is to be B. to be  C.will be  D.has been

2. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ______ you don't mind taking the night train.

A. provided B. unless  C.though  D.until

3. He will surely finish the job on time ______ he's left to do it in his own way.

A. in that B. in case  C.as far as  D.so long as

4. Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ______ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

A. or B. and  C.for  D.so

5. ______ you fell in love with your boss, what would you do?

A. Provide B. Supposing  C.Unless  D.Except

6. Government cannot operate effectively ______ it is free from such interference.

A. so long as B. if only  C.unless  D.lest

二、辨别改错。

7. If only【A】 the nature of the aging process is【B】 better understood, the possibility of discovering【C】 a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems【D】 very remote.