Chapter 1 简单句与复合句
1.3 句型二:主语+谓语
1.3 句型二:主语+谓语
我们先来分析该句型中谓语动词的特点,然后举例说明这种结构的句子如何演变为复杂的难句。因此,本节内容安排如下:
1.3.1 谓语动词的特点
1.3.2 简单句叠加成复杂难句
1.3.1 谓语动词的特点
该句型的谓语动词是不及物动词(intransitive verb),所表示的动作没有作用对象,其本身意思完整,其后不需带宾语。比如1.2.1小节中关于苍鹰的那个故事,只含有“主谓”结构的句子包括:
1 The egg hatched.
2 The little eagle grew up.
3 It clucked and cackled.
妙语点睛 这三个句子的主语分别是the egg,the little eagle和it,而谓语动词分别是hatched,grew up和clucked and cackled,其中,最后一句话的谓语是并列谓语,即有两个动词clucked和cackled充当谓语。这些动词都是不及物动词,所以没有接宾语。
尽管这个句型里没有宾语,但是在谓语动词后面往往会接状语,用来修饰谓语动词,比如表示动作发生的地点等。请看例句:
4 An eagle’s egg was placed in the nest of a prairie chicken.
妙语点睛 该句的结构分析图如下:
An eagle’s egg(主语)was placed(谓语)in the nest of a prairie chicken(地点状语).
5 It scratched in the dirt for seeds.
妙语点睛 该句的结构分析图如下:
It(主语)scratched(谓语)in the dirt(地点状语)for seeds(目的状语).
我们看到,这句话里虽然没有宾语,但动词后面接了各种状语。
1.3.2 简单句叠加成复杂难句
了解“主谓”句型结构之后,下面举例说明该句型如何演变为一个结构较为复杂的难句,以使读者了解简单句与复杂句之间的联系。请看例句:
1 This trend began during the Second World War.
妙语点睛 该句的主语是this trend,谓语began是一个不及物动词,后边没有带宾语。介词短语during the Second World War作时间状语。
下面开始一步步把这个句子复杂化。比如:
2 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion.
妙语点睛 这里加了一个定语从句when several governments came to the conclusion,来修饰时间the Second World War。这个定语从句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语”的句型,主语是several governments,谓语是动词短语came to,宾语是the conclusion。
我们再进一步把这个句子复杂化,比如:
3 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
妙语点睛 这里添加了一个同位语从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail,补充说明conclusion。这个同位语从句也是一个“主语+谓语”的句型,这里的主语是the specific demands,谓语是一个被动结构cannot generally be foreseen,介词短语in detail作状语。
我们再进一步把这个句子复杂化,比如:
4 This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
妙语点睛 这是一道考研真题,这里添加了一个定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment,来修饰the specific demands。这个定语从句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语”的句型,主语是a government,谓语是wants,宾语是to make of its scientific establishment。很多读者也许看不出that作定语从句的何种成分。其实,这里的that指代先行词demands,在定语从句中作谓语make的宾语,从而构成一个make demands of的搭配,表示“对……提出要求”。很多读者由于不熟悉这个搭配而不理解定语从句的结构,结果导致不理解句子的意思。由此可见,掌握一定的短语搭配对于理解句子的结构是非常重要的。
综上所述,上面这个复杂的句子其实是由四个简单句叠加而成的,即有两个“主语+谓语”结构的句子:this trend began during the Second World War和the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail,还有两个“主语+谓语+宾语”结构的句子:several governments came to the conclusion和a government wants to make of its scientific establishment。
关于“主语+谓语+宾语”的句型结构,将在下一节中详细讨论。