Chapter 5 动名词
5.6 动名词的时态和语态(一):被动式(being done)
5.6 动名词的时态和语态(一):被动式(being done)
5.6.1 动名词的时态和语态概述
动名词作为一种动词的变化形式,具有动词的一般特征,即有时态和语态的变化。英文中把动作的完成程度分为四种,即有四种不同的体态(aspect):一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。但不同于我们在4. 10节讨论过的不定式具备的这四种体态,动名词没有这么多体态,只有两种:一般式和完成式。另外,动名词同样还有语态方面的变化。因此,动名词的时态和语态的构成如下(以write为例):

从以上表格我们看到,动名词可能有四种不同的结构形式,我们常说的doing其实是动名词的一般主动式,这种形式是最常见的。本节将讨论动名词的一般被动式(being done),在5. 7节讨论完成主动式(having done)和完成被动式(having been done)。
搞清楚动名词的各种构成形式之后,接下来更重要的是要搞清楚每种形式都能表达何种意义。本节主要讨论动名词的被动语态。
5.6.2 动名词的被动式
一般来说,当动名词所修饰的名词或代词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者,或者说是作动名词的逻辑宾语时,动名词要用被动形式。请看例句:
1 He narrowly escaped being run over.
妙语点睛 该句中的动名词being run over修饰主语he,二者存在被动关系,即表示“他被车子轧”,所以动名词要用被动结构。
英国著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德(Oscar Wilde)说过这样一句话:
2 There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.
妙语点睛 该句中的动名词being talked about修饰名词one thing,二者是被动关系,所以动名词要用被动结构。
请比较:
3 1) I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time.
2) I remember my parents’ taking me to the zoo for the first time.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,动名词being taken修饰主语I,二者存在被动关系,即表示“我被带去动物园”,所以动名词要用被动结构。在例句2)中,采用了动名词的复合结构my parents’ taking,此时,动名词taking与my parents是主动关系,所以动名词要用主动结构。
2) 我还记得父母第一次带我去动物园的情景。
上面的例句2)中采用了动名词的复合结构,但如果动名词的逻辑主语与动名词是被动关系,此时动名词也同样要用被动结构。比如:
4 I have not the least objection to the child being punished.
妙语点睛 该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the child being punished,因为逻辑主语the child与动名词存在被动关系,所以这里的动名词要用被动的being punished。
再比如上面5.5.2小节讨论过的这些句子:
5 The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.
妙语点睛 该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the desks being opened and closed,因为逻辑主语the desks与动名词存在被动关系,所以这里的动名词要用被动的being opened and closed。
6 There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.
妙语点睛 该句中采用了动名词的复合结构this type of houses being built,因为逻辑主语this type of houses与动名词存在被动关系,所以这里的动名词要用被动的being built。
7 Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument. The earth is known to go through cycles although; the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced. A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels but, other gases, such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, have also contributed.
妙语点睛 该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the evidence being presented to support the argument以及so much industrialization causing the pollution,因为逻辑主语the evidence与动名词存在被动关系,所以这里的动名词要用被动的being presented to support the argument,而so much industrialization与动名词存在主动关系,所以动名词要用主动的causing the pollution。
5.6.3 主动形式表示被动意思
在上一小节我们看到,若动名词与其所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,则动名词要用被动形式。但是,在demand, deserve, need, require和want等动词后面,动名词的主动形式就表示被动的意思,而不需用动名词的被动形式。请看例句:
1 The garden needs watering.
而不说:
The garden needs being watered. *
2 He deserved praising.
而不说:
He deserved being praised. *
再看更多的例句:
3 Your hair wants cutting. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
4 The steak is raw. It needs cooking more before I can eat it.
请注意,这些动词的后面也可以接不定式,但必须用动词不定式的被动形式。所以上面的句子都可以改写为被动的不定式结构,比如:
5 The garden needs to be watered.
6 He deserved to be praised.
7 Your hair wants to be cut. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
8 The steak is raw. It needs to be cooked more before I can eat it.
请比较:
9 1) He deserves shooting first.
2) He deserves to shoot first.
妙语点睛 在例句1)中,因为用在deserve后面的动名词是主动形式表示被动意思,所以这里shooting的意思是被动的,即表示“他应该第一个被枪毙”。若改成不定式则应该说He deserves to be shot first. 在例句2)中,不定式采用了主动形式,即表示“他应该第一个开始射击”。
从以上这个例句我们看到,正确使用动词的形式是多么重要,真可谓“差之毫厘,谬以千里”——用shooting表示被动“他被枪毙”,而用to shoot表示主动“他开枪射击”。关于这一点,我们将在第七章详细讨论其背后的英语思维规律。
思维总结
在本节,读者要了解动名词所具有的各种结构形式,并掌握何时该用被动的动名词结构。本节的思维训练与下一节的结合在一起。