2.18 双层定语从句

2.18 双层定语从句

不同于上面讨论的并列定语从句，英语中还有一种双层定语从句，其特点是：

1. 一个先行词首先被一个限定性定语从句所修饰，来表示一个特定的意思。然后，这个“先行词+限定性定语从句”再被另外一个限定性定语从句所修饰。

2. 这两个限定性定语从句是处在不同层次上的，并不像并列定语从句那样是同一个先行词后面带有两个并列的定语从句，因而不能用连词and, but, or等来连接它们。

请看例句：

1 He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages.

妙语点睛　第一层定语从句that we know的先行词为the only person；第二层定语从句who speaks so many foreign languages的先行词为the only person that we know。

精品译文　他是我们所认识的人当中唯一一位会说这么多外语的人。

2 Dr. Kissinger is the only person （that） we know who can eat caviar with chopsticks.

妙语点睛　第一层定语从句（that） we know的先行词为the only person；第二层定语从句who can eat caviar with chopsticks的先行词为the only person （that） we know。

精品译文　基辛格博士是我们所认识的人当中唯一一位能够用筷子吃鱼子酱的人。

这句话是美国媒体对基辛格的评价。我们知道，基辛格是美国著名的外交家，这句话是赞赏他能很好地处理苏联和中国的关系。这里筷子指代中国，鱼子酱指代苏联。

3 There is nothing you can do, achieve, or buy that will outshine the peace, joy and happiness of being in communication with the partner you love.

妙语点睛　第一层定语从句you can do, achieve, or buy的先行词为nothing；第二层定语从句that will outshine the peace, joy and happiness of being in communication with the partner you love的先行词为nothing you can do, achieve, or buy。

精品译文　当你和自己心爱的人进行交流时，你心中所产生的那种安宁、快乐和幸福感要胜过一切你能做到、得到或买到的东西。

4 What was it you started to tell me in the restaurant that you didn't understand about me?

妙语点睛　第一层定语从句you started to tell me in the restaurant的先行词为what；第二层定语从句that you didn't understand about me的先行词为what...you started to tell me in the restaurant。

精品译文　你刚才在餐馆里想要告诉我的，说你不了解我的是什么来着？

这句话是著名电影《魂断蓝桥》里的女主角玛拉问罗伊的一句话，当时两人刚刚相识。

思维训练2.18 Key

分析下列句子结构并译成汉语。

1. The only system I know which will help you to remember what you have heard at a lecture is that of keeping notes.

2. I would appreciate any ideas you might think of that would be especially pertinent to Chinese students.

3. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.

4. Customs inspectors are hard to fool. They see scores of travelers every day. They soon learn how to pick out a person who may be smuggling something across the border. The clue may be in the way the person walks. Or it may be in the way he talks. Or it may be just a strange feeling the inspector has that makes him suspect a person of smuggling.

综合训练Key

一、选择最佳答案填空。

1. Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, ______ have been mentioned in previous pages.

A. a few of what　B. a few of which　 C.a few of that　 D.a few of them

2. ______ shrewd people ______ he described in his novel are to be found everywhere.

A. Such/like　B. Such/as　 C.So/like　 D.So/as

3. The Great Wall is the place ______ almost all tourists would like to visit when they come to Beijing.

A. where　B. which　 C.of which　 D.in which

4. He didn't have a good command of spoken English, ______ made it difficult for him to get a good job.

A. that　B. which　 C.what　 D.this

5. Collin's struggle to make a place for herself in ballet is the kind of life story ______ a fascinating novel might be written.

A. of that　B. about which　 C.by whom　 D.for whom

6. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree ______ the students’ potentiality is developed.

A. of which　B. with which　 C.in which　 D.to which

7. Basic research provides the capital fund of scientific knowledge ______ which the applied researchers draw to give society a rich rate of interest.

A. on　B. out　 C.up　 D.back

8. Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office ______ he was elected in 1870.

A. which　B. to which　 C.and which　 D.at which

9. They will move into the new house next Friday, ______ it will be completely furnished.

A. by the time　B. by which time　 C.by that time　 D.by this time

10. The tall rectangular buildings may well give way to a more complex and exciting shape providing areas ______ which the individual can fully identify himself.

A. to　B. for　 C.with　 D.by

11. We can separate oil into the chemical compounds ______ it is composed.

A. of which　B. with which　 C.in which　 D.from which

12. We have found a useful compound ______ we can separate some important elements.

A. of which　B. with which　 C.in which　 D.from which

13. Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, ______ absorb sound.

A. which they all　B. of them all　 C.all of which　 D.of all which

14. After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both ______ her novels and short stories.

A. in which the influence　B. of which influenced　 C.to have influence　 D.its influence in

15. I don't think the number of people ______ this happens is very large.

A. when　B. to whom　 C.that　 D.of which

16. Anthony Jason, ______ Louis succeeded in the experiment, was a friend of mine.

A. with the help from whom　B. with whose help

C. with the help of his　 D.with his help

17. He's written a book ______ the name I’ve completely forgotten.

A. whose　B. which　 C.of which　 D.that

18. Watercolor provides a brilliant transparency and freshness, ______ it allows extraordinarily free brushwork.

A. that　B. during　 C.which　 D.and

19. Mahalia Jackson, ______ combined powerful vitality with great dignity, was one of the best-known gospel singers in the United States.

A. it was her singing　B. which songs　 C.who sang　 D.whose singing

20. Mr. Jones, ______ John was working, was very generous about overtime payment.

A. for whom　B. for who　 C.whom　 D.for that

21. Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman is the tragic story of a man destroyed by his own hollow values and those of the society ______.

A. he lives in which　B. in which he lives　 C.which in he lives　 D.in that he lives

22. In the United States, a primary election is a method ______ voters select the nominees for public office.

A. in that　B. by which　 C.by those　 D.is that

23. Emily Dickinson's garden was a place ______ great inspiration for her poems.

A. that she drew　B. by drawing her　 C.from which she drew　 D.drawn from which

24. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden ______.

A. in which to play　B. to play with　 C.to play　 D.where to play

25. He showed me a book, ______ I could tell that it was pretty old.

A. which cover　B. of which cover　 C.the cover which　 D.from the cover of which

26. Solomon was diligent, responsible and hardworking, ______ he was promoted from a clerk to a manager.

A. for which　B. which　 C.for　 D.that

27. “Did the audience participate in the party?”

“Yes, the actors ______ to involve the audience were successful.”

A. whom it was the function　B. of which the function was

C. whose function it was　 D.whose were the function

28. The doctors all blamed the irresponsible boy ______ to protect the little girl.

A. it was he that was　B. whose duty was it　 C.it was whose duty　 D.whose duty it was

29. The project requires more labor than ______ because it is extremely difficult.

A. has been put in　B. have been put in　 C.being put in　 D.to be put in

30. He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more than ______.

A. he was in good health　B. his good health was　 C.his health was good　 D.was good for his health

31. The costs of distribution and sales make up a large part of prices that ______.

A. all products are paid for　B. are paid for all products

C. for all products paid　 D.for which all products paid

32. Without facts we can't form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.

A. upon which to base　B. which to base upon　 C.which to be based on　 D.to which to be based

33. His great grandmother was among the last to settle in ______ is now the famous mountain resort.

A. that　B. where　 C.which　 D.what

34. More middle-aged persons suffer from heart trouble than ______.

A. it generally is realized　B. is generally realized　 C.generally it is realized　 D.generally is realized

35. Poverty is also threatening the company's most valuable resource, its staff, ______.

A. who are increasingly being lured　B. which is increasingly being lured

C. lured increasingly　 D.to be increasingly lured

36. So quickly are science and technology advancing ______ is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.

A. which　B. what　 C.that which　 D.that what

37. ______ is known to all, gases expand and contract with the increase and decrease of temperature.

A. Which　B. As　 C.That　 D.It

38. “Do you like the book your father gave you?”

“Very much. It's exactly ______ I wanted.”

A. one which　B. that　 C.one what　 D.the one

39. He never sells such books ______ are considered harmful to the readers.

A. that　B. as　 C.which　 D.what

40. Physics is the present-day equivalent of ______ used to be called natural philosophy, ______ which most of present-day science arose.

A. what...from　B. that...from　 C.which...of　 D.what...with

41. Many birds have feathers ______ with their surroundings.

A. colors blend　B. that colors blend

C. whose colors blend　 D.of which the colors that blend

42. Civil rights are the freedoms and rights ______ as a member of a community, state, or nation.

A. may have a person　B. a person who may have

C. a person may have　 D.and a person may have

43. The computer has dramatically affected ______ photographic lenses are constructed.

A. is the way　B. that the way　 C.which way do　 D.the way

44. Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features ______ its own special character.

A. give it that　B. that give it　 C.that give　 D.that gives it to

45. Mango trees, ______ densely covered with glossy leaves and bear small fragrant flowers, grow rapidly and can attain heights of up to 90 feet.

A. whose　B. which are　 C.are when　 D.which

46. The computer has brought about surprising technological changes ______ we organize and produce information.

A. in a way　B. in the way　 C.in that way　 D.in no way

47. In the early twentieth century, the “Model T”automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price ______ could afford.

A. the average person who　B. that the average person who

C. and the average person　 D.the average person

48. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, ______ contributes significantly to the state's economy.

A. a fact　B. which fact　 C.whose fact　 D.that

49. ______, dolphins have no sense of smell.

A. As known as far　B. Known thus far as　 C.It is known as far　 D.As far as is known

50. Giant pandas resemble bears in shape and in ______.

A. it is a slow, clumsy way to walk　B. the slow, clumsy way that they walk

C. they walk in a slow, clumsy way　 D.their slow walk is clumsy

二、辨别改错。

51. Members of a nation's foreign service represent that country's interests abroad【A】 and report on【B】 the conditions, trends,and policies of the country which【C】 they are【D】 stationed.

52. Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists have paid【A】 little attention to cultural interpretations given to【B】 silence, or to【C】the types of social contexts in which tends【D】 to occur.

53. Light rays what【A】 enter the eye must be focused onto【B】 a point on the retina in order for【C】 a clear visual image to form【D】.

54. Carson McCullers was only 【A】23 when she published【B】 her first novel, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter for what【C】 she received much【D】 acclaim.

55. A mirage is an atmospheric【A】 optical illusion in what【B】 an observer sees a nonexistent body of water or【C】 an image of some object【D】.

56. Humus, a substance found【A】 in soil, is soft and spongy【B】 and enables plant roots to send out tiny hairs through that【C】 they【D】 absorb water and food.

57. They pointed out【A】 the damage which【B】 they supposed that【C】 had been done by last night's【D】 storm.

58. There are many【A】 valuable services which the public are willing to pay for【B】, but which does【C】 not bring a return in money【D】 to the community.

59. Vaccines for some【A】 rare diseases are given only to persons which【B】 risk exposure【C】 to the disease【D】.

60. This is the most important respect which【A】 civilized man【B】 can be distinguished from【C】 primitive communities【D】.

61. Doppler radar can be used to determine the direction【A】 which【B】 the particles【C】 of a cloud are moving【D】.

62. By【A】 1860 the railroad of the United States had 【B】3, 000 miles of track【C】, three-quarters of which it【D】 was east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River.

63. Eleanor Roosevelt set【A】 the standard which【B】 the wives of all United States【C】 Presidents since【D】 have been evaluated.

64. Ripe fruit is【A】 often stored in a place where【B】 contains much【C】 carbon dioxide so that【D】 the fruit will not decay too rapidly.

65. When television【A】 was first【B】 introduced, the extent to what【C】 it would affect society could not have been foreseen【D】.

66. Public demonstrations are an【A】 effective means which【B】 the people can bring social inequalities【C】 to the attention of government【D】 officials.

67. The speed at what【A】 an animal lives is determined【B】 by measuring【C】 the rate at which【D】 it uses oxygen.

68. Americans regard education as【A】 the means which【B】 the inequalities among individuals are to be【C】 erased and by which every desirable end is to be achieved【D】.

69. A frequent criticism【A】 of most online companies has【B】 been the snail's pace to which【C】 they deliver【D】 their products.

70. For each【A】 enzyme（酶） reaction there is【B】 an optimum （最适宜的） temperature which【C】 maximum efficiency【D】 is achieved.

71. The term “metabolism（新陈代谢）”refers to【A】 the chemical changes【B】 which【C】 living【D】 things transform food into energy.

72. The outer layer【A】 of the heart, called【B】 the pericardium, forms【C】 a sac in what【D】 the heart lies.